10省市抗精神病药使用现况的调查

目的调查中国10省市精神药物治疗精神分裂症的使用现状.方法按人均国内生产总值将各省分为五个经济发展等级,以一定的抽样比例,选择10个省市的46家精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的4 779例住院和门诊精神分裂症患者,于2002年5月20～24日用自制调查问卷进行精神分裂症药物治疗的现况调查.结果 (1)在4 779例患者中,门诊为1 969例(41.20%),住院为2 810例(58.80%).与门诊患者比较,住院患者中的男性患者比例高、年龄大、病程长、公费医疗比例高(均P<0.01).(2)使用频率在前六位的药物依次是氯氮平、利培酮、舒必利、氯丙嗪、奋乃静和氟哌啶醇.换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,治疗剂量为12.5～4 125 mg/d,平均(365±253)mg/d.其中住院患者的使用剂量[(409±274)mg/d]高于门诊患者[(300±201)mg/d;F=223,P<0.01].(3)2 617例次(54.99%)使用典型抗精神病药,2 940例次(61.78%)使用非典型抗精神病药(包括氯氮平在内).312例接受长效抗精神病药.3 523例(74.03%)接受单一抗精神病药治疗,1 236例(25.97%)联合使用2种及其以上抗精神病药.(4)常见的合并治疗药物有抗胆碱能药、β-受体阻断剂、苯二氮NFDA3类药、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂.结论国内精神分裂症药物处方方式逐渐以非典型抗精神病药占主流,经济负担和患者的症状表现对精神药物的处方方式影响较大.     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素分析

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析连续入组住院的801例精神分裂症患者的社会人口学资料、临床疾病相关资料,比较接受单一抗精神病药治疗的患者和接受抗精神病药联合治疗的患者在出院日处方信息资料上的差异,并进行回归分析。结果:364例(45.4%)患者接受抗精神病药联合治疗,其中284例(78.0%)联用氯氮平或奥氮平。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,患者的起病年龄、住院次数、住院天数及有无联用氯氮平或奥氮平治疗进入方程(P0.05),回归模型对患者接受单一抗精神病药治疗或抗精神病药联合治疗具有23.2%的解释度(Nagelkerke R~2=0.232)。结论:精神分裂症患者起病年龄小、住院次数多、住院时间长以及更有可能联用氯氮平或奥氮平是抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。     

始动性功能训练对慢性稳定期住院精神分裂症患者生活质量和社会功能的影响

目的 了解始动性功能训练对慢性稳定期住院精神分裂症患者的生活质量和社会功能的影响.方法 将84例慢性稳定期住院精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,一组为研究组,接受始动性行为干预、物质奖励强化等功能强化训练,另一组作为对照组,采用常规护理,两组原来的抗精神病药物治疗不变,均干预52周,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)、精神分裂症患者生活质量量表(SQLS)、住院精神病人社会功能评定量表(SSPI)评价入组前及入组52周后的生活质量.结果 入组52周后研究组与对照组比较,PANSS量表的阴性症状分,SQLS量表的总分以及心理社会、动力和精力分量表评分均有显著性差异(P ＜0.05);SSPI量表的总分以及日常生活能力、动性和社会交往情况因子评分有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 始动性功能训练能改善慢性住院精神分裂症患者生活质量和社会功能.     

长期住院男性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素水平调查

目的:调查长期住院服用典型抗精神病药的男性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)水平。方法:114例长期住院的男性精神分裂症患者(患者组)使用电化学发光免疫分析技术检测血清PRL水平,并与性别、年龄相匹配的57名正常男性(对照组)相比较。结果:患者组的血清PRL水平平均(24.1±18.8)ng/ml显著高于对照组(10.6±5.5)ng/ml(t=7.06,P<0.01)。患者组中吸烟精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平平均(21.2±15.4)ng/ml显著低于非吸烟精神分裂症患者(30.7±23.9)ng/ml(t=-2.17,P<0.05)。精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平与患者年龄(r=0.003)、服药剂量(折算为氯丙嗪,r=-0.12)、服药时间(r=-0.18)以及体质量指数(r=-0.07)之间无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论:长期服用典型抗精神病药可显著增高男性精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平,吸烟对血清PRL水平有一定的影响。     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药联合用药情况调查及其影响因素分析

