美国2021版《妊娠期肾结石诊治-单中心多学科指南》解读——提高临床诊断能力，加强多学科协作管理

妊娠期肾结石是妊娠期患者非产科因素住院的常见病因,容易出现疼痛、恶心、呕吐、肾功能下降、泌尿道感染等并发症,处理不当会导致流产、早产等不良妊娠结局。美国医学中心多学科联合发布《妊娠期肾结石诊治-单中心多学科指南》,以规范妊娠期肾结石的诊治。本指南共形成10个指南推荐意见,其中4个用于指导诊断和影像学检查,6个用于指导临床治疗。值得关注的是,与国内指南相比,该指南提供了循证依据,证实了妊娠期使用低剂量CT平扫的安全性、有效性,并可以在患者病情变化且诊断不明确时优先使用,本文就以上内容对该指南展开深度解读。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的新定义及临床诊疗建议——基于2022年《柳叶刀》文件解读

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(以下简称慢阻肺)是一种常见的慢性气道异质性疾病。近年来,尽管国内外慢阻肺相关研究不断深入,管理日趋完善,但仍有许多难点亟待解决。2022年9月,《柳叶刀》杂志发布《消除慢阻肺之路》,该文件针对慢阻肺的认识、诊断、评估和个体化治疗等方面提出了新理念并提供临床诊疗指导。本文重点对该文件中慢阻肺的分类、诊断标准及诊断建议、慢阻肺的急性加重和迈向消除慢阻肺5个方面进行介绍和解读,以期为我国临床工作者开展慢阻肺相关研究和管理提供一定的参考及启示。     

《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》解读

药物流产(MA)是早孕期避孕失败的补救措施,主要药物为米非司酮和米索前列醇,二者联合使用,可使早孕期孕妇完全终止妊娠率达到90%。但是,MA导致的患者阴道流血时间长、量多,甚至阴道大流血,而需采取急诊刮宫术治疗等,尚未被彻底解决。如何安全、有效终止早孕期妊娠,保护女性生殖健康是目前国内外该领域的研究重点。美国妇产科医师学学会(ACOG)发布的《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》对早孕期孕妇终止妊娠,具有重要指导作用。笔者拟就该简报对MA用于孕龄≤70 d孕妇的临床效果评估,MA用药方案、禁忌证、适应证,MA前咨询和检查,MA疼痛管理,MA后观察、预防性抗菌药物使用、随访管理、避孕措施9个方面基于循证医学推荐进行解读。     

《中国胰腺癌新辅助治疗指南(2020版)》解读

胰腺癌是高度恶性的消化系统肿瘤,预后极差。随着对胰腺癌生物学行为认识的不断深入及综合治疗理念的普及,新辅助治疗在胰腺癌治疗中的作用日益凸显。中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组、中国研究型医院学会胰腺疾病专业委员会联合制定了《中国胰腺癌新辅助治疗指南(2020版)》,就胰腺癌新辅助治疗中的关键问题进行系统全面的阐述,为胰腺癌新辅助治疗的临床实践提供了参考依据。本文对指南中的新辅助治疗前准备、指征把握、方案选择、新辅助治疗后的再评估及手术策略等方面的内容进行解读,进一步探讨胰腺癌新辅助治疗存在的争议。     

A model for understanding diagnostic imaging referrals and complex interaction processes within the bigger picture of a healthcare system

Using experiences from the South African public healthcare system with limited resources, this review proposes a model that captures a holistic perspective of diagnostic imaging services embedded in a network of negotiated decision-making processes. Professional interdependency and interprofessional collaboration, cooperation and coordination are built around the central notion of integration in order to achieve a seamless transition through the continuum of various types of services needed to come to a diagnosis. Health-system role players interact with patients who enter the system from the perspective of their life-world. The distribution of diagnostic imaging services – within one setting or at multiple levels of care – demonstrates how fragments of information are filtered, interpreted and transformed at each point of care. The proposed model could contribute to alignment towards a common goal: services providing holistic quality of care within and beyond a complex healthcare system.     

阿尔茨海默病药物治疗的中英指南对比及解析

阿尔茨海默病（AD）的临床症状多样且以认知功能损害为主，给患者和家庭带来了巨大的精神压力和沉重的经济负担。目前尚无根治AD的药物，临床上常采用胆碱酯酶抑制剂和美金刚改善AD症状，但其疗效不一且安全性和成本效果性存在差异。为给患者选择安全、有效、经济的用药方案，中国和英国分别在2018年更新发表了AD药物治疗相关的指南。中国发布《2018中国痴呆与认知障碍诊治指南（二）：阿尔茨海默病诊治指南》在AD的诊断、药物治疗和临床疗效进行了阐述，英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所（NICE）发布的Donepezil，galantamine，rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease进行AD常用治疗药物的临床效果和药物经济学方面的分析。本文重点比较两个指南在药物方面的异同之处，旨在为临床医生和基层医生开具AD治疗药物时提供更多参考。     

Intuition from Beginning to End? Bion's Clinical Approaches

This paper is intended to offer a foundation for comparison of the approaches of Wilfred Bion and Donald Winnicott. In particular, I try to plot the oscillation of Bion's clinical method from his early Group period at the Tavistock Clinic (up to around 1950) when he emphasized countertransference; his part‐object interpretation method in the 1950s after his analysis with Klein when he and colleagues were experimenting with the psychoanalysis of people in psychotic states (1953–59); and then his return to his investigation of the intuitive approach to clinical data, around 1965–70.     

The effect of cognitive bias modification for interpretation on avoidance of pain during an acute experimental pain task

Research confirms that patients with chronic pain show a tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as pain related. However, whether modifying these interpretive pain biases impacts pain outcomes is unknown. This study aimed to demonstrate that interpretation biases towards pain can be modified, and that changing these biases influences pain outcomes in the cold pressor task. One hundred and six undergraduate students were randomly allocated to receive either threatening or reassuring information regarding the cold pressor. They also were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 conditions in the Ambiguous Scenarios Task, in which they were trained to have either a threatening interpretation of pain (pain bias condition) or a nonthreatening interpretation of pain (no pain bias condition). Therefore, the study had a 2 (threat/reassuring) × 2 (pain bias/no pain bias) design. Analyses showed that a bias was induced contingent on condition, and that the threat manipulation was effective. Participants in the pain bias condition hesitated more before doing the cold pressor task than those in the no pain bias condition, as did those in the threat compared with the reassurance condition. The major finding was that interpretive bias mediated the relationship between bias condition and hesitance time, supporting the causal role of interpretive biases for avoidance behaviors in current chronic pain models. No differences were found on other pain outcomes regarding bias or threat, and the efficacy of the bias modification was not impacted by different levels of threat. These results suggest that cognitive bias modification should be further explored as a potential intervention in pain.     

欧美2014年版抗丙型肝炎病毒治疗指南的比较分析

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美国胸科协会:患有早产后呼吸系统疾病的婴儿、儿童和青少年门诊呼吸管理临床指南解读北大核心CSCD

近年来早产后相关呼吸系统疾病的管理受到人们的广泛关注。2021年美国胸科协会召集呼吸科、新生儿科、耳鼻喉科、睡眠医学、放射科和护理专业多学科专家共同制定了《患有早产后呼吸系统疾病的婴儿、儿童和青少年门诊呼吸管理临床指南》(以下简称《指南》), 目的在于为不同年龄阶段早产后相关呼吸系统疾病进行规范的门诊管理提供循证医学证据。现就该指南进行解读和总结, 便于儿科临床医师能正确诊断和治疗该类疾病, 认识并实施在循证基础上规范的门诊管理。