医疗事故的定义、性质与类型新探

文章在广泛比较借鉴国内外医疗事故方面的立法实例和学说理论的基础上，准确把握医疗事故的本质属性，揭示新旧立法中的医疗事故概念的缺陷和弊端，从学理上对它进行重新界定，并进而就医疗事故的性质、类型做出了精细的分析，应有助于相关法律立法质量的提高和司法中正确适用有关法律。     

Fracture-related infection: A consensus on definition from an international expert group

Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication in trauma surgery. Accurately estimating the impact of this complication has been hampered by the lack of a clear definition. The absence of a working definition of FRI renders existing studies difficult to evaluate or compare. In order to address this issue, an expert group comprised of a number of scientific and medical organizations has been convened, with the support of the AO Foundation, in order to develop a consensus definition.The process that led to this proposed definition started with a systematic literature review, which revealed that the majority of randomized controlled trials in fracture care do not use a standardized definition of FRI. In response to this conclusion, an international survey on the need for and key components of a definition of FRI was distributed amongst all registered AOTrauma users. Approximately 90% of the more than 2000 surgeons who responded suggested that a definition of FRI is required. As a final step, a consensus meeting was held with an expert panel. The outcome of this process led to a consensus definition of FRI.Two levels of certainty around diagnostic features were defined. Criteria could be confirmatory (infection definitely present) or suggestive. Four confirmatory criteria were defined: Fistula, sinus or wound breakdown; Purulent drainage from the wound or presence of pus during surgery; Phenotypically indistinguishable pathogens identified by culture from at least two separate deep tissue/implant specimens; Presence of microorganisms in deep tissue taken during an operative intervention, as confirmed by histopathological examination. Furthermore, a list of suggestive criteria was defined. These require further investigations in order to look for confirmatory criteria.In the current paper, an overview is provided of the proposed definition and a rationale for each component and decision. The intention of establishing this definition of FRI was to offer clinicians the opportunity to standardize clinical reports and improve the quality of published literature. It is important to note that the proposed definition was not designed to guide treatment of FRI and should be validated by prospective data collection in the future.     

The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular mortality: a 13-year follow-up study in elderly non-diabetic Finns.

AIMS: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors characterized by insulin resistance. We investigated the relationship of the MetS and its single components, defined by all six different criteria, with coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality in a prospective population-based study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The MetS was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the American Heart Association (updated NCEP) criteria. We investgated the relationship of the MetS defined by aforementioned six criteria with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality with Cox regression analyses in a non-diabetic Finnish population of 1025 subjects, aged 65-74 years, during the 13-year follow-up. The MetS defined by all aforementioned criteria was associated with a statistically significant risk for CVD mortality when adjusted for all confounding variables (Hazards Ratios, HRs from 1.31 to 1.51). The MetS defined by the WHO, ACE, and IDF criteria was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality (HRs from 1.42 to 1.58). There was no association between the MetS by any criteria and all-cause mortality. Of the single components of the MetS, the following predicted CVD mortality in multivariable models: impaired fasting glucose by the WHO, NCEP, and ACE criteria (HR 1.34) and by the IDF and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); impaired glucose tolerance by the WHO and ACE criteria (HR 1.55); low HDL cholesterol by the EGIR criteria (HR 1.50) and by the NCEP, IDF, and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); and microalbuminuria according to the WHO definition (HR 1.86). CONCLUSION: The MetS defined by all six current criteria predicts CVD mortality in elderly subjects. However, of the single components of the MetS, IFG, IGT, low HDL cholesterol, and microalbuminuria predicted CVD mortality with equal or higher HRs when compared with the different definitions of the MetS. Therefore, our study suggests that the MetS is a marker of CVD risk, but not above and beyond the risk associated with its individual components.     

Deep tissue massage: What are we talking about?