目的 调查2006年我国10个省市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合用药的现状,并初步研究其影响因素.方法 按人均国民生产总值,将各省分为5个经济发展等级,以一定的抽样比例,选择10个省市的41所精神病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症住院患者和门诊患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制调查问卷进行抗精神病药治疗现况调查.结果 (1)4306例(73.0％)患者单独使用1种抗精神病药,其中74例(1.2％)单独使用长效抗精神病药,1237例(21.0％)患者单独使用第1代抗精神病药,2995例(50.8％)患者单独使用第2代抗精神病药,1541例(26.1％)患者联合使用≥2种抗精神病药.联合用药患者中,291例(4.9％)联用长效抗精神病药与非长效抗精神病药,1250例(21.2％)联用≥2种非长效抗精神病药,其中159例(2.7％)联用≥2种第1代非长效抗精神病药,741例(12.6％)联用第1代与第2代抗精神病药,350例(5.9％)联用≥2种第2代抗精神病药.(2)联合用药组震颤、静坐不能、嗜睡、便秘、流涎、口干、体位性低血压、体质量改变、肝功能变化等不良反应的发生比例显著高于单一用药组(P＜0.05).(3)Logistic回归分析结果显示,门诊或住院治疗、所在地区、年龄、病程(总病程和本次病程)、就诊次数、阴性症状、情感症状、思维奔逸、言语活动增多、攻击以及疾病的严重程度可能为使用联合用药方式的影响因素(P＜0.01).结论 当前我国精神分裂症患者使用抗精神病药以单一用药为主,联合用药方式发生不良反应的风险更高,应当掌握联合用药的适应证;联合用药方式受到多种因素的影响.     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药处方方式的现况调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市抗精神病药处方方式;分析4年间我国抗精神病药处方方式的变化趋势.方法 按照作者2002年的调查方法,选择10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷进行精神分裂症处方方式的现况调查.结果 (1)5898例患者中,门诊患者为2716例(46.0%);住院患者为3182例(54.0%);男3041例(51.6%),女2803例(47.5%),缺失54例数据.(2)99.1%的患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,使用频率在前7位的药物依次为:氯氮平(31.7%),利培酮(30.5%),舒必利(14.5%),氯丙嗪(10.8%),奋乃静(9.2%)、喹硫平(7.2%),氟哌啶醇(5.8%).换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,住院患者平均药物剂量显著高于门诊患者.(3)72.7%的患者使用第2代抗精神病药治疗;第1代抗精神病药的使用频率为38.3%;6.19%的患者接受了长效药物治疗.(4)75.6%的患者接受了单一非长效抗精神病药治疗;24.4%的患者联合使用2种或2种以上抗精神病药.(5)54.1%的患者联合了抗胆碱能药、苯二氮革类、β-受体阻断剂、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂,主要用于控制不良反应或增效治疗.结论 第2代抗精神病药已经成为我国治疗精神分裂症的主流药物,反映出精神分裂症治疗理念和治疗技术的进展.     

文拉法辛对慢性精神分裂症的辅助治疗作用

对我院以阴性症状为主的慢性精神分裂症住院患者予抗精神病药合并小剂量文拉法辛治疗,报告如下.     

抗精神病药治疗患者血糖、血脂代谢异常分

目的:研究慢性精神分裂症住院患者糖脂代谢异常的临床特点及影响因素. 方法:将137例慢性精神分裂症住院患者有无糖脂代谢异常分为伴糖代谢异常组及非伴糖代谢异常组和伴脂代谢异常组及非伴脂代谢异常组,以研究糖脂代谢异常相关因素. 结果:137例患者中糖尿病发生率为7.3%,糖代谢异常发生率为27.74%血脂代谢异常发生率为70%.慢性精神分裂症患者之间腹型肥胖、高三酰甘油、糖代谢异常的构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),高龄、使用抗精神病药时间越长,血脂、血糖代谢异常发生率越高(P<0.05). 结论:住院精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂代谢异常相互影响,治疗期间应定期监测血糖、血脂、体质量等与糖脂代谢有关指标,一旦发现异常应早期干预治疗.     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物联合治疗的处方调查

目的了解住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物联合治疗(APP)的情况,为精神分裂症的临床用药提供参考。方法连续入组2014年1月1日-12月31日在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院的精神分裂症患者,收集患者的社会人口学资料,使用临床总体印象量表-病情严重程度量表(CGI-SI)评估患者疾病严重程度,在患者出院日记录抗精神病药物的使用情况,比较接受单一抗精神病药物治疗患者(单药组)与接受APP患者(APP组)的临床特点,描述APP中具体抗精神病药物的使用情况。结果共入组801例住院精神分裂症患者,其中364例(45.4%)使用APP。与单药组相比,APP组发病年龄更小、本次住院时间和总病程更长、住院次数更多,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。APP组中78.0%的患者为同时使用两种第二代抗精神病药物(SGA),常见的联用方式为利培酮(47.3%)、氯氮平(44.5%)和奥氮平(40.1%)联合另一种抗精神病药物。结论住院精神分裂症患者中,接受APP方案的患者发病较早且病程迁延;两种SGA联用是APP中最常见的疗法,APP方案中使用频率最高的药物依次为利培酮、氯氮平和奥氮平。     

精神药物的不良反应（三） 长期住院精神分裂症患者伴发代谢综合征情况

目的：了解长期住院精神分裂症患者伴发代谢综合征（MS）的情况。方法：抽样调查住院至少2年以上的长期住院精神分裂症患者,测定患者身高、腰围、体质量及代谢指标,依据世界糖尿病联盟（IDF）规定的诊断标准甄别出MS患者;同时调查与之相关的抗精神病药使用情况。结果：MS发生率为43.4%,女性52.0%高于男性34.9%（χ2=7.420,P〈0.01）;Logistic回归分析发现MS与性别、体质量指数有关;抗精神病药种类与MS发生无显著相关。结论：长期住院接受抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂症患者伴发MS较高。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.