2002~2011年中国恶性肿瘤死亡率水平及变化趋势

摘 要：［目的］ 分析中国2002～2011年恶性肿瘤的死亡率水平及变化趋势。［方法］ 利用公开发表的2002～2011年《中国卫生统计年鉴》资料进行分析。［结果］ 2002～2011年全国恶性肿瘤标化死亡率在137.1/10万～156.1/10万之间,基本保持稳定。肺癌、肝癌和胃癌是主要的恶性肿瘤死亡原因,三者约占总恶性肿瘤死亡率的60%;肺癌死亡率呈现明显的上升趋势（APC=2.79%,Z=4.03,P=0.004）,肝癌和胃癌死亡率呈下降趋势（APC=-2.53%,Z=-3.60,P=0.007;APC=-3.32%,Z=-10.58,P<0.001）。农村总恶性肿瘤、肝癌以及胃癌死亡率均高于城市,肺癌死亡率略低于城市;男性恶性肿瘤死亡率约为女性的2倍。［结论］ 我国恶性肿瘤死亡率总体保持稳定,肺癌死亡率呈上升趋势,不同地区、性别以及年龄阶段人群恶性肿瘤死亡率有其自身的特点,应该采取有针对性的预防控制措施。     

肾功能损伤分级系统在成人心脏术后的应用

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate of adilty of two acute renal failure-specific scoring systenms (the classification by Bellome et al and the AKIN criteria) for predicting hospital mortality after cardiac surgery in adult patients. Methods Between October 1 st 2006 to Decemjber 31 st 2006, 509 adult patients who ungerwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/ or valve operation were enrolled in this study. The medical data collection included gender, age, types of operation, perioperative he- modynamic parameters, urine output, biochemical parameters and outcome. Renal function was assessed daily according to the classi- ficatinn by Bellomo and the AKIN criteria, respectively. As references, Acure Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) Ⅱ and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were also calculated. Resuits Three hundred and forty-one patients were male (67.0%), and 168 were female (33.0%), mean age was (56.2±12.0) years old. Tnree hundred and nine patieats un- derwent CABG, 182 underwent valve operation and 18 underwent CABG plus valve operation, Mean duration of ventilation support was (20.4±17.7) houra, and the ICU stay was (1.4±1.0) days. Postoperative hospital stay was (13.8±9.1) days. According to the classification by Bellomo., the highest in-hospital mortality was 52.9% in ARFS group. Mahiplicatinn of in-hospital morality rate was abserved (X2 for trend, P<0.01) in 0.4% (non-ARF), 1.2% (stage 1), 12.0% (stal～ 2) and 32.4% (stage 3) of pa- tients based on the AKIN criteria. By applying the area under the receiver operating characteristic ourve, the classification by Bellomo and the AKIN criteria had good discriminative power. Furthering, multivariate logistic regression analysis verified that the Odds Ratio of the AKIN criteria was 5.478 (P =0.028, 95% Confidence Interval 1.027- 24.856), after adjusting for gender and age. Con- clusion Analytical data confinned good discriminative power of both the AKIN criteria and the classification by Bellomo for predicting hospital mortality of adult postoperative patient with ARF.     

肾功能分级在成人心脏术后肾功能衰竭的应用

Objective To evaluate the ability of the RIFLE classification to predict hospital mortality in adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods From October Ist 2006 to December 31st 2006, five hundred and nine adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve operation were enrolled in this study. Renal function was assessed daily according to the RIFLE classification, meanwhile, APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score were also evaluated, as well as the maximum scores were recorded. Results Mean duration of ventilation support was 18(14 - 19) hours, the time of ICU stay was 1.4 ± 1.0 days, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was 12. 0(10.0- 15.0) days. 167 patients (32. 8%) incurred postoperative ARF according to the RIFLE classification. The overall mortality was 4. 3% (22/502). A significant increase (P < 0. 01) was observed for mortality based on RIFLE classification. By applying the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the RIFLE classification had more powerful discrimination power [0. 933, (95% CI 0. 872 -0. 995) ,P <0. 001]. Conclusions ARF is one of the major complications in postcardiotomy patients. Analytical data suggested the good discriminative power of the RIFLE classification for predicting inpatient mortality of adult postoperative patient with ARF, and the RIFLE classification is simple and practically performed. According to the RIFLE classification, patients with RIFLE class I or class F incur a significantly increased risk of in-hospital mortality compared with those who never develop ARF.     

