尿石症与骨质疏松相关性的研究进展

尿路结石与骨质疏松均存在钙代谢异常,且发病率高,对生活质量造成严重影响,研究表明两者之间存在一定相关性。高钙尿症通过骨吸收增加等,或为两者发病机制间的关键桥梁。对遗传因素的研究中也发现了许多与两者有关的基因,主要为腺苷酸环化酶10基因、1,25-(OH)2D3-24羟化酶基因、钙敏受体与紧密连接蛋白14基因。但对上述一些基因变异与尿石症和骨质疏松的研究尚存在不同结论,且其具体机制仍待进一步研究。雌激素缺乏通过骨丢失、减少瞬时感受器电位阳离子通道V5表达,造成高钙尿、低骨量,导致尿石症及骨质疏松。高蛋白、高钠、低钙等饮食因素也能影响两者的形成,笔者综述两者之间相关性的研究进展。     

低能级体外冲击波碎石治疗肾鹿角形结石

目的探讨低能级体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithortripsy,ESWL)治疗肾鹿角形结石的效果. 方法对18例鹿角形结石进行体外冲击波治疗.碎石能级1～3级,冲击次数1 800～3 000次,脉冲间隔60 ～80次/min,工作电压10～12.75 kV. 若结石直径>3 cm,在碎石前预先插入双J管,防止石街形成.对直径>4 mm的残余结石,再次行ESWL,直至结石完全消失. 结果所有病人耐受良好,治疗结束能自行回家.除1例碎石失败外,余17例经ESWL治疗成功.治疗3～9次,至完全排除结石.66例次(66/77,85.7%)术后有1～2次肉眼血尿.5例出现石街,长1.9～5.2 cm,4例石街经再次碎石成功,1例输尿管镜取石. 结论低能级ESWL治疗肾鹿角形结石是一种安全、有效的方法.     

Intravesical instillation therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin for superficial bladder cancer: Study of the mechanism of bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy

AIM: In order to clarify the initial step of the mechanism by which bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) exhibits antitumor activity via the immune response induced in the bladder submucosa after intravesical BCG therapy for human bladder cancer, various cytokines secreted in the urine after BCG instillation were measured. METHODS: After transurethral resection of bladder cancer, a 6-week course of BCG instillation was performed. At the first and sixth weeks' dosings, spontaneously excreted urine was collected before and 4, 8, and 24 h after BCG instillation. The urinary cytokines were determined by Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-12. RESULTS: After the BCG therapy, various cytokines, such as GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, G-CSF, IL-1beta, IL-8, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 were secreted, comprising the immune response cascade. The mean urinary excretions of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha 4 h after the sixth week's instillation were significantly higher than the pre-instillation levels. There were no significant increases in the urinary IFN-gamma or IL-12 levels between 4 and 24 h after the sixth week's instillation. The TNF-alpha level 4 h after the sixth week's instillation had a strong tendency towards the absence of recurrence, with a mean follow-up of 54.1 months. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed the 2, 5, and 10-year recurrence-free survival rates were 72.4%, 65.8%, and 56.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We suggested that the urinary levels of TNF-alpha might be essential in antitumor activity after BCG therapy and might play an important role in the prevention of bladder tumor recurrence.     

Pattern of periodontal breakdown in adult Tanzanians

Abstract – A total of 170 adult Tanzanians aged 30- 691 yr were examined for loss of attachment, gingival recession, plaque, calculus and gingival bleeding on all surfaces, of all teeth. The severity of loss of attachment varied considerably between tooth types. Irrespective of age, mandibular incisors and first and second molars were the teeth most affected by loss of attachment. In all age groups heavy plaque deposits and gingival bleeding occurred more frequently in posterior than in anterior teeth, Dental calculus was most frequently observed in the maxillary posterior and mandibular anterior teeth. The distribution of calculus within the dentition showed a close resemblance with the patterns of loss of attachment and gingival recession. The variation of the severity of periodontal breakdown within individuals indicates that the use of mean values to describe periodontal breakdown may give the impression of a greater uniformity than really exists.     

