Shifting self-perceptions of ageing: differential effects of value priorities on self-perceptions of ageing beyond age stereotypes

Self-perceptions of ageing (SPA) are important predictors of health in later life. However, research on antecedents of SPA other than age stereotypes is scarce. To address this gap, this study investigates the impact of personal value priorities beyond age stereotypes on SPA. Can values as the motivational basis of attitudes and evaluations predict gain- and loss-related SPA? To answer this question, we conducted multiple regression analyses of longitudinal data from two waves (2008, 2011) of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS; N = 6089, age range in 2008: 40–93 years). Gain- and loss-related SPA as well as age stereotypes were assessed with two AgeCog scales and personal values with the 21-item Portrait Values Questionnaire. Results indicate that value priorities relate to SPA longitudinally in domain-specific ways: People with a value priority of openness to change and self-transcendence reported more gain-related SPA at follow-up, whereas those who prioritized conservation reported less gain-related SPA. In the domain of loss-related SPA, those people with a value priority of self-enhancement reported more and those prioritizing self-transcendence reported less loss-related SPA at follow-up. These results complement and extend recent findings on the role of personality for SPA. They suggest that whether people focus on the gains or losses that occur with age, whether they perceive ageing as a threat or chance, is not only shaped by their age stereotypes, but also by what they find important—their values.     

中文版患者床边交班感知量表的信效度研究

目的翻译患者床边交班感知量表（PVNC-BR）,并初步评价其信度与效度。方法严格遵循翻译-回译-专家咨询步骤对量表进行跨文化调试,并通过对138例患者进行调查,检测中文版PVNC-BR的信效度。结果探索性因子分析共提取3个公因子,17个条目,累积贡献率为61．043％,各因子的负荷数为0．413～0．861;Cronbach’sα系数为0．821,各因子的Cronbach’sα系数为0．696～0．854;重测信度为0．879,各因子的重测信度为0．771～0．922。结论中文版PVNC—BR量表具有较好的信度、效度,符合心理学测量要求,可用于测评实施床边交班患者的感知评价。     

How Do Older Chinese Women View Health and Cancer Screening? Results from Focus Groups and Implications for Interventions

Objective. To qualitatively assess Chinese American women's views of health and illness and the potential influences of culture and language on cancer screening behavior.

Design. Data were generated by five focus groups, each consisting of 9–12 Chinese American women aged 50 and older. Participants responded to open‐ended questions assessing their perceptions of health and illness, knowledge about cancer, beliefs about and barriers to cancer screening, and screening and healthcare experiences in the USA. All conversations were tape‐recorded and analyzed in the context of PRECEDE framework concepts of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors.

Results. The 54 participants had a mean age of 65 years, with an average age of immigration to the USA at 51 and average length of residence in the USA of 15 years. Participants considered outdoor exercise in the morning for fresh air and a hot–cold balanced diet as important means to health. None mentioned the importance of regular medical checkups or cancer screening. When talking about cancer prevention, a sense of fatalism was evident, such as ‘no control of life and death’ and ‘what will happen will happen’. Lack of English capability was a major enabling barrier to healthcare. In addition, these women reported the need for help with transportation, especially for those living in suburban areas where public transportation is not readily available. Physician recommendation was identified as the most important reinforcing factor for cancer screening.

Conclusion. Our results suggest traditional Chinese beliefs, such as those pertaining to fatalism, self‐care, and the hot and cold balance, influence the perceptions of older Chinese women regarding health, illness, and use of preventive healthcare. Interventions to improve cancer screening in this population should be tailored to the specific predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors of this population, including cultural views, language barriers, doctor–patient communication, and access to healthcare.     

How clinicians in neonatal care see the introduction of neonatal nurse practitioners

The aim of this study was to investigate the views of UK clinicians in neonatal care who were working with nurses trained as neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs). A questionnaire survey was used with a total sample of senior clinicians in the 66 neonatal units with one or more qualified NNPs. The main outcome measures were type and frequency of response, and similar data from NNPs were used to make comparisons. Data were returned from 57 of the 66 clinicians contacted (86%). NNP clinical practice as perceived by them was largely similar to that recorded by NNPs, though the clinicians expected more NNP involvement in some procedures (inserting central venous lines, umbilical arterial catheters, chest drains and peripheral arterial cannulae) than was actually found. Perceptions of the NNP role were similar, though the clinicians were significantly less likely to see taking a case-load, conducting a ward round, accepting outside referrals and taking charge of emergency transfers as integral elements. Reflections on the utilization of NNPs in neonatal care and the impact on junior medical staff education referred to NNPs filling gaps, a reduction in the intensity of work, improvements in training and in the quality of care.

