rTMS对卒中后吞咽障碍合并焦虑抑郁患者的效果

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗卒中后吞咽障碍合并抑郁焦虑患者的效果。方法 选取我院2018年4月～2020年1月收治的80例卒中后吞咽障碍合并抑郁焦虑的患者,按照数字奇偶分为对照组与研究组,各40例,对照组给予常规治疗,研究组增加重复经颅磁刺激治疗;对比两组患者治疗前后吞咽功能、神经功能以及抑郁焦虑情况。结果 治疗后两组的卒中量表(NIHSS)评分均明显降低、吞咽功能(VFSS)评分均明显升高,而研究组神经功能与吞咽功能改善情况均优于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后HAMD、HAMA评分均明显降低,且治疗后研究组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 应用重复经颅磁刺激治疗卒中后吞咽障碍合并抑郁焦虑患者,可明显改善其抑郁焦虑状态,还可改善患者吞咽障碍与神经功能。     

NMES疗法及单纯吞咽训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效观察

目的分析脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者采用神经肌肉电刺激疗法(NMES)联合单纯吞咽训练治疗的疗效。方法选取本科2013年1月至2015年1月的脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者90例,随机分为NMES联合治疗组和常规单纯运动训练组,常规单纯运动训练组予以单纯吞咽功能训练,NMES联合治疗组在常规单纯运动训练组基础上加用NMES疗法。对比两组患者治疗前后的各项吞咽功能评分和临床疗效。结果治疗3个疗程后,NMES联合治疗组和常规单纯运动训练组的洼田饮水试验分级、口面运动功能评分显著低于治疗前,吞咽X线电视透视检查(VFSS)评分、藤岛一郎吞咽疗效评分显著高于治疗前(P0.05);治疗3个疗程后,NMES联合治疗组的洼田饮水试验、口面运动功能评分显著低于对照组,VFSS评分、藤岛一郎吞咽疗效评分显著高于常规单纯运动训练组(P0.05)。治疗3个疗程后,NMES联合治疗组的总有效率为95.55%(43/45)显著高于常规单纯运动训练组77.78%(35/45)(P0.05)。结论对于脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者单纯吞咽训练联合采用NMES疗法,疗效更佳。     

电磁刺激疗法预防卒中吞咽障碍吸入性肺炎的研究进展

卒中后吞咽障碍患者免疫力下降,频繁误吸易引起吸入性肺炎,预防吸入性肺炎是卒中吞咽康复的重要原则。电、磁刺激疗法作为卒中后吞咽障碍的新兴治疗手段,通过将电刺激或磁刺激作用于外周肌群、大脑皮层与周围神经,在卒中吞咽障碍的肺炎预防中发挥了重要作用。具体技术主要包括神经肌肉电刺激、咽腔电刺激、重复外周磁刺激、重复经颅磁刺激、经颅直流电刺激与迷走神经刺激。电、磁疗法对肌肉激活与神经元调控具有积极作用,可增加大脑皮层兴奋性,改善吞咽运动不充分、不协调等问题,从而减少误吸发生,达到预防肺炎的目的。     

认知功能训练对改善脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者功能的影响

目的探讨认知功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽的功能影响。方法将40例吞咽障碍合并认知功能障碍患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,分别进行MMSE,吞咽功能评分(藤氏评分)进行评定,对其进行吞咽功能训练及吞咽功能合并认知功能训练。结果治疗后2个月,2组患者MMSE及吞咽功能评分均有提高,配合认知康复训练后的治疗组吞咽功能与对照组治疗后相比较,显著改善(P<0.05)。结论对于合并认知障碍的吞咽障碍卒中患者,同时给予认知康复训练和吞咽训练,有利于认知功能和吞咽功能的及早康复,对提高患者的生存质量具有重要意义。     

急性脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍患者的早期康复护理

目的评价咽部冷刺激与空吞咽训练联合时间护理对脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者的效果。方法脑卒中致吞咽功能障碍患者160例,随机分为A、B 2组各80例,2组患者均接受咽部冷刺激与空吞咽训练;A组运用时间护理法,B组按照常规护理时间。治疗2周后,用藤岛一郎吞咽功能评价标准及吸入性肺炎的发生率来评定2组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗后,A组有效率明显优于B组,吸入性肺炎的发生率A组小于B组(均P<0.05)。结论咽部冷刺激与空吞咽训练联合时间护理能有效促进脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的恢复。     

