难治性癫痫60例临床分析

目的明确难治性癫痫的临床特点,早期诊断难治性癫痫。方法采用回顾性病例对照分析方法对60例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料进行分析。结果与对照组相比,症状性癫痫比例、5岁之前发病率、早期频繁发作几率、出现多种癫痫发作形式和并发智能障碍几率明显增高;影像学异常改变和脑电图重度改变的几率增高;需要3种及以上药物控制发作的几率增高。结论难治性癫痫多具有如下特点:症状性癫痫、发病年龄早、病初发作频繁、出现多种发作形式、伴发或继发智能障碍、影像学异常改变、脑电图重度异常、应用多种抗癫痫药物疗效差。     

托吡酯加用治疗成人难治性部分性癫痫52例

托吡酯 (Topiramate ,TPM ) ,商品名妥泰 ,是一种高效广谱的新型抗癫痫药物 ,我们于 1999年 4月～ 2 0 0 2年 4月对确诊为难治部分性发作的 5 2例患者给予TPM加用治疗 ,并观察其疗效和耐受性 ,现将结果报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　 5 2例难治部分性发作患者均为我院癫痫门诊患者 ,其中男 30例 ,女 2 2例 ,年龄 18～ 6 5岁 ,平均(2 6 .2± 3.7)岁 ,病程 2～ 30年 ,平均 (6 .7± 2 .1年 )。均符合国际抗癫痫联盟 1981年癫痫发作分类和 1989年癫痫综合征分类诊断标准。其中单纯部分性发作 12例 ,复杂部分性发作 2 1例 ,部分性发…     

导致难治性癫痫的颞叶肿瘤特点分析

目的 分析导致难治性癫痫的颞叶肿瘤的临床特征、病理类型及手术疗效.方法 回顾手术治疗的难治性颞叶癫痫病例,分析其中73例病理证实存在颞叶肿瘤的病例的临床病理特点及手术疗效.结果 术前MRI显示有占位效应的病例23例;占位效应不明显,仅出现局部信号异常的病例50例.病理检查显示最主要的肿瘤类型为混合性胶质-神经元肿瘤59例,其中WHO Ⅰ级63例;行前颞叶切除术的70例,局部病灶切除术的3例.术后1例死亡,余术后随访2～10年,因非肿瘤相关性原因死亡1例,Engel＇s Ⅰ级55例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级2例.结论 与难治性颞叶癫痫相关的脑肿瘤是一类特殊的病理组群,表现相对良性的生物学特性,手术切除包括肿瘤在内的癫痫灶效果满意.     

难治性癫痫手术预后因素分析

目的 探讨性别、诱因、发作类型、是否存在先兆、致痫灶部位、致痫灶范围、好发时段、年龄、初次发病年龄、病程、发作持续时间、发作频率、总手术时间、颅内手术时间、术中失血量等15种因素与难治性癫痫患者手术治疗后癫痫发作控制情况的关系。方法 分析359例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料、手术方案和术后随访资料。结果 本组所有病例随访1年以上．术后效果满意率为94．15％。单因素分析提示：诱因、发作类型、是否存在先兆、致痫灶部位、致痫灶范围、好发时段、初次发病年龄、病程、发作频率等因素与术后效果有显著性关系，性另q、年龄、发作持续时间、总手术时间、颅内手术时间、术中失血量等因素与术后效果无显著性关系。Logistic回归分析发现：有诱因、全身性发作、睡眠中好发、初次发病年龄轻、病程长可能为术后癫痫控制效果不满意的独立危险因素。结论 手术治疗难治性癫痫多可获得满意的效果。无发作诱因、部分性发作、无先兆、颞叶癫痫、单脑叶癫痫患者手术效果更好，睡眠中多发作、初次发病年龄轻、病程长、发作频率高者手术效果相对不满意。颞叶癫痫、单脑叶癫痫、儿童癫痫应成为外科治疗的重点。所有难治性癫痫一旦诊断成立、定位明确、可以手术，皆宜及早手术治疗。     