Conclusion : The introduction of NNPs is seen positively from the perspective of clinicians working alongside them in neonatal care. The development of similar models of care in countries where the introduction of NNPs is being considered is likely to be similarly supported.     

大学生家庭亲密度与适应性对人性观的影响研究

目的研究家庭亲密度和适应性对大学生人性观的影响。方法使用费立鹏等人修订的家庭亲密度与适应性量表（FACES-CV）和Wrights-man修订的人性的哲学修订量表,对哈市3所高校171名大学生进行了调查研究。结果1女生的实际家庭适应性和理想家庭亲密度显著高于男生,单亲家庭大学生的实际家庭亲密度与适应性显著低于非单亲家庭的大学生 2家庭亲密度与适应性和人性观两个维度都显著相关 3家庭亲密度对值得信任因子有正向预测作用,家庭适应性对愤世嫉俗因子有负向预测作用。结论家庭成员的亲密程度及家庭对环境的适应性对大学生的人性观形成有预测意义。     

对实施药品风险管理的思考

目的:探讨以药品生产企业为实施主体的风险管理具体策略。方法:从药品风险管理理论的内涵、制度概念剖析入手,结合药品风险评价的核心原则,重点采用系统分析方法进行论述性阐述。结果与结论:药品风险管理看似缘起于风险,但对具体品种进行评价时,脱离不开其疗效和效益。它是一个系统工程,涉及药品监管的各个方面。它作为一种制度形式,虽然已有国外趋于成型的经验,但在我国尚需进一步完善。     

Patients' and doctors' views on respiratory tract symptoms

Objective - To explore the views of patients and doctors on respiratory tract symptoms. Design - Transversal survey among patients and general practitioners. Setting - Primary health care and community. Subjects - 51 patients attending a general practitioner, 38 patients in the community, 7 general practitioners. Main outcome measures - Patients' and doctors' views on respiratory tract symptoms and differences between them: agreement with statements rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from "strongly disagree" (1) to "strongly agree" (5). Results - Patients less than doctors endorsed the self-limiting character of cough, sore throat and earache (mean 3.1,3.4 and 2.9 versus 4.1,4.1 and 3.7) and patients - much more than doctors - rated antibiotics as being necessary for cough and sore throat (mean 2.7 and 2.9 versus 1.7 and 17) and believed that antibiotics speed recovery (mean 3.7 versus 2.0). However, there was little difference relating to the necessity to see a doctor after some time period. Conclusion - Patients appeared to differ from doctors in views on respiratory tract symptoms. The results stress the importance of exploring patients' views when being confronted by patients suffering from respiratory tract symptoms.     

对当前医改进展及相关问题的认知分析——部分地市卫生主管领导调查

目的:了解地市级卫生主管领导对医疗卫生事业和医改工作的态度和观点,从而判断形势、发现问题,更好地推进医改工作。方法:对来自29个省市的34名地市级卫生主管领导进行了结构式和半结构式的问卷调查和小组访谈。结果:(1)地市级卫生主管领导对卫生事业的基本规律和医改的主要目标理解正确、掌握清楚,但对"管办分开"的内涵和公立医院功能定位等仍存在模糊认识;(2)目前推进医改工作中的主要障碍为管理体制分散,资金投入数量不足、结构不合理,以及地方政府财政压力较大等;(3)地方领导认为理顺管理体制,建立长效、制度化的补偿机制和不同层级间的分担机制是未来医改亟需解决的问题,同时要加强对现有基层卫生人员的培训,从而完善人才队伍建设。     

三种人的本质观及其对心理治疗的影响

心理学中有所谓三股力量 (TheThreeForces)的说法 ,即行为主义心理学、弗洛伊德心理学和人本主义心理学[1] 。心理学家Allport指心理学中对人的本质有三种描画 ,分别把人看成“反应的存在”(reactivebe ings) ,“深层反应的存在”(reactivebeingsindepth) ,和“自发性的存在”(proactivebeings) [2 ] 。这三种人的形象 ,分别代表上述三种心理学对人的本质特性的基本看法。而在心理辅导和治疗领域 ,分别有由这三种心理学所支持的治疗理论 ,而且当代心理治疗的大多数理论都可以根据这三种人的哲学而划分为三个阵营。本文将讨论这三种看待人…