抗结核药物对泪膜功能的影响

<正>我国结核患者在2011年统计已达500万例,仅次于印度位居世界第二[1]。临床多见抗结核药物引起肝损害及过敏反应,对眼部的副反应关注较少[2]。笔者临床中发现部分结核患者在抗结核治疗早期可出现视物模糊、异物感、干涩及视物不持久等类似干眼的主诉,眼科常规检查未发现明显视神经病变,更多为眼表的改变。笔者观察抗结核药物对眼表的毒副反应,报道如下。1资料与方法1.1研究对象收集2012年1月—2014年10月     

The role of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAG) in strengthening health system governance: Lessons from three middle-income countries—Argentina,Jordan, and South Africa (2017–2018)

IntroductionToward the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 goal, almost 90% of countries have established a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG). However, little is known about NITAG's contributions to governance.MethodsIn 2017–2018, a two-step, qualitative retrospective study was conducted. Jordan (JO), Argentina (AR), and South Africa (SA) were selected owing to government-financed NITAGs from middle-income countries (MICs), geographic diversity, and a vaccine introduction with NITAG support. Country case studies were developed, collecting data through desk review and face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) from Ministry of Health (MoH) and NITAG. Case studies were analyzed together, to assess governance applying the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework focusing on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity, and policy capacity (TAPIC).ResultsDocument review and 53 KII (22 AR, 20 SA, 11 JO) showed NITAGs played a pivotal role as advisors promoting a culture of evidence-informed policies. NITAGs strengthened governance, although practices varied among countries. Meetings were conducted behind-closed-doors, participation restricted to members, only in one country agendas, and recommendations were public (AR). To increase participation, policy capacity, and transparency, countries considered adding experts in communications, advocacy, and economics. AR and SA contemplated including community members. NITAGs functioned autonomously from the government, with no established internal or external monitoring or supervision. NITAG meeting minutes allowed the review of integrity, adherence to terms of reference, standard operating procedures, and conflict of interest (CoI). For the most part, NITAGs abided by their mandates. Significant issues were related to the level of MoH support and oversight of CoI declaration and documentation.ConclusionsSystematically implementing governance approaches could improve processes, better tailor policies, and implementation. The long-term survival and resilience of NITAGs in these countries showed they play a significant role in strengthening governance. Lessons learned could be useful to those promoting country-driven evidence-informed decision-making.     

针刺辅助治疗难治性肠易激综合征临床试验方案关键点设计的思考＊

肠易激综合征（Irritable bowel syndrome，IBS）是临床常见病、多发病，其治疗方法丰富，但部分患者疗效欠佳，发展成难治性IBS。目前国内外关于针灸治疗难治性IBS的临床随机对照试验尚不多见。本文立足试验方案设计的“PICOS”原则，从研究对象及诊断标准、干预措施、对照措施、结局指标四个方面入手，重点探讨针刺辅助治疗难治性肠易激综合征临床试验设计的关键要点。从选择特色优势病种、明确诊断标准、制定符合临床实际的干预方案、运用符合目标的安慰针刺、结合研究设计和目的选定结局指标几个角度，阐述试验相关环节设计的原因和思考。     

谷氨酰胺转移酶对大豆分离蛋白成膜性能的影响

研究了谷氨酰胺转移酶（TGase）对大豆蛋白膜特性的影响。研究表明：在成膜溶液中加入TGase（4U／g）可以使膜的抗拉强度增加16．79，6，表面疏水性增加39．2％，同时也明显降低了膜的断裂伸长率、水分含量、总可溶性物质量及透光率，但是对水蒸气转移速率几无影响。扫描电镜（SEM）显示，酶法交联膜的表面比对照膜略为粗糙，断面却更为均匀致密。SDS-PAGE分析表明，TGase催化SPI产生了共价交联。     

Regulation of fibroblast-induced collagen gel contraction by interleukin-1β

Fibroblasts incorporated within collagen gels induce a cell-mediated contraction of the gel to form a three-dimensional, tissue-like structure by a mechanism thought to mimic wound contraction in vivo . In this study a gel contraction model was used to investigate the ability of fibroblasts derived from adult gingiva, adult skin and fetal skin to organise a collagen matrix. In addition the effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on the contraction process was also investigated. Over the concentration range 5-50 U/ml, IL-1β induced a statistically significant inhibition of gel contraction in all fibroblast cell types ( P <0.05), although fetal fibroblasts appeared least responsive and gingival fibroblasts most responsive to the inhibitory effects of this cytokine. Comparison of gel contraction by the different fibroblast strains indicated that fetal and gingival fibroblasts shared similar contraction kinetics. For the adult skin fibroblasts, three of five strains studied showed significantly diminished levels of gel contraction compared to fetal and gingival cells. This apparent difference in fibroblast phenotype may, at least in part, explain the fetal-like wound healing pattern seen in the oral mucosa.     