难治性癫痫的临床研究

本文研究了１１２例难治性癫痫，发病率为１９．８％。症状性癫痫、婴儿痉挛症、伴有神经缺陷及精神发育不全、脑电图背景活动异常、癫痛虽混合性发作及有癫痫家族史的患者，认为是难治性癫痫的危险因素．脑电图异常率为９６．３％。ＣＴ扫描异常率为７７．６％；包括脑萎缩、脑内钙化、脑穿通畸形、脑灰质移位症、透明膈缺失、脑室囊肿等。认为ＣＴ扫描对本病的病因诊断有重要价值。本病疗效较差，预后不良。     

托吡酯添加治疗难治性癫痫临床观察

托吡酯的结构与现在的抗癫痫药完全不同 ,是一种在1982年由johnson实验室首先合成的一种可以替代的单糖类抗癫痫药。主要通过阻滞电压激活钠通道 ,在某种GABA受体上增强GABA的活性 ,或者通过阻滞红藻氨酸AMPA型谷氨酸受体起作用 ,其碳酸酐酶的弱抑制作用与某些副作用有关。主要用于顽固性部分性发作的添加治疗 ,部分性发作继发全面性强直 -阵挛发作 (generalizedtonic -clonicseizure ,GTCS)的治疗 ,也可单药治疗。我院自 2 0 0 0年 4月开展了应用托吡酯添加治疗难治性癫痫 ,疗效显著而副作用较少 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一…     

加用加巴喷丁治疗难治性癫痫的临床观察

目的观察加用加巴喷丁（ＧＢＰ）对难治性癫痫（ＩＥ）的临床效果与安全性。方法观察ＩＥ２０例，以加用ＧＢＰ前３个月的月均发作频率为基线，与治疗后１６周以上的月均发作频率进行比较，计算反应率，发作改变百分率（ＰＣＨ）和有效率，参照病人或家属病情日记。加用前和治疗中与结束前均定期进行临床和规定实验室检查。结果ＰＣＨ较加用前减少４７８％（Ｐ＜００１），有效率为１２／２０，其临床疗效单纯部分性发作（ＳＰＳ）＞全身强直阵挛性发作（ＧＴＣＳ）＞复杂部分性发作（ＣＰＳ），而对强直性发作（ＴＳ）无效。与其它传统抗痫药无明显交互作用。结论加用ＧＢＰ是治疗ＩＥ有效而安全的选择方法之一。     

额叶癫痫的临床特点及脑电图分析

目的探讨额叶癫痫的临床特点及脑电图改变。方法抽取2011-06—2013-06在我院就诊的60例额叶癫痫患者为研究对象,分析患者的临床特点及脑电图改变情况。结果临床发作次数共148次,每例患者平均发作2.5次,其中100次为睡眠期间发作,48次为清醒期间发作;发作主要表现为全身强直阵挛、发声发作及偏转性强直等。额叶癫痫脑电图主要特点为放电部位以额区为主49例(81.67%),主要发作频率为偶发/阵法54例(90.00%),常见的节律为阵发性棘(尖)波或棘(尖)慢波38例(63.33%)。结论对于额叶癫痫,主要的临床特点为全身强直阵挛、发声发作及偏转性强直,且在夜间发作较为常见,脑电图的主要形式为额区偶发/阵发性棘(尖)波或棘(尖)慢波。     

脑立体定向手术治疗难治性癫痫34例临床分析

目的探讨计算机辅助立体定向射频毁损手术对难治性癫痂的适应征选择、手术方式、术后并发症及治疗效果。方法利用计算机辅助手术计划系统和CT／MR图像融合技术,应用射频热凝多靶点毁损术对34例难治性癫痫病人进行手术治疗,积极防治术后并发症和继续抗癫痫药物治疗,于术后1a采用国内癫痫疗效评定标准评定疗效。结果术后并发肢体轻瘫6例,记忆障碍2例,均在4周内恢复。手术治疗1a后,21例癫痼症状基本控制,9例癫痫未再发作,4例发作次数减少50％以上;显著改善8例,良好4例,较差1例,无改善0例。结论计算机辅助立体定向多靶点射频热凝毁损手术治疗难治性癫痫是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

