“T” is for “transgender”: an analysis of children’s picture books featuring transgender protagonists and narrators

ABSTRACT

This project examined 55 picture books featuring transgender, gender expansive or genderqueer protagonists or narrators published between 2008 and 2018. The purpose of the study was to determine how this genre of children’s literature supports and challenges four gender assumptions: the gender binary, gender essentialism, sex/gender congruency and gender stability. Additionally, this critical analysis explored misgendering within this genre and themes of social rejection and acceptance. Protagonists and narrators were permitted a degree of gender nonconformity, however, the majority of picture books missed opportunities for a more complete exploration of gender possibilities.     

H型高血压患者舌面诊图像颜色特征参数分析＊

目的 分析H型高血压患者的舌面诊图像颜色参数特征，探讨H型高血压患者的舌诊、面诊变化规律。方法 运用上海中医药大学自行研制的Smart TCM-1型中医舌面一体仪，采集高血压患者舌面诊图像，提取特征参数，分析健康对照组、H型高血压组与非H型高血压组患者舌面颜色参数特征。结果 ①在舌色各项参数中，H型高血压组舌尖部R值、B值、V值均显著小于健康对照组（P < 0.01）；非H型高血压组舌尖部B值显著小于健康对照组（P < 0.01），S值较健康对照组显著增大（P < 0.05）；H型高血压组舌尖部R、V值均明显小于非H型高血压组（P < 0.05）。在舌苔各项参数中，H型高血压组舌中H值、V值均明显小于健康对照组（P < 0.05）；非H型高血压组舌中V值、舌右V值均显著小于健康对照组（P < 0.01）；H型高血压组舌中H值明显小于非H型高血压组（P < 0.05），右侧舌苔S值明显大于非H型高血压组（P < 0.05）。②H型高血压组面色参数鼻G值、下颌G值、口唇R值、口唇V值均明显小于健康对照组（P < 0.05）；非H型高血压组前额H值、目眶H值、脸颊H值、鼻H值、下颌H值、整体H值均明显大于健康对照组（P < 0.05）；H型高血压组前额H值、目眶G值、目眶H值、脸颊H值、鼻G值、鼻H值、下颌R值、下颌G值、下颌H值、下颌V值、口唇R值、口唇G值、口唇V值、整体R值、整体G值、整体H值、整体V值均明显小于非H型高血压组（P < 0.05）。结论 H型高血压患者苔色偏黄，以舌中部为主，且舌右侧黄苔积聚较明显；H型高血压患者面色为黄中带红，口唇、下颌部更为晦暗。H型高血压患者的舌、面诊特征参数的变化，与高血压病阳亢湿盛病机相符。     

Anatomic bases of tongue flaps

Summary The morphological structure of the lingual a. was studied in 50 dissected and 14 vascular cast specimens. The course of this artery is divided into 4 segments: the original segment, the segment within hyoglossus, the ascending and the horizontal segments of the deep lingual a. The root of the tongue is supplied by 2 to 3 root branches of the lingual a., the ascending palatine a. and the tonsillar a. The body of the tongue is nourished on average by 25 arterial branches from the deep lingual a. The ventral surface of the tongue, as well as the sublingual gland and the floor of the mouth, is supplied by the sublingual a. The termination of the lingual a. anastomoses with the submental branch of the facial a. to form the lingual frenal a. Except for a submucous arterial network on the dorsum of the tongue, all blood vessels are separated completely by the lingual septum, through which arterial anastomoses (2.0 mm in diameter) can be found occasionally.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund     

The high prognostic value of the histologic grade at the deep invasive front of tongue squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Although many histopathologic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue predict the prognosis, the major predictive factors have not been identified clearly. This study analyzed the prognostic value of the histologic grade at the deep invasive front of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: The clinicopathologic features of 124 consecutive patients seen between January 1985 and December 1999 with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were reviewed. Their mean age was 58.5 years (range: 23-90) and the male-female ratio was 1.8: 1 (79 men and 45 women). There were 41, 40, 30, and 13 cases at stage I to stage IV, respectively. The clinicopathologic factors, especially the histologic grade at the deep invasive front (invasive front grade, IFG), were analyzed to determine factors predicting prognosis. RESULTS: The 5-year disease-free survival rate of the patients treated with curative aim only was 66.7%. Clinicopathologic factors significantly associated with the prognosis were T classification, tumor size, stage classification, tumor depth, macroscopic appearance, cervical lymph node metastasis (nodal metastasis), microvascular invasion, and IFG. In a multivariate analysis, patients with tumor depth >/=4 mm, IFG >/=8 points, and nodal metastasis had a reduced disease-free survival and IFG >/=11 points had a predictive value for nodal metastasis (odds ratio: 7.34; P = 0.0019). CONCLUSION: This study found that a high IFG malignancy score had a high prognostic value for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.     

