Tumour volume distribution can yield information on tumour growth and tumour control

BackgroundIt is shown that tumour volume distributions can yield information on two aspects of cancer research: tumour induction and tumour control.Materials and methodsFrom the hypothesis that the intrinsic distribution of breast cancer volumes follows an exponential distribution, firstly the probability density function of tumour growth time was deduced via a mathematical transformation of the probability density functions of tumour volumes. In a second step, the distribution of tumour volumes was used to model the variation of the clonogenic cell number between patients in order to determine tumour control probabilities for radiotherapy patients.ResultsDistribution of lag times, i.e. the time from the appearance of the first fully malignant cell until a clinically observable cancer, can be used to deduce the probability of tumour induction as a function of patient age. The integration of the volume variation with a Poisson-TCP model results in a logistic function which explains population-averaged survival data of radiotherapy patients.ConclusionsThe inclusion of tumour volume distributions into the TCP formalism enables a direct link to be deduced between a cohort TCP model (logistic) and a TCP model for individual patients (Poisson). The TCP model can be applied to non-uniform tumour dose distributions.     

手术治疗胫腓骨远端骨折36例

目的 :探讨胫腓骨远端骨折治疗术式的选择、术中术后应注意的问题及其疗效。方法 :对不同类型的胫腓骨远端骨折 36例进行 8～ 18个月的随访 ,并结合临床及影像学资料 ,对其诊断、手术方法及治疗效果进行分析总结。结果 :本组术后 2 5～ 3 5个月骨折均愈合。踝关节功能优良率 77 7%。结论 :熟悉骨折的分型及相应内固定术式的选择 ;注重踝穴骨折的解剖复位及固定和踝关节的功能位固定及早期功能锻炼。     

成都市暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病关联分析及脆弱人群亚组识别

目的 刻画成都市2011—2017年暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病(Hand, foot and mouth disease,HFMD)之间的短期滞后关系,并进一步量化在不同性别、年龄亚组中的效应,识别脆弱人群。方法 收集整理成都市2011年1月1日—2017年12月31日的15岁以下HFMD日发病数、气象因子和暴雨洪涝发生情况数据。以暴雨洪涝为关键自变量,运用准泊松分布滞后模型,探讨了暴雨洪涝发生后0~14天的滞后效应。结果 研究发现暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病呈正相关关系。0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应分别为1.11(95% CI:1.01~1.22)和1.21 (95% CI:1.04~1.41)。性别和年龄亚组分析分别表明,男童和3岁以下儿童（<1岁婴儿和1~2岁幼儿亚组）存在单日滞后统计显著的正相关关系,且0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后均显著;女童的单日滞后没有统计学意义,仅0~14天累计滞后统计显著,且效应略低于男童（女童: RR =1.23(1.00~1.51),男童: RR =1.26(1.06~1.51)）;<1岁婴儿0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应最强,分别为1.26(95%CI:1.02~1.57)和1.68(95%CI:1.20~2.34)。结论 暴雨洪涝会增加儿童患HFMD的风险,尤其是男童和3岁以下的婴幼儿（对1岁以下的婴儿的影响最大）。利益相关者应充分意识到暴雨洪涝的健康风险。家庭、社区、学校和政府应共同努力,减少暴雨洪涝相关的儿童HFMD。     

Comparative Analysis of Osteosynthesis of Mandibular Anterior Fractures Following Open Reduction Using ‘Stainless Steel Lag Screws and Mini Plates’

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of open treatment of mandibular fracture (symphysis or parasymphysis) using lag screw or mini plate clinically as well as radiologically in young (age range 12–45 years) and healthy individuals of poor socioeconomic status.

Method

This prospective study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed as cases of displaced mandibular anterior fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The patients were then randomly allocated to either of two groups––Group A: Two 2.5 mm stainless steel lag screws were placed in 15 patients. Group B: Two 2.5 mm stainless steel mini plates were placed in 15 patients for the fixation of fractures. Subsequent follow up was done on 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week postoperatively. During every follow up patient was assessed clinically for infection, malocclusion, loosening of plate/screw, sensory disturbance, plate fracture, malunion/non-union, devitalisation of associated dentoalveolar segment and masticatory efficiency. Radiographs were taken if necessary and patients were further assessed for any complaint. Pain was objectively measured using a visual analogue scale, bite force was measured using a bite force transducer at biweekly interval. The data collected was subjected to unpaired t test and paired t test for statistical analysis.

Results

During follow up period a significant improvement in bite force was present in both the groups, with more improvement seen in the lag screw group (p < 0.01). There was a significant pain reduction present in the lag screw group (p < 0.01) and also masticatory efficiency showed a steadier improvement in lag screw group while mini plate group patients showed a tendency to masticate only food items of medium hard consistency.