吞咽功能训练联合低频电刺激术治疗缺血性卒中吞咽障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨吞咽功能训练联合低频电刺激术对缺血性卒中患者吞咽障碍的疗效。方法共68例缺血性卒中合并吞咽障碍患者,分别予常规吞咽功能训练(包括吞咽训练和进食策略训练,对照组)及常规吞咽功能训练联合低频电刺激术(联合治疗组),于治疗前和治疗后15 d,采用视频透视吞咽检查(VFSS)和标准吞咽功能评价量表(SSA)评价患者吞咽功能。结果 34例予以常规吞咽功能训练,英国牛津郡社区脑卒中项目(OCSP)分型完全前循环梗死型(TACI型)12例、部分前循环梗死型(PACI型)8例、后循环梗死型(POCI型)10例、腔隙性梗死型(LACI型)4例;34例予以常规吞咽功能训练联合低频电刺激术,OCSP分型TACI型10例、PACI型7例、POCI型11例、LACI型6例。与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后VFSS评分增加(P=0.003,0.000)、SSA评分减少(P=0.003,0.000);与对照组相比,联合治疗组患者VFSS评分增加(P=0.004)、SSA评分减少(P=0.020)。结论吞咽功能训练联合低频电刺激术对急性缺血性卒中患者吞咽障碍具有较好疗效,优于单纯吞咽功能训练。     

神经肌肉电刺激对卒中性吞咽障碍疗效的研究

目的探讨神经肌肉电刺激对卒中性吞咽障碍患者的疗效。方法将200例吞咽功能评级5级及以下的脑卒中患者分为对照组67例和研究组133例,均给予常规药物治疗配合吞咽功能训练,研究组加用Vitalstim电刺激治疗仪。2个疗程后进行吞咽评级比较。结果研究组吞咽评级结果明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;加用神经肌肉电刺激治疗后,单侧大脑卒中组疗效优于双侧大脑卒中组;缺血性脑卒中组疗效优于出血性脑卒中组。结论神经肌肉电刺激疗法可明显提高卒中性吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,临床效果优于常规治疗。     

神经肌肉电刺激联合吞咽训练综合治疗神经性吞咽障碍的研究

目的观察神经肌肉电刺激联合吞咽训练综合治疗神经性吞咽障碍的效果。方法将136例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各68例。治疗组采用Vitalstim吞咽障碍治疗仪进行神经肌肉电刺激,并联合吞咽训练,对照组采用单纯吞咽训练。治疗前后,采用洼田吞咽能力评定法对2组的治疗效果进行评估。结果治疗后2组均能改善吞咽障碍。总有效率:治疗组92.6%,对照组69.1%,2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论神经肌肉电刺激联合吞咽训练综合治疗神经性吞咽障碍的疗效优于单纯吞咽训练。     

低频电刺激吞咽障碍训练仪治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的疗效观察

目的观察低频电刺激吞咽障碍训练仪治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的疗效。方法 62例脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组31例。两组均给予常规吞咽康复训练治疗,观察组还给予低频电刺激吞咽障碍训练仪治疗。治疗4周后采用洼田饮水试验判断疗效,治疗2周、4周后分别进行标准吞咽功能评估法(SSA)评分检测。结果观察组洼田饮水试验示有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前观察组与对照组SSA评分的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗2周和4周后观察组、对照组SSA评分均明显低于治疗前,且治疗4周后的SSA评分更低(均P0.05)。治疗2周和4周后,观察组SSA评分均明显低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论使用低频电刺激吞咽训练仪治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍疗效较好,值得临床推广。     

神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响

目的探讨神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响。方法将吞咽功能评级≤5级的60例脑卒中患者按数字分组法分为治疗组与对照组各30例。对照组给予常规药物治疗吞咽功能训练,治疗组在此基础上采用Vitalstim电刺激治疗仪。对比2组临床效果。结果治疗组治疗有效率(96.7%)与对照组(63.3%)比较有明显差异(P0.05);与治疗前相比,2组治疗后吞咽功能评分均有所提高,但治疗组评分明显高于对照组(P0.05);治疗组喉上升减弱、误吸程度改善优于对照组(P0.05);2组食物残留量、进食量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者经神经肌肉电刺激疗法治疗可明显提高患者的吞咽功能。     

Dysphagia in X-linked bulbospinal muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease)

Dysphagia in X-linked bulbospinal muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease) has never been characterized in detail by objective swallowing studies. We assessed the nature of swallowing impairment in Kennedy disease by undertaking fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examinations of 10 genetically confirmed patients with Kennedy disease who were scored according to an ordinal rating scale including 25 different items. The results were compared to an age-matched control group of 10 healthy volunteers. Swallowing dysfunction was found in 80% of patients with Kennedy disease. The main pattern of dysphagia was an incomplete food bolus clearance through the pharynx with residues left in the valleculae overflowing into the laryngeal vestibule after the swallow. Total duration of the pharyngeal swallow was significantly shorter in patients with Kennedy disease compared to the control group. These findings suggest that dysphagia in Kennedy disease is predominantly characterized by an impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing resulting from reduced base-of-tongue movement and bilateral paresis of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.     