Background

Massage is a common treatment in complementary and integrative medicine. Deep tissue massage, a form of therapeutic massage, has become more and more popular in recent years. Hence, the use of massage generally and deep tissue massage specifically, should be evaluated as any other modality of therapy to establish its efficacy and safety.

肝衰竭:定义、诊断与治疗

肝衰竭是临床上常见的严重肝病证候群,在我国尤其多见于重型肝炎,病死率极高.尽管国内外学者在对肝衰竭发病机制和诊治长期不懈的探索中取得了较大进步,但在肝衰竭的定义、分类及诊断方面尚未取得一致意见,尤其是此类患者的救治尚无突破性进展[1].     

输血相关性急性肺损伤研究进展

输血相关性急性肺损伤（transfusion-related acute lung injury,TRALI）是输血相关性疾病中最常见的类型.其发病率及病死率高,定义基于临床和影像学参数.TRALI分为免疫介导性和非免疫介导性,患者基础情况和输血因素共同决定着TRALI的发生.TRALI的预防主要包括避免使用女性供血者血浆制品及避免输注多个供血者的混合血浆.但目前所有预防措施只能减少而不是消除TRALI的发生,且对于这种危及生命的综合征尚无明确治疗方法,因此防治TRALI的工作任重而道远.本文对TRALI的定义、发病率、发病机制、临床表现、预防及治疗作一综述.     

Do components of current ‘hardcore smoker’ definitions predict quitting behaviour?

Aims It has been hypothesized that the smoking population is represented by an increasingly ‘hardcore’ group of smokers who are resistant to quitting. Many definitions of ‘hardcore smokers’ have been used, but their predictive validity is unknown. To evaluate whether ‘hardcore smoker’ definition components predict quitting behaviours and which combinations of ‘hardcore’ components are most predictive. Design, setting and participants Longitudinal, random telephone survey of a representative sample of adult smokers in Ontario, Canada (n = 4130, recruited 2005–08 and followed for 1 year). Measurements Multiple logistic regression models were compared to evaluate the predictive ability of ‘hardcore’ components (high daily cigarette consumption, high nicotine dependence, being a daily smoker, history of long‐term smoking, no quit intention and no life‐time quit attempt) on three outcomes [continued smoking, not attempting to quit and having unsuccessful quit attempt(s)]. Findings All ‘hardcore’ components predicted having no quit attempt and continued smoking during follow‐up (P < 0.05), except for history of long‐term smoking and no life‐time quit attempt (for continued smoking). Among respondents who made 1 + quit attempts during follow‐up, only high nicotine dependence, high daily cigarette consumption and being a daily smoker were predictive of quitting failure (P < 0.01). The best combination of components depended on the outcome. Conclusions Measures of ‘hardcore’ include a mixture of motivational, dependence and behavioural variables. As found previously, motivational and behavioural measures, such as intention to quit, predict failure to make quit attempts. However, dependence components best predicted continued smoking and thus would be best for further exploring the hardening hypothesis.     

我国罕见病界定标准初探

目的：为我国罕见病界定标准的确立提供参考。方法：比较欧美日等国家和地区罕见病定义并提炼出界定标准,分析影响各标准制定的关键因素,进而提出确立我国罕见病界定标准的建议。结果与结论：一个国家罕见病界定标准的制定受社会经济发展水平、医学发展水平、社会保障水平等因素影响,建议我国采用患病数、疾病严重程度、罕用药经济学标准来界定罕见病。     

全民健康覆盖:从理念到行动

世界卫生组织对全民健康覆盖界定为:所有人都应当享有所需要的、有质量的卫生服务,并且不因利用这些服务出现经济困难。全民健康覆盖的核心价值取向是社会公平,实现全民健康覆盖的主要任务是缩小国家间、地区间和人群间卫生服务可及性和费用负担的差距。国际组织和世界上许多国家正在为推进全民健康覆盖付诸努力。我国卫生改革与发展对国际社会推动全民健康覆盖做出了重要贡献,但全面实现目标还任重道远。