Conclusion

The sample size is small to conclude lag screws are better than mini plates but the result of our study provides a basis for further studies done to conclude that the application of LAG SCREW is an effective, inexpensive, quick treatment modality to accelerate healing of fresh, displaced mandibular anterior fracture.     

客观评价近视眼配镜过矫对人眼调节功能影响的临床研究

目的探讨客观评价近视眼配镜过矫对人眼调节功能影响的价值。 方法收集2010年1月至2014年6月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院北京同仁眼科中心视光学门诊的近视眼配镜过矫伴视疲劳患者16例(30只眼)。其中,男性10例(19只眼),女性6例(11只眼),年龄14~38岁,平均年龄(23.7±7.2)岁。所有患者均进行视力检查、显然验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光、原框架眼镜屈光度检查、主观调节幅度检查及客观调节功能检查。根据近视眼配镜过矫状态下患者主观调节幅度下降、客观调节不足、客观调节异常及客观调节微波动高频成分增加进行分组。使用均数±标准差描述年龄的分布情况;采用眼数和百分比描述各组的病例数量与病例分布情况。使用McNemar配对资料卡方检验和用Kappa一致性检验比较近视眼配镜过矫状态下主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节不足组、客观调节异常组及客观调节微波动高频成分增加组的差异。 结果近视眼配镜过矫伴视疲劳患者16例(30只眼)中,主观调节幅度正常者有8例(11只眼),占36.7%(11/30);主观调节幅度下降者有11例(19只眼),占63.3%(19/30);客观调节检查结果正常者有6例(7只眼),占23.3%(7/30);客观调节异常者有13例(23只眼),占76.7%(23/30);单纯客观调节不足者有3例(3只眼),占10.0%(3/30);单纯客观调节过度者有1例(2只眼),占6.7%(2/30);单纯客观调节紧张者有4例(7只眼),占23.3%(7/30);单纯客观调节痉挛者有1例(2只眼),占6.7%(2/30);客观调节不足伴调节紧张者有4例(7只眼),占23.3%(7/30);客观调节不足伴调节痉挛者有1例(2只眼),占6.7%(2/30)。客观调节紧张者有7例(14只眼),占46.7%(14/30);客观调节不足者有8例(12只眼),占40.0%(12/30);客观调节微波动高频成分增加者有10例(18只眼),占60.0%(18/30)。自身配对资料McNemar精确概率法卡方检验提示主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节不足组的差异有统计学意义(χ²＝5.143,P<0.05)。对比主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节异常组以及客观调节微波动的高频成分增加组的差异均无统计学意义(χ²＝2.250,0.000;P>0.05)。进一步经过Kappa一致性检验,主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节异常组有高度一致性(κ＝0.689,P<0.05),而主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节微波动高频成分增加组一致性弱(κ＝0.366,P<0.05)。 结论近视眼配镜过矫常伴随调节功能异常的类型以调节不足和调节紧张为主。人眼调节功能客观检查可对近视眼配镜过矫视疲劳状态进行客观量化的评估。鉴于本研究中主观调节幅度下降组与客观调节异常组的高度一致性,推荐近视眼配镜过矫伴视疲劳患者中使用主观调节幅度检查作为客观调节功能详细检查的筛查指标。     

宝鸡市区气象因素与手足口病的滞后效应研究

目的初步研究宝鸡市区气象因素与手足口病的滞后效应。方法手足口病资料来源于“国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统”中2012年4～10月网络直报数据;同期气象因素数据来源于宝鸡市气象局。数据分析用R3．0．2软件分布滞后非线性模型（distributedlagnon．1inearmoitels,DLNM）分析包。结果宝鸡市区手足口病日发病人数与平均气温、平均气压和平均水汽压相关,在温度较高（20℃以上）情况下,温度对手足口病发病滞后效应出现在大约5d左右;在温度较低（20℃以下）情况下,温度对手足口病发病滞后影响出现在大约10d左右。结论宝鸡市区气象因素对手足口病发病影响明显,温度对手足口病日发病存在明显的滞后效应。     

Minimal invasive para-rectus approach for limited open reduction and percutaneous fixation of displaced acetabular fractures

Introduction

Minimal invasive fixation has been reported as an alternative option for treatment of acetabular fractures to avoid blood loss and complications of extensive approaches. Closed reduction and percutaneous lag screw fixation can be done in minimally displaced acetabular fractures. Open reduction is indicated, if there is wide displacement. In this study, we report the use of a mini-open anterior approach to manipulate and reduce anteriorly displaced transverse acetabular fractures combined with percutaneous lag screw fixation.