托吡酯添加治疗难治性癫痫的临床观察

目的 观察添加托吡酯对难治性癫痫的临床效果与副作用。方法 对18例难治性癫痫患者，加用TPM后观察其发作频率并与加用前进行比较。计算总有效率，同时进行临床疗效和副作用观察。结果 病人加用托吡酯后总有效率为50%。其中显效率达22.2%(3例未再发作），副反应以胃肠道反应及神经系统症状为主，发生率为52.6%。结论 加用TPM治疗难治性癫痫安全有效。     

拉莫三嗪治疗顽固性癫痫的临床观察

对３０例顽固性癫痫病人进行拉莫三嗪开放添加剂治疗。为期三个月。以后仍服用，剂量１００－４００ｍｇ／ｄ３０例患者总的癫痫发作次数减少４６％，１３％完全控制。拉莫三嗪对控制各类癫痫发作均有效，总显效率达６７％，不良反应较少，主要是变态反应性皮疹，停药后消失，实验室检查完全正常。     

Rufinamide for refractory epilepsy in a pediatric and young adult population

This chart review investigated the efficacy and safety of rufinamide in 45 children and young adults who experienced a broad spectrum of partial and generalized seizure/epilepsy types which have been refractory to therapy. Of these patients, 19 (46%) achieved a >50% decrease in seizure frequency on rufinamide, and 7 patients achieved a >75% decrease in seizure frequency. While 17 (37.8%) patients stopped their trial of rufinamide prior to the end of the review period, only 2 (4.4%) were due to adverse effects. Although additional research must be done, this data shows promise that rufinamide is a safe and efficacious adjunct for cases of refractory epilepsy.     

A survey of adult and pediatric epilepsy surgery in the United Kingdom

All consultant epilepsy neurosurgeons were asked to prospectively record all epilepsy surgery procedures carried out at their center between April 2010 and March 2011. Figures were compared to a previous survey completed in 2000. Of a total of 710 procedures, temporal lobe surgery was the most common resective surgery. Although extratemporal lesional surgery was less common, vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation accounted for almost half the procedures. The numbers for all surgical procedures, with the exception of VNS implantations, had decreased. This decrease may represent a global rather than a regional phenomenon. Further longitudinal multinational data on epilepsy surgery is required to confirm or refute this theory.     

迷走神经刺激术在难治性癫痫领域的临床进展

迷走神经刺激术(vagus nerve stimulation,VNS)是通过躯体性刺激治疗神经-精神疾病的一种方法.自1883年以来,许多学者对VNS的抗癫痫作用进行了研究,最终认为VNS是治疗难治性癫痫的新途径[1-3].1997年7月VNS首次通过美国食品药物管理局(FDA)认证,用于成人和年龄大于12岁青少年癫痫的辅助治疗.目前为止全球已经有超过100 000的患者接受了VNS治疗[4].     

Two-year outcome audit in an adult learning disability population with refractory epilepsy

Current evidence suggests that epilepsy outcome for people with a learning disability is poor, with the majority remaining refractory to treatment. There is very little evidence from randomised controlled trials in this population and despite the many uncontrolled variables it is suggested that an outcome audit may be one method of adding to the evidence base. This audit reports on the outcome for 37 patients with learning disability and refractory epilepsy. All patients were seen for the first time before March 2001 and the mean number of seizures for the sample was 10.4 per month. The exit audit included all patients at a date 2 years after their initial visit following a programme of medication changes. The mean seizure frequency had reduced to 5.9 per month. Ten patients had become seizure-free and 76% had experienced an improvement in seizure frequency overall. A simple questionnaire was administered to carers and relatives at the exit audit in an attempt to establish an impression of global changes in alertness, assertiveness and challenging behaviour following interventions. Sixty-five percent of patients were regarded as being more aware and interactive with their surroundings following medication changes and 49% were reported to be more assertive. Thirty percent presented with an increase in behaviours regarded as challenging and 22% were reported to present with less challenging behaviour. The results of this audit suggest that the outcome for the majority of patients with learning disability and refractory epilepsy may be better than that has been previously reported.     

