癫痫持续状态的诊断及治疗

癫痫发作,尤其是癫痫持续状态是一种反复或持续的癫痫发作为他正的病理状态,是临床上常见的急症之一。如果临床医生不能及时准确的诊断并正确使用抗癫痫药物、有效的控制发作、预防发作,可能会引起严重的后果。同时为患者、家属及社会带来不必要的的负担与压力。本文就癫痫持续状态的诊断及治疗进行综述。     

精神行为异常合并癫痫发作的女性青年麻痹性痴呆1例

以精神行为异常起病的麻痹性痴呆需要与相关精神疾病鉴别。本文报告1例女性青年患者,以间断性精神行为异常合并癫痫发作的麻痹性痴呆临床资料及其诊疗过程,供临床医生参考。患者女,29岁因性格改变、行为异常就诊于精神专科医院,病情反复,后因合并癫痫发作,就诊于神经内科,行血液及脑脊液梅毒相关抗体检查、简易智力状态评定量表检查、头部MRI等相关检查,诊断为麻痹性痴呆,予青霉素治疗,症状有所好转。本病例发病年龄轻,神经系统症状出现早,提示临床医生要注意年轻患者梅毒的早期筛查,做到早发现、早治疗。     

录像脑电图在癫痫诊断与鉴别诊断中的作用

癫痫的正确诊断非常困难 ,因原发性癫痫的发作间期 ,病人无任何临床症状与体征。医生诊断癫痫主要靠病人及其家属的主诉 ,这种主诉往往是不确切、不全面 ,夸大其词甚至不正确。仅凭病人或家属的一面之词 ,而不去深究 ,详细询问就诊断癫痫是很容易误诊的。癫痫的定义是 :大脑神经细胞产生异常电活动而引起的各种各样症状的一种综合征。大脑不同区域的异常放电会产生与该区功能相应的临床症状 ,所以癫痫发作的临床表现千姿百态 ,千变万化。因此 ,异常电活动和临床症状是癫痫诊断的两个必要条件 ,必须同时具备 ,否则癫痫的诊断不能成立。虽然异…     

癫癎诊断中的问题分析

癫痫是因为大脑神经细胞异常电活动而引起的各种各样症状的一种综合征。所以异常电活动和临床症状是癫痫诊断的两个必要条件，必须同时具备，否则癫痫的诊断不能成立。虽然异常电活动强度不够大时，可以不引起临床发作。但如果从来没有临床发作，绝对不能仅凭脑电图诊断为癫痫。同时只有临床发作而无同步出现的异常电活动，只可能是癔病，绝对不是癫痫。     

非惊厥性癫痫的诊断和治疗进展

非惊厥性癫痫指仅有脑电图表现异常和意识障碍,但不伴临床可见惊厥的癫痫发作形式。症状性癫痫、颅脑创伤、开颅手术、脑卒中、颅内肿瘤等均是该疾病诱发因素。由于缺乏特异性症状,该疾病诊断困难,致死和致残率高。持续脑电监测是及时诊断非惊厥性癫痫的重要手段,也是评估治疗效果的重要方法。迅速终止癫痫发作是治疗首要目标,阶梯式疗法是治疗的主要方式。本综述回顾了非惊厥性癫痫持续状态的流行病学、临床诊断、治疗等方面的研究进展。     

儿童发作性症状与异常放电关系分析

目的：研究儿童发作性症状与异常放电的关系。方法：分析归属明确的１６５例儿童发作性障碍在２４小时监测期间的临床发作和ＡＥＥＧ变化。结果：存在三种关系;异常放电与临床发作时相一致;时相不一致;发作与发作间期均无异常放电。癫痫发作时不一定总能记录到异常放电,非癫痫发作和亦有癫痫样波,癫痫发作可与非癫痫发作并存。结论：使发作性障碍诊断复杂化的因素多种多样,诊断时性能以病史为基础结合ＥＥＧ所见全面分析。     

视频脑电图监测对癫痫的诊断价值

目的探讨视频脑电图(Video-EEG)对癫痫的诊断价值.方法对252例发作性疾病患者进行连续12～24小时监测,其中包括清醒、睡眠及诱发试验,分析临床发作和异常放电的关系,异常放电出现的时相,癫痫分型与异常放电的关系,临床发作前脑电图的改变以及临床发作间期和发作期异常脑电图的不同表现.结果252例监测到临床发作142例,其中同时伴异常放电者为111例;252例检出异常放电187例,其中出现于睡眠期者146例;确诊的111例中103例确定了发作类型,其中25例修正了发作类型;确诊的111例监测到发作前脑电图的异常改变,表现为背景脑电波频率和波幅的改变,或者出现痫样放电;111例不同发作类型癫痫患者发作间期和发作期有不同的异常脑电图表现.结论视频脑电图可提高痫样放电的检出率,有助于癫痫的诊断及分型,有利于观察癫痫患者发作间期及发作期脑电图的表现.     

难治性癫痫60例临床分析

目的明确难治性癫痫的临床特点,早期诊断难治性癫痫。方法采用回顾性病例对照分析方法对60例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料进行分析。结果与对照组相比,症状性癫痫比例、5岁之前发病率、早期频繁发作几率、出现多种癫痫发作形式和并发智能障碍几率明显增高;影像学异常改变和脑电图重度改变的几率增高;需要3种及以上药物控制发作的几率增高。结论难治性癫痫多具有如下特点:症状性癫痫、发病年龄早、病初发作频繁、出现多种发作形式、伴发或继发智能障碍、影像学异常改变、脑电图重度异常、应用多种抗癫痫药物疗效差。     

儿童期癫痫发作类型的判断

癫痫是儿童期常见的慢性神经功能异常临床综合征。该病对儿童的神经和精神发育、社会心理以及生活质量影响很大。对癫痫的诊断主要根据临床资料和发作期或发作间期脑电图显示的癫痫样发放。在确诊癫痫后,要尽量进行癫痫发作类型及     

35例成人难治性癫痫临床特点分析

目的 探讨成人难治性癫痫的临床特点.方法 采用回顾性分析与现场调查相结合的方法,对35例难治性癫痫患者与34例数药物治疗有效的癫痫患者的临床资料进行分析、比较.结果 与药物有效癫痫组相比,难治性癫痫组病程长、儿童期发病比例高、发作次数多、多种发作类型并存、女性月经期癫痫、抑郁状态发生几率明显增高；脑电图和CT或MRI异常的几率增高.结论 早期诊断并采用合适的方法治疗将在一定程度上改善难治性癫痫的预后.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.