肝胆管结石的内镜治疗

目的探讨纤维胆道镜、十二指肠镜治疗肝胆管残留结石的疗效. 方法回顾分析1985年2月～2004年6月纤维胆道镜治疗573例,十二指肠镜治疗36例的临床资料. 结果经T管窦道用纤维胆道镜取石,取净率96.02%(507/528);经皮经肝纤维胆道镜置镜成功率84.21%(16/19),结石取净率78.95%(15/19);经皮下盲袢纤维胆道镜取石取净率84.62%(22/26).经十二指肠镜胆道造影成功率91.67%(33/36),结石取净率80.56%(29/36). 结论纤维胆道镜、十二指肠镜治疗肝内胆管残留结石和复发结石有效、便捷.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石

目的探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床效果. 方法 90例输尿管结石,经尿道、膀胱置入10°输尿管镜抵达结石处,将光纤头直抵结石,设置工作能量0.8～1.5 J,频率8～10 Hz,采用连续脉冲方式粉碎结石. 结果3例进镜失败(输尿管镜无法到达结石部位)改开放手术,1例输尿管穿孔改开放手术;86例碎石成功,单次钬激光碎石成功率为95.6%(86/90).手术时间30～80 min,平均55 min.术后住院1～5 d,平均2.5 d.86例随访1～3个月,69例病程＜6个月、肾积水＜4 cm,肾积水完全消失;17例病程＞6个月、肾积水＞4 cm,术后患肾均有不同程度积水,但较术前明显改善. 结论经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石效果理想,创伤小,并发症少,可作为输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法.     

Periodontal status of a subject sample of Yemen

Abstract From August to October 1991, the periodontal status of 1001 Yemenis representing the age groups 12-14, 15-19, 20-24 and 35-44 years was recorded and evaluated with preference to the CPITN, the calculus index and clinical attachment levels. The impact of chewing khat, the leaves of a cultivated, alkaloid shrub, and of using the traditional miswak chewing stick for oral hygiene purposes were investigated. The results show that 6.9% of the juvenile probands (15-19 years) had healthy periodontal tissue (CPITN 0). whereas bleeding on probing and calculus (CPITN 1+2) were registered in 86.2%. In the 35-44 year age group. 1.7% were periodontally healthy, whereas 84.5% displayed plaque retention or shallow pocketing (CPITN 2-3) and 12.5% deep pocketing (CPITN 4). The treatment needs in all age groups are confined primarily to calculus removal and instruction in oral hygiene. The clinical attachment level and the calculus index revealed age-related attachment loss and calculus formation, primarily among male probands. The higher khat consumption among the male population is reflected in its detrimental effect on the periodontal tissue, especially among younger probands. Oral hygiene aids have also an influence on periodontal status, with a toothbrush proving more efficient than the miswak. WHO efforts directed towards prophylactic programs need to be intensified but can be staffed by dental hygienists.     

一种中西药复方制剂(PESM)对大鼠实验性肾结石形成的抑制作用

用乙二醇法诱导大鼠产生草酸钙结石，用45~Ca示踪测定法了解中草药复方制剂（PESM）对草酸钙结石形成的抑制作用。结果显示，实验组肾脏放射性强度明显减少（实验组3.47±3.52cpm／mg，对照组10.89±14.24cpm／mg）。干肾重量明显下降（实验组306.0±47.0mg，对照组343.1±59.4mg），说明PESM能明显抑制肾脏草酸钙结石的形成。     

Comparative study of oral conditions in schoolchildren of Strasbourg, France, 1974–85

A representative sample of 1650 children randomly selected in the 6-15-yr-old schoolchild population of Strasbourg was examined by well-calibrated examiners. The prevalence of caries was determined with the DMFT, DMFS and dft indices using bitewing radiographs. Plaque, calculus and gingival indices were also determined. The results obtained were compared with the initial study of 1974 performed in Strasbourg using the same epidemiologic methods. Whereas no important variations were observed in caries prevalence of primary teeth, a significant reduction of caries activity was observed in DMFT and DMFS indices in all age groups. There was a reduction of these two indices of respectively 32% and 33% in the 12-yr-old children. The reduction was the most significant on approximal surface lesions. A statistically significant decrease of the calculus and gingival indices was also observed between 1974 and 1984. A less significant decrease was observed for the plaque index.     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石(附706例报告)

目的:探讨与评价微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾脏与输尿管上段结石的方法与疗效。方法:采用微创经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石上尿路结石706例。结果:1999年9月～2005年8月,采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期或分步微创经皮肾镜手术成功处理706例上尿路结石,其中包括鹿角形结石、多发性肾结石、ESWL治疗失败、孤立肾结石、开放取石手术后复发、输尿管上段结石,肾结石清除率91.6%,输尿管结石清除率98.4%;随访1～12个月,无严重手术并发症发生。结论:微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创损伤、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点。