脑卒中患者吞咽障碍及康复效果影像学研究

目的探讨电视X线透视吞咽功能检查（videofluoroscopic swallowing study,VFSS）在脑卒中患者吞咽功能评估中的应用价值,观察脑卒中后吞咽障碍发生情况,康复前后患者吞咽功能变化.方法脑卒中患者70例及健康成人80名分别作为研究组与对照组均进行VFSS,比较两组误吸等VFSS异常征象的发生情况.对发现误吸患者进行吞咽功能康复训练4周,训练后复查VFSS,比较训练前后吞咽异常的发生情况变化.结果对照组渗透或误吸、口腔滞留、咽腔滞留的发生率为5.0%,13.4%,25.3%.主要为轻度渗透及口咽腔滞留.研究组渗透或误吸、口腔滞留、咽腔滞留发生率为45.0%,46.5%,48.9%,主要为重度渗透或误吸,中重度口咽腔滞留.其中隐匿性误吸为10次（占总误吸的24.4%）.误吸患者康复治疗后渗透或误吸发生率较康复治疗前减少（P＜0.05）.结论脑卒中后吞咽障碍在康复期仍较为常见,可表现为多种影像学异常.VFSS可确切诊断吞咽异常,进行针对性康复训练,使患者吞咽功能提高.     

A simple bedside test to assess the swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

Background:

Swallowing changes are common in Parkinson''s disease (PD). Early identification is essential to avoid complications of aspiration.

Objectives:

To evaluate the swallowing ability of the PD patients and to correlate it with the indicators of disease progression.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 100 PD patients (70 males and 30 females) aged between 50 years and 70 years with varying stage, duration, and severity were enrolled in a cross-sectional study carried out between January and May 2012. A simple bedside water swallowing test was performed using standard 150 ml of water. Swallowing process was assessed under three categories-swallowing speeds (ml/s), swallowing volume (ml/swallow) and swallowing duration (s/swallow). Equal number of age and sex matched controls were also evaluated.

Results:

All of them completed the task of swallowing. A mean swallowing speed (27.48 ml/s), swallowing volume (28.5 ml/s), and swallowing duration (1.05 s/swallow) was established by the control group. The PD patients showed decreased swallowing speed (7.15 ml/s in males and 6.61 ml/s in females), decreased swallowing volume (14.59 ml/swallow and 14 ml/swallow in females), and increased swallowing duration (2.37 s/swallow and 2.42 s/swallow) which are statistically significant. There was a significant positive correlation between the severity, duration, and staging of the disease with the swallowing performance and a poor correlation between the subjective reports of dysphagia and the objective performance on water swallow test.

Conclusion:

The water swallowing test is a simple bedside test to identify the swallowing changes early in PD. It is recommended to do the test in all PD Patients to detect dysphagia early and to intervene appropriately.     

Prospective study of swallowing function in patients with cervical dystonia undergoing selective peripheral denervation

OBJECTIVE: To characterise swallowing function in patients with cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin treatment failure, before and after selective peripheral denervation surgery. METHODS: Twelve patients with cervical dystonia had a thorough examination including standardised assessment for cervical dystonia, scoring of subjective dysphagia, and videofluoroscopic swallow. Videofluoroscopy was scored by consensus opinion between a speech and language therapist and an independent blinded radiologist using a validated scoring system. RESULTS: Seven patients with cervical dystonia experienced no subjective dysphagia either before or after surgery, although in all these patients there was objective videofluoroscopic evidence of underlying mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia preoperatively and postoperatively. The most common finding was delayed initiation of swallow. Three other patients, also without subjective dysphagia before surgery, developed postoperative dysphagia. In these patients, videofluoroscopy showed a delayed swallow reflex before surgery, which was worse postoperatively in two. The remaining two patients had mild subjective dysphagia before surgery that improved postoperatively in one and deteriorated in the other. In the first, videofluoroscopy was normal preoperatively and postoperatively, and in the second, oral bolus preparation was moderately abnormal preoperatively and swallow initiation was delayed postoperatively. Mean subjective dysphagia scores did not change significantly. Apart from a significant improvement of tongue base retraction, videofluoroscopic scores were not significantly different after surgery. Postoperatively there was significant improvement of overall cervical dystonia severity and abnormal head rotation in the group as a whole. There was no correlation between age, duration of symptoms of cervical dystonia, preoperative or postoperative cervical dystonia severity, subjective dysphagia scores, or videofluoroscopic scores. However, in the five patients with persisting anterior sagittal head shift as part of the torticollis, tongue base retraction was less likely to improve after surgery compared with those without head shift. CONCLUSION: Surgical denervation of dystonic neck muscles, leading to improved neck posture, can also improve tongue base retraction, which is a key component of normal bolus propagation. However, delayed swallow initiation, a common feature in patients with cervical dystonia, can be further compromised by surgery, leading to subjective dysphagia. In general, selective peripheral denervation seems to be a safe procedure with no major compromise of swallowing function.     