Methods

This report included eight patients. All had anterior displaced simple transverse acetabular fractures. An oblique mini-incision was made above and medial to the mid-inguinal point, and lateral to the lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle. The external abdominal oblique aponeurosis was incised along its fibres. The arched fibres of internal abdominal oblique were displaced medially above the inguinal ligament to expose and incise the fascia transversalis. Care was taken to avoid injury of ilioinguinal nerve, inferior epigastric vessels, and spermatic cord. The external iliac vessels were palpated and protected laterally. A blunt long bone impactor was introduced through this small incision to manipulate and reduce the fracture under fluoroscopic control. Fluoroscopic guided percutaneous lag screw fixation was done in all patients.

Results

The average time to operation was 4 days. Average blood loss was 110 mL. Operative time averaged 95 min. Maximum fracture displacement averaged 10 mm preoperatively and 1.3 mm postoperatively. According to Matta score, anatomical reduction of the fracture was achieved in five patients and imperfect in three. Follow up averaged 27 months. Wound healing occurred without complications and fracture union was achieved without secondary displacement in all patients. Average time to fracture healing was 14 weeks. According to the modified Merle d’Aubigné score, functional outcome was good to excellent in all patients.

Discussion and conclusion

Limited open reduction can solve the problem of fracture reduction, which is the main concern in minimal invasive fixation of acetabular fractures. It may help the inclusion of displaced acetabular fractures for percutaneous lag screw fixation. This mini-para-rectus approach has the advantages of minimal soft tissue dissection with the possible anatomical reduction of simple transverse displaced acetabular fractures.     

拉力螺钉结合骨盆重建钢板内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折

目的:探讨采用前后联合入路运用拉力螺钉结合骨盆重建钢板内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折的疗效方法:30例复杂髋臼骨折患者采用前后联合入路显露、综合运用拉力螺钉结合骨盆重建钢板内固定治疗。结果:解剖复位24例,好4例,差2例,复位优良率93.33%。随访26例,优18例,良4例,可2例,差2例,优良率84.62%。结论:采用前后联合入路显露、综合运用拉力螺钉结合骨盆重建钢板内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折显露充分、方便复位、固定稳定/并发症少,临床效果满意。     

Treatment of early cut-out of a lag screw using a trochanter supporting plate: 11 consecutive patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Introduction Superior cut-out of a lag screw remains a serious complication in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. It is related to the stability of fracture reduction. We describe the application of a trochanter supporting plate (TSP) to restore the fracture stability after early cut-out of a lag screw in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.Materials and methods A total of 11 consecutive patients with superior cut-out of the lag screw of a dynamic hip screw (DHS) or a gamma nail in an unstable intertrochanteric fracture occurring within 6 months after surgery were included in the present study. They underwent repeat surgery for placement of a DHS and a laterally mounted TSP of our design. All patients were monitored for at least 6 months (median 15 months; range 6–28 months).Results There was no repeated cut-out of a lag screw, and 10 patients (91%) achieved bony union within 5 months. At the last follow-up, all patients could walk with or without aids.Conclusion It reveals that a TSP, as an adjuvant to a lag screw placed inferiorly, is an easy and safe solution for the treatment of early cut-out of a lag screw in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.     

Intramedullary hip screw fixation of reverse oblique and transverse trochanteric femur fractures

Introduction  Reverse oblique and transverse trochanteric femur fractures (31A3) are relatively rare. They are associated with a high failure rate, particularly in cases where extramedullary implants are used. This study investigated a second-generation intramedullary nail in this specific fracture type. Methods  Flinders Medical Centre is a level 1 trauma centre and the largest user of the Intramedullary Hip Screw (IMHS, Smith and Nephew, Memphis, USA) in the Southern Hemisphere. Two hundred and forty-eight IMHS cases completed between September 2003 and August 2005 were retrospectively analysed. All fractures were classified using the AO/ASIF system (Muller et al., The comprehensive classification of fractures of the long bones, Springer, Berlin, 1990) and 31A3.1, 2, 3 fractures were selected. The case notes and radiology were reviewed over a 1-year follow-up. Results  Twenty-six cases were classified as 31A3 fractures. Thirty-eight percent of the cases received a long stem IMHS. Mean patient age was 81.9 years with a 1-year mortality of 11.5%. Two of the 26 cases (7.7%) had surgical complications, including one cut-out (associated with a tip-apex distance of 40.9 mm) and one loss of reduction. Both cases required re-operation. There were no femoral shaft fractures or non-unions in this series. Conclusions  This second-generation intramedullary implant, the IMHS, performed well in this often difficult to fix fracture. The complication rate is considerably less than the rate published for extramedullary implants and is comparable to previous studies using a range of intramedullary techniques.