肾功能分级在成人心脏术后肾功能衰竭的应用

Objective To evaluate the ability of the RIFLE classification to predict hospital mortality in adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods From October Ist 2006 to December 31st 2006, five hundred and nine adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve operation were enrolled in this study. Renal function was assessed daily according to the RIFLE classification, meanwhile, APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score were also evaluated, as well as the maximum scores were recorded. Results Mean duration of ventilation support was 18(14 - 19) hours, the time of ICU stay was 1.4 ± 1.0 days, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was 12. 0(10.0- 15.0) days. 167 patients (32. 8%) incurred postoperative ARF according to the RIFLE classification. The overall mortality was 4. 3% (22/502). A significant increase (P < 0. 01) was observed for mortality based on RIFLE classification. By applying the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the RIFLE classification had more powerful discrimination power [0. 933, (95% CI 0. 872 -0. 995) ,P <0. 001]. Conclusions ARF is one of the major complications in postcardiotomy patients. Analytical data suggested the good discriminative power of the RIFLE classification for predicting inpatient mortality of adult postoperative patient with ARF, and the RIFLE classification is simple and practically performed. According to the RIFLE classification, patients with RIFLE class I or class F incur a significantly increased risk of in-hospital mortality compared with those who never develop ARF.     

脑卒中患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期再发急性脑血管意外的危险因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植(OPCAB)术后早期再发急性脑血管意外的相关危险因素。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2012年9月468例脑卒中史患者行OPCAB手术的患者临床资料,根据术后早期有无再发急性脑血管意外分成2组,单因素和多因素logistic回归分析各种危险因素与该事件发生的相关性。术后定义为手术完成入住ICU期间,早期急性脑血管意外定义为术后48h内发生。结果 468例OPCAB手术且术前有脑卒中病史的患者术后早期再发急性脑血管意外52例(11.1%),其中脑梗死39例,脑出血2例,短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)11例。机械通气时间、入住ICU时间及病死率2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,术前双侧颈动脉重度狭窄(OR=6.338,95%CI:2.283～21.019)、术前左心室射血分数≤35%(OR=2.737,95%CI:1.267～6.389)、术后急性心肌梗死(OR=3.656,95%CI:1.933～6.894)、术后房颤(OR=3.104,95%CI:1.135～8.016)与术后低血压(OR=4.173,95%CI:1.836～9.707)是脑卒中患者OPCAB术后早期再发急性脑血管意外的独立危险因素。结论脑卒中患者行OPCAB术后早期再发急性脑血管意外的发生率高。术前双侧颈动脉重度狭窄、术前左心室射血分数≤35%、术后急性心肌梗死、术后房颤及术后低血压是脑卒中患者OPCAB术后早期再发急性脑血管意外的独立危险因素。     

老年人心血管手术后急性肾功能损伤预后评价的临床观察

目的 探讨急性肾功能损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)分级系统对老年心脏手术后患者预后的预测价值. 方法 收集2006年10月至2007年1月首次行冠状动脉移植术和(或)心脏瓣膜植换术的老年患者资料,记录患者性别、年龄、手术类型、尿量、血牛化指标和临床转归等,按照AKI网络工作组(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)分级及急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价系统(APACHEⅡ)评分在术后对患者进行评分并记录最高分值. 结果 225例患者中男169例(75.1%),女56例(24.9%),平均年龄(66.7±5.0)岁.住院病死率5.8%(13例).根据AKIN分级,最终发生不同程度AKI的患者占55.6%(125例);AKIN分级1级(96例)、2级(11例)、3级(18例)患者的住院病死率分别为2.1%(2例),9.1%(1例)和50.0%(9例).病死率随AKIN分级的递增有升高趋势(P<0.01).受试者工作特征曲线下面积分析AKIN和病死率具有相关性;Logistic回归分析结果显示,随AKIN分级的递增,相对死亡危险性增加. 结论 AKI是老年人心脏手术后的常见并发症之一,可增加术后病死率.AKIN分级系统对此类患者的预后及住院死亡有良好预测价值.     

