Hormone replacement therapy is not associated with an increased risk of leukemia (United States)

Objective Recent studies have reported an increased risk of certain cancers associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), possibly due to stimulation of estrogen receptors. Since estrogen receptors are expressed on certain hematopoietic cells, it is possible that HRT use may also increase the risk of leukemia.Methods A cohort of 37,172 post-menopausal Iowa women ages 55–69 years with no history of prior cancer was linked annually to the population-based state cancer registry through 2001. In addition to other self-reported cancer risk factors, participants were asked about current and former use of HRT in 1986 and on four subsequent follow-up questionnaires. A total of 201 cases of leukemia were identified over 16 years of follow-up including 74 acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) and 87 chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLLs).Results Compared to never users of HRT at study baseline, current [multivariate relative risk (RR), 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–1.71)] and former users (RR=0.82, 95% CI=0.59–1.15) were at no increased risk of developing leukemia. For AML, current users also had no increased risk (RR=0.83, 95% CI=0.37–1.84) and there was a suggestion that former users had a slightly decreased risk (RR=0.66, 95% CI=0.37–1.17). For CLL, all RRs were around unity.Conclusion We conclude that HRT is unlikely to be an appreciable risk factor for leukemia.     

The relationship between mammographic density and duration of hormone therapy: effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestin

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of duration of hormone therapy (HT) and treatment regimens on mammographic density. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out of of 467 post-menopausal women who received estrogen or estrogen-progestin and had regular mammographic density determination by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System between 1994 and 2001. RESULTS: The fraction of women using HT who had an increase in mammographic density became more important over time. Further analysis of the effects of regimens after 4 years of HT shows that the increase in mean density was much greater in women receiving combined HT than in those receiving estrogen alone. The incidence of increased mammographic density showed significantly progressive increases over the duration of combined HT from 7.5 to 22.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Although most women using HT maintained breast density at pre-treatment levels, there is a note of caution for women using long-term HT, especially those using combined estrogen-progestin.     

围绝经期和绝经后子宫内膜息肉局部雌孕激素受体的表达及意义

目的研究雌激素受体（estrogenreceptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progesteronereceptor,PR）在围绝经期、绝经后子宫内膜息肉及正常子宫内膜中的表达,探讨其在子宫内膜息肉发病中的意义。方法采用免疫组化sP法检测3组中ER、PR的表达;利用逆转录聚合酶连反应（RT—PCR）检测3组组织中ER、PR的转录水平。结果无论免疫组化还是RT—PCR结果均显示围绝经期及绝经后子宫内膜息肉组织中ER高于对照组（P〈0．05）,RT—PCR结果显示绝经后子宫内膜息肉组织中PR表达高于围绝经期息肉及正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论围绝经期子宫内膜息肉发生可能与局部激素受体水平变化有关,其中雌激素受体起关键作用,提示绝经后子宫内膜息肉患者发病与局部雌孕激素受体水平升高均有关。     

绝经期后阴道炎药物治疗效果分析

目的探讨乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗绝经期后阴道炎(老年性阴道炎)的临床疗效。方法老年性阴道炎门诊患者362例随机分为观察组和对照组各181例。观察组予乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗;对照组单纯使用硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗。比较2组临床疗效与复发率。结果 2组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组复发率为0低于对照组的11.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论乳酸杆菌活菌胶囊(阴道用)联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗老年性阴道炎疗效显著且不易复发,效果优于单纯使用硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊,值得临床推广应用。     

以患者为中心的系统化健康教育在围绝经期及绝经后骨质疏松症患者中的运用

目的:探讨以患者为中心的系统化健康教育对围绝经期及绝经后骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者骨质疏松知识、自我效能及骨密度的影响.方法:将156名围绝经期及绝经后OP患者按照计算机产生的随机数字分为观察组和对照组,对照组实施常规的健康教育,观察组以患者为中心的系统化健康教育方案,收集并比较两组在干预前及干预6个月后的骨质疏松知识(osteoporosisknowledge tests,OKT)、骨质疏松自我效能(osteoporosis self-efficacy scale,OSES)及骨密度的变化情况.结果:干预后两组在骨质疏松知识总分及各维度得分、骨质疏松自我效能总分及各维度得分、L1～L4及左股骨的骨密度均较干预前明显提升,且观察组在上述各项目的数值均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:实施以患者为中心的系统化健康教育可明显提升围绝经期及绝经后OP患者对疾病的认识水平、应对疾病的自我效能以及骨密度水平,对于预防骨折及改善生命质量具有积极的促进意义.     