皮质发育不良性癫痫的超微形态学观察

目的 探讨伴皮质发育不良的难治性癫痫脑组织的超微形态学改变与癫痫发病机制的关系.方法 回顾性分析7例患者的临床资料,对其手术切除的标本进行电镜观察.结果 伴皮质发育不良的难治性癫痫主要发生在巨脑回畸形、灰质异位、皮层发育不良及结构紊乱,电镜下表现为神经组织变性,神经元减少或增多,星形细胞肿胀,突触数苗改变,突触前终末兴奋性递质小泡增多.结论 伴皮质发育不良的难治性癫痫患者脑组织发生了大脑皮质神经元形态异常,固缩变性,皮质结构紊乱,神经毡内突触数量及结构的改变.     

儿童难治性癫痫的手术治疗

癫痫是儿童神经系统常见疾病之一,其发病原因、临床表现及治疗原则较成人癫痫具有明显差异.随着抗癫痫药物的不断创新、扩展及人们对癫痫的深入研究,大多数癫痫患儿可以得到理想的控制,但仍有部分患者经药物治疗无效而成为难治性癫痫,是外科干预治疗的潜在目标.近年来手术治疗难治性癫痫的技术得到迅速发展,特别是针对儿童难治性癫痫的手术治疗取得重大突破.目前用于儿童癫痫的外科治疗方法主要有切除性手术、毁损性手术、阻断通路手术和神经调控手术等.     

A pilot trial with modified Atkins' diet in adult patients with refractory epilepsy

OBJECTIVES: At Ghent University Hospital, the feasibility and efficacy of the modified Atkins' diet was evaluated in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. The Atkins' diet restricts carbohydrate intake and was originally designed for weight loss. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 6-month trial period, a carbohydrate restriction of 20g/day was in place. During a 36h hospital admission, patients were instructed about the diet. Patients underwent clinical neurological testing, EEG, ECG, blood and urine analyses and mood evaluation before and during the trial. Seizure frequency and side effects were recorded in seizure diaries and followed up at monthly clinic visits. RESULTS: Eight patients were included in the study. Three out of eight patients followed the diet for 6 months. One out of three patients showed a >50% seizure reduction, 1/3>30%, and 1/3<30%. Side effects such as constipation and diarrhoea were mild and occurred mainly during the initial week of the diet. Patients reported improved concentration and well being. This was confirmed by improved scores on the Beck Depression Inventory Scale. CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows that the modified Atkins' diet is feasible in an adult population, and that seizure frequency reduction is possible. The results need to be confirmed in larger prospective, controlled studies with comparison groups.     

皮层脑电图监测在顽固性癫痫手术中的应用(附155例报告)

目的总结皮层脑电图在顽固性癫痫手术中的应用经验并评价手术疗效。方法 155例顽固性癫痫患者,术前行MRI、视频脑电图、单光子发射计算机断层成像与脑磁图检查,明确致痫灶,在皮层脑电图监测下手术。54例颞叶癫痫患者行颞叶前部与海马杏仁核显微切除术,47例颅内病灶患者行病灶与癫痫灶切除术,35例行癫痫灶切除术,19例致痫灶位于功能区的患者行皮层电凝及软脑膜下横纤维切断术。结果术后随访1~2年,按Engel分级:Ⅰ级88例,Ⅱ级46例,Ⅲ级13例,Ⅳ级8例。术后患者神经功能保持良好,未出现明显后遗症。结论在术前多种方法联合定位癫痫灶的基础上,应用皮层脑电图可以提高顽固性癫痫患者的手术疗效。     

难治性癫痫的MRI改变探讨

目的 探讨磁共振成像(MRI)对难治性癫痫患者病因诊断的价值及其对治疗的指导作用。方法 分析212例难治性癫痫患者的临床和MRI资料。结果 (1)212例难治性癫痫患者中，118例MRI有改变，异常发现阳性率为55．7％(118／212)，揭示的病因共7种，其中以脑软化、脑发育异常多见；(2)不同发作类型的MRI改变阳性率不同；(3)不同发作类型的MRI改变所揭示的病因不同；(4)不同年龄组难治性癫痫患者MRI改变所揭示的病因不同。结论 头颅MRI扫描对难治性癫痫的病因诊断有重要意义，可为难治性癫痫确定治疗方向和选择治疗方法提供可靠依据，对判断难治性癫痫的预后有一定的指导意义。