体外膜肺氧合辅助后高胆红素血症的临床意义

Objective The incidence of post-operative hyperbilimbinemia, which is associated with poor outcomes in patients, was reported to be increased in recent years though it has been a rare complication for cardiac operations. Post-opera-tive impairment of liver function is highlighted. We evaluated the incidence and prognosis of post-operative hyperbiliruhinemia in adult patients who underwent cardiotomy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Methods Sixty-five adult patients who had received ECMO support after cardiac surgery from 2004 to 2008 were enrolled and evaluated retrospec-tively. Post-oporative hypethilirubinemia was defined as the serum level of the total bilirubin more than 51.3 μmol/L during postoperative period. Demographic and clinical data included gender, age, types of surgery, perioperative hemodynamic param-eters, biochemical variables, duration of the ventilation support, ICU stay and outcomes. Results The mean age of the pa-tients was (50.1 ± 13.9) years, forty-six patients(70.8%) were male. The main cardiac procedures were heart transplanta-tion for 9 patients, coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve operations for 47 patients, congenital heart disease correction for 4 patients and other operations for 5 patients. Among all patients, fifty-one patients(78.5%) were weaned from ECMO succeas-fully and thirty-thrce patients were discharged from hospital. The overall mortality rate was 49.2%. Overall incidence of post-operative hyperbilirubinemia was 55.4%. In patients with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia, the mean peak value for serum to-tal bilirubin was 104.8 (68.5-156.7) μmol/l. The hospital mortality in the hyperbilirubinemia group was significantly higher than that in the non-hyperbilirubinemia group(66.7% vs. 27.6%, P <0.01). Moreover, postoperative hypethilirubinemia (adds ratio = 3. 895, 95% confidence interval, 1.088 - 13.947 ; P = 0.037) and SOFA score (odds ratio = 1.214, 95% confidence interval, 0.987 - 1.494, P = 0.047) and APACHE Ⅲ score (odds ratio = 1.096, 95% confidence interval, 1.028 - 1.169 ; P = 0.004) were associated with hospital mortality after adjusting for preoperative levels of the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, gender and age. Conclusion Postoperative hyperbilirubinemia is one of the complications in adult patients who undergo cardiotomy with ECMO support, and is associated with increased hospital mortality.     

心脏手术后患者的镇静治疗

心脏病患者心脏功能储备降低，部分患者合并高血压、糖尿病等，常伴有呼吸、肝、肾功能减退，且手术创伤大、介入操作多，体外循环又可导致血液稀释、组织水肿、缺血-再灌注损伤等，加之患者术前精神压力大，术后容易发生焦虑躁动，循环状况不稳定时易发生意外。适当镇静治疗，对减轻患者应激反应，降低机体氧耗，维持血流动力学稳定很重要。     

《伤寒论》五泻心汤方证瓣析

探讨五泻心汤方证辨析的三个要点：其一，痞之病位在胃，泻胃热是五泻心汤均具有的功效；其二，按之心下软与硬，并非辨痞证虚实的依据，而是辨邪之无形与有形的依据；其三，脾虚邪陷湿阻之痞，以甘补脾，非但无致满之嫌，且具消痞之功。     

肾功能损伤分级系统在成人心脏术后的应用

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate of adilty of two acute renal failure-specific scoring systenms (the classification by Bellome et al and the AKIN criteria) for predicting hospital mortality after cardiac surgery in adult patients. Methods Between October 1 st 2006 to Decemjber 31 st 2006, 509 adult patients who ungerwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/ or valve operation were enrolled in this study. The medical data collection included gender, age, types of operation, perioperative he- modynamic parameters, urine output, biochemical parameters and outcome. Renal function was assessed daily according to the classi- ficatinn by Bellomo and the AKIN criteria, respectively. As references, Acure Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) Ⅱ and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were also calculated. Resuits Three hundred and forty-one patients were male (67.0%), and 168 were female (33.0%), mean age was (56.2±12.0) years old. Tnree hundred and nine patieats un- derwent CABG, 182 underwent valve operation and 18 underwent CABG plus valve operation, Mean duration of ventilation support was (20.4±17.7) houra, and the ICU stay was (1.4±1.0) days. Postoperative hospital stay was (13.8±9.1) days. According to the classification by Bellomo., the highest in-hospital mortality was 52.9% in ARFS group. Mahiplicatinn of in-hospital morality rate was abserved (X2 for trend, P<0.01) in 0.4% (non-ARF), 1.2% (stage 1), 12.0% (stal～ 2) and 32.4% (stage 3) of pa- tients based on the AKIN criteria. By applying the area under the receiver operating characteristic ourve, the classification by Bellomo and the AKIN criteria had good discriminative power. Furthering, multivariate logistic regression analysis verified that the Odds Ratio of the AKIN criteria was 5.478 (P =0.028, 95% Confidence Interval 1.027- 24.856), after adjusting for gender and age. Con- clusion Analytical data confinned good discriminative power of both the AKIN criteria and the classification by Bellomo for predicting hospital mortality of adult postoperative patient with ARF.