NMES对脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床疗效观察

目的 观察神经肌肉电刺激(NMES)对脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床疗效。方法 选取脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍患者93例,按数字随机表法分为常规药物治疗组31例(组1)、常规吞咽训练组(组2)31例和NMES组(组3)31例; 3组患者均在治疗前和治疗2周后应用洼田饮水试验及电视X线透视进行吞咽功能检查。结果 治疗前3组患者洼田饮水试验分级及电视X线透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗后3组患者洼田饮水试验分级及电视X线透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05),其中组2、3更优于组1,组3更优于组2(P<0.05)。结论 NMES联合常规吞咽训练能明显改善脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能。     

Comparison of dysphagia outcomes between rostral and caudal lateral medullary infarct patients

Objective: A detailed knowledge of dysphagia outcomes in lateral medullary infarct (LMI) patients would enable proper establishment of swallowing therapy goals and strategies. However, little is known about the impact of infarct location on dysphagia outcomes in patients with LMI. Methods: Twenty patients with rostral LMI (rostral group) and 20 patients with caudal LMI (caudal group) participated in the study. All patients underwent swallowing therapy, which included compensatory treatments and strengthening exercises, for >3 months. Dysphagia evaluation was performed twice (during the subacute stage and six months after stroke onset) using videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. Dysphagia degree was assessed using the functional dysphagia scale (FDS), the penetration–aspiration scale (PAS) and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS) swallowing scale. Results: In the subacute stage, the rostral group had significantly higher FDS and PAS scores and a significantly lower ASHA NOMS score than the caudal group. Patients from both groups showed significant improvement from the initial evaluation to the six-month evaluation. There were no significant differences in these scale scores between the two groups at the six-month evaluation. Conclusion: In the subacute stage, patients in the rostral group had more severe dysphagia than those in the caudal group. Dysphagia improved in both groups after 3–6 months of swallowing therapy. At six months after onset, there were no significant differences in dysphagia severity between the two groups. Recovery from dysphagia after LMI was observed regardless of the infarct location.     

喉上提速度减慢是卒中后误吸的独立危险因素

目的 吞咽启动延迟是卒中后吞咽困难患者常见的异常之一,也是误吸的最多见原因之一。本研究的目的是明确喉上提速度与吞咽延迟哪一种异常更容易造成误吸。方法 对63例连续会诊于吞咽困难康复小组的卒中患者进行电视透视检查,测量喉上提幅度、喉上提速度、咽吞咽潜伏期及喉关闭时间,并记录是否误吸。根据是否误吸分成误吸组（n=34）及非误吸组（n=29）,观察喉上提幅度、喉上提速度、喉关闭时间、咽吞咽潜伏期与误吸的关系。结果 误吸与非误吸两组之间,喉关闭时间（P＝0.035）与喉上提速度（P =0.002）之间存在统计学差异。Logistic回归分析发现喉上提速度减慢是导致误吸的独立危险因素（OR 0.994,95%CI0.989～1.000,P =0.046）。结论 在喉上提幅度、喉上提速度、喉关闭时间、咽吞咽潜伏期4个参数中,喉上提速度减慢导致误吸独立的危险因素。     

卒中后吞咽障碍的分子生物学研究进展

卒中后吞咽障碍是卒中后常见并发症,指患者由于卒中导致吞咽过程中的困难表现,其发生、发展的分子机制尚未阐明.调控吞咽功能的两个关键区域孤束核和疑核,其分泌的多种神经递质与吞咽功能密切相关.与孤束核密切相关的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)及其受体5-HT1A、谷氨酸及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受...