山茱萸新苷Ⅰ对成骨细胞的增殖及成骨分化的影响

目的基于Wnt信号通路及内质网应激研究山茱萸新苷Ⅰ对大鼠原代成骨细胞的增殖及成骨分化的影响。方法提取原代成骨细胞,CKK8实验检测在药物浓度下山茱萸新苷Ⅰ对成骨细胞增殖的影响;碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)染色检测不同浓度山茱萸新苷Ⅰ干预下成骨细胞ALP的活性情况; Real-time PCR检测Wnt2、β-catenin、BMP2、OPG、NOX4、PERK基因mRNA的表达; Western blot检测Wnt2、β-catenin、PDI、CHOP和BIP蛋白表达量。结果 CKK8实验及ALP染色表明山茱萸新苷Ⅰ对成骨细胞增殖及分化有一定影响,不同浓度山茱萸新苷Ⅰ干预下成骨细胞出现不同程度的增殖;与空白对照组相比,山茱萸新苷Ⅰ组的Wnt2、BMP2、β-catenin、OPG、NOX4的mRNA表达水平显著升高(P0. 01),而PERK明显降低(P0. 01)。与空白对照组相比,山茱萸新苷Ⅰ组的成骨细胞Wnt2、β-catenin、PDI蛋白表达量显著升高(P0. 01),CHOP表达亦有轻微上升,但不明显(P0. 05),而BIP的蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0. 01)。结论山茱萸新苷Ⅰ浓度为1 mmol/mL时在促进成骨细胞的增殖分化的作用上表现最佳,其能显著升高成骨细胞Wnt2、BMP2、β-catenin、OPG和NOX4的mRNA表达水平,而降低PERK的mRNA表达水平,升高Wnt2、β-catenin、PDI的蛋白表达量,降低BIP的表达量,在山茱萸新苷Ⅰ的干预下,Wnt信号通路及内质网应激途径对成骨活动的发生发展起着重要作用。     

一测多评法测定左归丸中3种环烯醚萜苷类成分的含量

目的：建立以马钱苷为内参物,同时测定左归丸中莫诺苷、马钱苷和山茱萸新苷含量的一测多评法（QAMS）。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,Phenomenex C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）硅胶色谱柱;流动相：乙腈（A）-0.3%磷酸水溶液（B）梯度洗脱;柱温35℃;检测波长（0~65 min,240 nm,检测莫诺苷和马钱苷;66~80 min,218 nm,检测山茱萸新苷）。以马钱苷为内参物,建立其与莫诺苷、山茱萸新苷的相对校正因子（RCFS）,并进行含量计算,实现一测多评;同时采用外标法（ESM）测定左归丸中3种有效成分的含量,比较一测多评法计算值与外标法实测值的差异。结果：在一定线性范围内,马钱苷与莫诺苷、山茱萸新苷的相对校正因子分别为1.048、1.390。建立的相对校正因子重现性良好,7批左归丸中3种成分的计算值与实测值间无显著差异。结论：采用本研究建立的“一测多评”法控制左归丸的质量是可行的。     

Potentially Bio-Accessible Metabolites from an Extract of Cornus mas Fruit after Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro and Gut Microbiota Ex Vivo Treatment

Targeting pancreatic lipase and α-amylase by digestion-derived fractions of ethanolic-aqueous (60%, v/v) extract from Cornus mas fruit (CM) in relation to the control and prevention of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, was the first purpose of the present study. Taking into consideration the significance of bio-accessibility of compounds, we attempted to identify metabolites of CM after gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, as well as their kinetic changes upon gut microbiota treatment. The digestion of extract was simulated with digestive enzymes in vitro and human gut microbiota ex vivo (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h), followed by chromatographic analysis using the UHPLC-DAD-MSⁿ method. The effect of fractions from gastrointestinal digestion in vitro on the activity of pancreatic lipase and α-amylase was studied with fluorescence-based assays. The gastric and intestinal fractions obtained after in vitro digestion of CM inhibited pancreatic lipase and α-amylase. Loganic acid as the main constituent of the extract was digested in the experimental conditions in contrast to cornuside. It was found in most analytes such as salivary, gastric, intestinal, and even colon (fecal slurry, FS) fractions. In all fractions, kaempferol hexoside and reduced forms of kaempferol, such as aromadendrin, and benzoic acid were assigned. The signals of tannins were detected in all fractions. Cornusiin A was tentatively assigned in the gastric fraction. The metabolites originating from kinetic analytes have been classified mainly as phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids. Phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, gallic acid), tannins (digalloylglucose, tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose), and flavonoids (aromadendrin, dihydroquercetin) were detected in the late phases of digestion in fecal slurry suspension. Cornuside was found in FS analyte after 3 h incubation. It was not detected in the samples after 6 and 24 h incubation with FS. In conclusion, cornuside, aromadendrin, and phenolic acids may be potentially bio-accessible compounds of CM. The presence of plants’ secondary metabolites in the intestinal fractions allows us to indicate them as responsible for decreasing glucose and lipid absorption.     