绝经后早期认知功能障碍与血浆性激素水平的关系

目的探讨65岁以下妇女绝经后早期认知功能和血浆雌激素水平变化的关系。方法用1∶1病例配对方法,对认知功能障碍组和对照组各97例患者进行一般情况、病史、神经病学、神经影像学及血脂检查,血浆性激素水平测定采用放射免疫法。结果与对照组比较,认知功能障碍组血浆雌二醇、孕酮水平较低,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论绝经后雌激素和孕酮水平降低,可能是绝经早期认知功能障碍的危险因素之一。     

Differences in connective tissue gene expression between normally functioning, polycystic and post-menopausal ovaries

Arrested follicular maturation is a characteristic feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Follicles mature in ovarian stroma composed of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known of the expression of ECM genes in polycystic ovaries. The present study compares the expression levels of genes coding for collagens, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), their inhibitors (TIMP) and cathepsins in polycystic ovaries using fertile and post-menopausal ovaries as controls. In northern analyses, the gene expression profiles of type I and III collagen of PCOS samples resembled those observed in normal follicular phase ovaries, while mRNA levels of proalpha1(IV) collagen and TIMP-3 mRNA were significantly lower in polycystic than control ovaries. During the normal menstrual cycle, an increase was observed in MMP-9 gene expression during the luteal phase. In post-menopausal ovaries, mRNA levels for type I, III and IV collagens and osteonectin were reduced, while the MMP, TIMP (excluding TIMP-3) and cathepsins did not reflect this metabolic down-regulation. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-9 and TIMP-4 suggested differences between polycystic and normally functioning ovaries. These data demonstrate that normal ovarian functions are associated with changes in production and degradation of ECM. The alterations observed in the production and/or distribution of type IV collagen, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 suggest involvement of basement membranes in the pathogenesis of PCOS.     

Hypertension as a risk factor for retinal vein occlusion in menopausal women: A nationwide Korean population-based study

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an important cause of blindness. Hypertension is a well-known risk factor for RVO. Although the prevalence of hypertension increases in women after menopause, the relationship between blood pressure and RVO in women before and after menopause has not been studied in detail.We retrospectively analyzed 2,619,206 patients from the Korean National Health Insurance System database. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate the independent association between blood pressure and the risk of RVO development and identify differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.The incidence of RVO was higher among postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. In the model adjusted for socioeconomic and clinical variables, there was an association between blood pressure and RVO development in premenopausal and postmenopausal women; however, this was stronger than premenopausal women.Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of RVO, and their effects are more potent in premenopausal women than postmenopausal women. Thus, comprehensive management of hypertension in premenopausal women is essential to reduce the risk of RVO.     

双侧卵巢切除对绝经后妇女绝经期症状的影响

目的 研究绝经后女性双侧卵巢切除前后绝经期相关症状的变化.方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷及改良Kupperman 评分表对因良性子宫疾病接受子宫切除术加双侧卵巢切除术的绝经后患者进行手术前后绝经期相关症状的评估;并按绝经时间分绝经早期组(绝经时间≤5年)和绝经晚期组(绝经时间>5年)进行分析和比较.结果 95例研究对象中术前Kupperman评分正常8例、症状轻度46例、中度34例、重度7例;术后评分正常5例,症状轻度28例、中度48例、重度14例;术后中、重度症状者较术前明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).绝经早期组术前Kupperman总分及潮热出汗、失眠、抑郁、疲乏及头痛的症状评分均高于绝经晚期组(P<0.05).绝经早期组术后Kupperman评分23.93 ±7.53.显著高于手术前的17.63 ±8.07(P<0.05),绝经晚期组手术前后Kupperman总分比较差异无统计学意义.结论 双侧卵巢切除对绝经后妇女的绝经期症状有不同程度的影响,对绝经早期妇女的影响较为明显.     

绝经前后妇女宫内节育器知识现状调查分析

目的:通过问卷调查了解深圳市南山区各社区绝经前后已放置宫内节育器的妇女避孕知识知晓情况,并促进其及时将宫内节育器取出,降低并发症的发生。方法:利用2009年3月～2010年8月南山区各社区妇女健康普查平台,将年龄在45～62岁已采取宫内节育器避孕的妇女1595人,以自填式问卷进行避孕知识、宫内节育器相关知识调查分析。结果:实际问卷调查人数为1595人,无效问卷9份,有效问卷1586份。调查结果显示:社区绝经前后已放置宫内节育器的妇女超过50%以上知晓常见的避孕方法种类,其中45.63%的调查对象知晓宫内节育器的副作用、并发症及其优点;23.45%调查对象知晓各类宫内节育器的使用年限,87.14%的调查对象对宫内节育器满意。结论:已放置宫内节育器45～62岁的妇女避孕知识知晓率偏低,应加强放置宫内节育器妇女的避孕知识咨询、指导工作,以提高围绝经期及绝经后妇女生活质量。