Influences of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis on cancerous invasion in experimentally induced tongue carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Although it is clear that dissemination via the blood system involves angiogenesis, it is uncertain whether tumors also induce lymphangiogenesis or simply invade existing peritumoral vessels. The purpose of this study was to elucidate changes in tumor blood and lymph vessels in cases involving the invasion of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity, and its significance. Blood and lymph vessels densities in tongue carcinomas induced in hamsters were investigated. METHODS: Tongue cancer was induced by abrading the right margin of the tongue of each hamster with an endodontic barbed broach and subsequently applying 1.0% 9,10-dimenthl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) dissolved in acetone, three times a week, at the same site. Fresh frozen sections were prepared and blood vessels stained blue by perfusion with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and lymph vessels stained brown for 5'-nucleotidase. The effects on the blood vessels and lymph vessels were observed. RESULTS: The results showed that blood and lymph vessel densities were greater in the advanced carcinoma tissues than in normal tissue. These were compared in terms of the mode of cancer invasion. As tumor invasion progressed, the blood vessel density decreased but lymph vessel density tended to be higher in high-degree tumor invasion than in low-degree tumor invasion. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C was seen more frequently as tumor invasion progressed. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicated that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are affected by cancerous invasion.     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在舌癌根治术后舌缺损修复中的应用

目的:总结中晚期舌癌根治性切除即时进行舌再造的经验。方法:对1988年1月至2004年12月间舌癌根治术后即刻修复采用的胸锁乳突肌皮瓣的临床资料进行分析。结果:14例皮瓣全部成活。再造舌外形大部分良好,语言和吞咽功能基本恢复。结论:以胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复中晚期舌癌根治性切除后的舌缺损,可较好恢复舌的形态和功能,提高生存质量。     

开（牙合）患者舌位置变化研究

目的：研究开He患者的舌位置有无特征性变异。方法：利用舌背碘油造影方法，增加头颅侧位定位X线片上舌背的显影效果，在头颅侧位定位X线片上以舌体在固有口腔内的相对位置确定舌体的位置，通过开He与正常He者知位置的团体t检验比较，找出开He患者的舌位置变异特性。结果：开He患者与正常He者比较，舌根部与悬雍垂之间的间隙增大，舌背部与腭表面之间的间隙减小，舌尖部更靠近牙齿，结论：开He个体相对于正常He个体舌位置有向前，向上的变化特点，这可能是开He的病因之一。     

Strain Difference of Susceptibility to 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide-induced Tongue Carcinoma in Rats

Strain difference of susceptibility to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue among Dark-Agouti, Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley, ACI/Ms, Fischer 344, Donryu and Wistar/Furth rats was surveyed by evaluating the survival times, incidences and sizes of developed tumors as markers of susceptibility. Administration of 4NQO dissolved in drinking water induced squamous cell carcinomas in various sites of the upper digestive tract mucosa of all the experimental male and female rats of the seven strains. Regarding the mean survival times, Wistar/Furth rats survived much longer than any other strain of rats, and Dark-Agouti showed the shortest survival. The incidence of large, mass-type carcinomas of the tongue of Dark-Agouti rats was higher than in any other strain of rats, while that of Wistar/Furth rats was the lowest. Subsequently the mitotic activity and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in the tongue epithelium of Dark-Agouti and Wistar/Furth rats were estimated after a short-term administration of 4NQO. There was a pronounced difference between the two strains of rats, because the proliferative responses of the tongue epithelium of Dark-Agouti rats to the 4NQO stimulation were much higher than those of Wistar/Furth rats. These results indicated that there are marked differences in the susceptibility to 4NQO-induced tongue carcinoma among the seven strains of rats, and that Dark-Agouti and Wistar/Furth rats could be useful as models of highly and poorly susceptible strains, respectively, for further genetic analysis.     

老年患者不同证型红外热象舌图温度负荷的变化

目的 :探讨老年不同中医辨证分型的红外热象舌图温度负荷变化。方法 :被测试者分为阴虚证、阳虚证、气滞血瘀证、气血两虚证、湿热证五组。施以冷负荷后 ,红外舌图分析选取七个点温为代表 ,以计算机图像处理系统确定纵横坐标位置 ,对采录的所有红外舌图进行分析、处理。结果 :阴虚组舌尖、舌前两侧点冷负荷前后变化值与正常组比较 P<0 .0 5 ;阳虚组各点冷负荷前后变化值均低于正常组 (除 M点 ) ,且 T点、TL 点、TR点、M点均大于气血两虚组及湿热组 P<0 .0 5 ;气滞血瘀组舌温变化值低于正常 (T点 P<0 .0 5 ) ;气血两虚组各点温变化值均显著低于正常组 (P<0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)及其他证型组 ;湿热组舌尖、舌前两侧点冷负荷前后变化值与正常组比较 P<0 .0 5 ,且低于阴虚组、阳虚组、气滞血瘀组。结论 :老年不同中医辨证分型的红外热象舌图各有其特征 ,红外热象舌图直观、重复性强 ,可作为中医辨证分型和疗效判断的临床指标