Cornuside Is a Potential Agent against Alzheimer’s Disease via Orchestration of Reactive Astrocytes

Cornuside is an iridoid glycoside from Cornus officinalis, with the activities of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroprotection. In the present research, a triple-transgenic mice model of AD (3 × Tg-AD) was used to explore the beneficial actions and potential mechanism of cornuside on the memory deficits. We found that cornuside prominently alleviated neuronal injuries, reduced amyloid plaque pathology, inhibited Tau phosphorylation, and repaired synaptic damage. Additionally, cornuside lowered the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO), lowered the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Cornuside also significantly reduced the activation of astrocytes and modulated A1/A2 phenotypes by the AKT/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. We further confirmed that LY294002 and Nrf2 silencing could block the cornuside-mediated phenotypic switch of C6 cells induced by microglia conditioned medium (MCM) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which indicated that the effects of cornuside in astrocyte activation are dependent on AKT/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, cornuside may regulate the phenotypic conversion of astrocytes, inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, improve synaptic plasticity, and alleviate cognitive impairment in mice through the AKT/Nrf2/NF-κB axis. Our present work provides an experimental foundation for further research and development of cornuside as a candidate drug for AD management.     

一测多评法与电子眼和电子舌技术相结合优化山茱萸蒸制时间

目的建立山茱萸药材及饮片的一测多评法(QAMS),并将此法与电子眼和电子舌技术相结合,优选山茱萸最佳蒸制时间。方法以山茱萸药材及饮片为研究对象,采用HPLC法测定没食子酸、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)、莫诺苷、山茱萸新苷、马钱苷量;通过建立没食子酸、5-HMF、莫诺苷、山茱萸新苷与内参物马钱苷之间的相对校正因子(RCF),计算各种成分的量;运用电子眼和电子舌技术进行颜色与滋味测定,所得数据用主成分分析(PCA)法进行分析;综合分析3种方法所得结果,对山茱萸最佳蒸制时间进行优选。结果被测定的5种成分色谱峰均有良好的分离度,方法精密度、重复性的RSD均小于2%,在室温条件下24 h内稳定性良好,各成分均有较宽的线性范围和良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 6),平均加样回收率为98%~100.1%,RSD均2%;在一定线性范围内马钱苷与没食子酸、5-HMF、莫诺苷、山茱萸新苷间的RCF分别为0.560、1.344、1.255、0.972。电子眼和电子舌PCA中,主成分之和分别为94.618%和94.98%,识别指数(DI)分别为98和93,说明山茱萸全部样品能够通过电子眼和电子舌很好地区分开来。综合分析3种方法所得结果,优选出山茱萸最佳蒸制时间为4 h。结论通过QAMS分析指标成分量,与电子眼和电子舌技术进行颜色与滋味测定的结合应用,能够优选出山茱萸最佳蒸制时间。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定山茱萸萜类制剂中莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸

目的建立RP-HPLC法同时测定用于干预刀豆蛋白A(Con A)诱导的小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤的山茱萸萜类制剂(液体制剂)中莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸5种活性成分,为山茱萸萜类成分及其相关制剂的质量控制提供方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法,Zorbax SB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以乙腈-添加2 mmol/Lγ-环糊精的0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 m L/min;柱温30℃;检测波长240、360、210 nm;进样量3μL。结果莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸的线性范围分别为10.42~333.33、23.44~750.00、9.11~291.67、10.42~333.33、13.02~416.67 mg/L;供试样品中莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸的平均回收率为95.60%~98.02%,RSD为1.47%~1.89%;重复性试验RSD为1.46%~1.71%;稳定性试验RSD为1.29%~1.76%;6批山茱萸萜类制剂中含有莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸的平均质量浓度分别为669.6~680.2、850.1~869.5、94.1~96.4、164.3~166.1、85.6~87.6 mg/L。结论该方法简便、灵敏度高、重复性好、回收率高,可用于检测山茱萸萜类制剂中莫诺苷、马钱苷、山茱萸新苷、齐墩果酸及熊果酸。     

酒萸肉超高效液相色谱指纹图谱的建立及化学计量分析

目的建立酒萸肉的超高效液相色谱指纹图谱,并进行聚类分析和主成分分析。方法色谱柱为ACE3 C18-AR柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,3μm),流动相为乙腈-0.3%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.2 m L/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为1μL。以马钱苷为参照峰绘制76批酒萸肉药材样品的指纹图谱,并与10批山萸肉药材样品的指纹图谱进行比较。采用Chempattern化学计量学软件进行相似度评价,并进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果76批酒萸肉药材指纹图谱共确定7个共有峰、6种成分,分别为没食子酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、莫诺苷、马钱苷、獐牙菜苷、山茱萸新苷;76批酒萸肉药材样品中有60批次的相似度大于0.8;76批酒萸肉药材样品和10批山萸肉药材样品聚为两大类,两大类的5-羟甲基糠醛含量差异明显;经主成分分析,峰6和峰2均是导致药材样品质量差异的重要因素。结论所建立的超高效液相色谱指纹图谱可用于酒萸肉的质量评价。