New stand magnifiers do not meet rated levels of performance

A new range of stand magnifiers has been released by the COIL company in the United Kingdom. Examination of these magnifiers reveals that they fail to deliver the rated magnifications labelled prominently on the appliances, as a result of the manufacturer's conformance with the requirements of the German DIN standard and the use of back vertex power (F'_v) rather than equivalent dioptric power (F_m) of the magnifier. In this study we provide information on the optometric parameters of these new stand magnifiers that will assist the more accurate specification of improvements in vision expected from their use.     

他汀类药物对心血管的保护作用

他汀类药物(statins)被研制出来的最初目的是降低血脂,但是现在发现它不仅具有降低血脂的作用,还具有很多其他的作用包括改善内皮细胞功能的紊乱,提高内皮源性一氧化氮合成酶的生物活性,抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖,抗氧化作用,抗炎作用,降低血压,逆转心血管系统的重构。充分理解statins的多效性作用及机制有利于它更好的在临床中被应用于心血管系统的预防和治疗。     

接触镜与泪液形态关系的临床评价

目的 :观察配戴不同种类接触镜后眼表面泪膜的形态、稳定性及泪液量的变化。方法 :对日戴SCL、RGPCL和Ortho KCL的 2 14名近视患者 4 2 8只眼 ,利用表面泪膜观察装置 (DR 1)观察戴镜前后眼表泪液膜和戴镜状态下镜上泪液膜的形态分级 ,同时测定泪膜破裂时间 (BUT)。利用酚红染色棉丝测定SCL戴镜前后的泪液量 ,并用折射仪 (AtagoCL 1)测量SCL含水量的变化。结果 :SCL配戴者随戴镜时间延长 ,BUT明显缩短 (P <0 .0 1) ,RGPCL和Ortho KCL配戴者戴镜 5年以内 ,BUT无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。戴镜后RGPCL ,Ortho KCL和非戴镜正常眼三组间眼表泪膜分级比例差异无显著性 ,SCL组Ⅰ级比例为 6 .5 % ,显著低于其他组(16 .1%～ 2 3.0 % )。镜上泪膜 ,SCL、RGPCL和Ortho KCL三组均以Ⅳ级为主 (分别占 5 4 .4 %、5 3.4 %和 5 1.5 % ) ,SCLⅠ级比例仅 1.9% ,显著低于另二组 (分别占 6 .2 %和 12 .4 % )。SCL配戴者随戴镜时间延长 ,泪液量轻度减少 ,SCL含水量在戴镜 1w后即显著降低。结论 :科学配戴接触镜对泪液膜质量无明显影响 ,但SCL长期使用可能对泪膜有一定干扰作用。     

瑞格列奈与迪沙片治疗新诊断2型糖尿病的疗效对比观察

比较对新诊断2型糖尿病患者应用瑞格列奈（11例）和迪沙片（10例）治疗4周后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、晨3点血糖（3aPG）,空腹胰岛素（FIns）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hIns）,糖化白蛋白的值。结果显示,与迪沙片组相比,瑞格列奈组治疗后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖的下降幅度更为明显,但低血糖的发生次数反而减少。     

17β-雌二醇对子宫内膜异位症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的研究17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)对子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,探讨Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在介导雌激素促进内异症发生发展的作用。方法体外分离培养内异症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞。用不同浓度17β-E2处理子宫内膜间质细胞48 h;此后选用10-10mol/L 17β-E2处理子宫内膜间质细胞12、24和48 h,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测17β-E2处理前后子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。同法分析雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780(10-6mol/L)对17β-E2促进β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。免疫组织化学染色观察17β-E2作用后β-catenin在子宫内膜间质细胞中的定位。结果17β-E2能明显促进内异症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,于10-10mol/L作用48 h最明显。雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780能明显抑制17β-E2对子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达。免疫组织化学染色发现17β-E2能促进β-catenin在子宫内膜间质细胞核内的表达。结论雌激素可能通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进内异症在位子宫内膜的异位种植。