氟西汀对卒中后抑郁大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子表达的影响

目的 分析卒中后抑郁（post-stroke depression，PSD）模型大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子（Brainderived neurotrophic factor，BDNF）蛋白及mRNA表达水平，及抗抑郁剂氟西汀干预后BDNF表达水平的变化，初步探讨BDNF在PSD发生中的作用。方法 大脑中动脉阻塞（Middle cerebral artery occlusion，MCAO）法建立局灶脑缺血模型，加用慢性不可预见温和应激（Chronic unpredictable mild stress，CUMS）结合孤养，建立PSD大鼠模型，并予以氟西汀干预。应用蛋白免疫印迹（Western-blot）、Real time-PCR分别检测应激18、28 d时海马BDNF蛋白及mRNA表达水平。结果 与对照组相比，应激14d后PSD组较对照组大鼠体重与糖水消耗比例降低，水平、垂直试验得分下降（P <0.05或P <0.01）。氟西汀干预组糖水消耗比例，水平、垂直试验得分均较PSD组显著增加（P <0.05或P <0.01）。第18、28天，PSD组BDNF蛋白水平较对照组均显著下降（P <0.05或P <0.01）。PSD组BDNF mRNA的表达在应激18d时较正常组有下降趋势，但无统计学意义；至28 d时，表达含量明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P <0.01）。第18、28天，氟西汀干预组BDNF蛋白及mRNA水平均较PSD组显著增加（P <0.01）。结论 应用MCAO模型联合CUMS加孤养模型制备的PSD大鼠模型在神经功能缺损的同时，表现快感缺乏和探索行为减少的抑郁核心症状，并且体重的增长幅度显著减慢。PSD大鼠海马BDNF蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低，氟西汀干预后BDNF表达水平上升，初步提示BDNF在卒中后抑郁发生中的作用。     

氟西汀对DISC1转基因小鼠应激后抑郁和焦虑样 行为的影响

目的 探讨氟西汀对双重应激诱导的精神分裂症断裂基因1（DISC1）转基因小鼠抑郁和焦 虑样行为的影响。方法 C57BL/6野生型新生小鼠及C57BL/6 LBD-DISC1转基因新生小鼠各16只，分别 随机分为野生应激组、野生对照组和DISC1应激组、DISC1对照组，每组8只。应激组小鼠进行母婴分离 和慢性不可预知轻度应激后，4组小鼠使用氟西汀治疗4周，采用糖水消耗实验、强迫游泳实验及旷场实 验测定小鼠行为。结果 氟西汀治疗后各组小鼠旷场实验中心区域移动距离和强迫游泳静止时间之间 的差异无统计学意义，DISC1应激组的糖水偏好度和体重仍偏低（P＜ 0.01）。结论 氟西汀可改善双重应 激诱导的DISC1转基因小鼠的抑郁和焦虑情绪，但不能缓解其快感缺乏和体重降低。     

慢性刺激大鼠海马微管相关蛋白-2的表达及氟西汀联合丰富环境的作用北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨慢性不可预见性刺激（chronic unpredictable stress,CUS）大鼠海马微管相关蛋白-2（microtubule associated protein-2,MAP-2）表达水平的变化,氟西汀联合丰富环境对CUS大鼠的作用.方法 将30只成年雄性Sprague-Dawle（SD）大鼠采用随机数字表法分为CUS组、正常组、CUS＋氟西汀组、CUS＋丰富环境组、CUS＋氟西汀＋丰富环境组,每组6只.CUS组均孤养并接受6周CUS,正常组标准环境每笼3只群养6周,剩余3组接受6周CUS并于第3周末至第6周末分别氟西汀、丰富环境、氟西汀＋丰富环境干预,CUS前后及干预后以糖水消耗实验、体重测量、旷场实验对大鼠行为进行评估,以免疫组织化学法测定各组大鼠海马MAP-2表达水平.结果 （1）CUS前各组大鼠行为评估组间两两比较,糖水消耗、体重、水平运动距离、直立次数、粪便粒数差异均无统计学意义.（2）CUS后CUS组、CUS＋氟西汀组、CUS＋丰富环境组、CUS＋氟西汀＋丰富环境组较正常组糖水消耗少、体重增加少、水平运动距离小（均P＜0.05）.（3）干预后正常组、CUS＋氟西汀组、CUS＋丰富环境组、CUS＋氟西汀＋丰富环境组较CUS组糖水消耗多、体重增加多、水平运动距离大（均P＜0.05）;正常组[（84±3）g,（6 687±664） cm]较CUS＋氟西汀组[（75±4）g,（5 859±624） cm]、CUS＋丰富环境组[（77±8）g,（5 876±784） cm]体重增加多（P=0.005、0.029）、水平运动距离大（P=0.028、0.031）;CUS＋氟西汀＋丰富环境组[（6 657±430） cm]较CUS＋氟西汀组、CUS＋丰富环境组水平运动距离大（P=0.033、0.037）.（4）免疫组织化学显示,正常组（0.408±0.014、0.405±0.011、0.406±0.012）、CUS＋氟西汀组（0.403±0.011、0.403±0.011、0.403±0.012）、CUS＋丰富环境组（0.406±0.015、0.399±0.013、0.406±0.017）、CUS＋氟西汀＋丰富环境组（0.407±0.015、0.401±0.010、0.407±0.013）MAP-2在海马CA1、CA3和齿状回区表达水平较CUS组（0.379±0.020、0.390±0.014、0.394±0.013）增加（均P＜0.05）.结论 氟西汀、丰富环境、氟西汀联合丰富环境均可能逆转CUS大鼠抑郁样行为,氟西汀联合丰富环境效果可能优于单独使用氟西汀或丰富环境;CUS大鼠海马CA1、CA3、齿状回区MAP-2表达水平可能降低,且可能被上述3种方法逆转.     

双歧杆菌对慢性应激抑郁大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察双歧杆菌对抑郁模型大鼠行为及学习记忆的影响,探讨双歧杆菌潜在的抗抑郁作用及机制。方法选取48只成年雄性SD大鼠,按照随机数字表法分为模型组、氟西汀组、双歧杆菌组和对照组各12只。对照组在标准环境下饲养6周,另外三组分别单笼孤养并釆用连续6周慢性不可预见性温和刺激(CUMS)的方法建立慢性抑郁大鼠模型。于第3周末至第6周末对双歧杆菌组和氟西汀组分别给予双歧杆菌和氟西汀灌胃,模型组和对照组给予同体积生理盐水灌胃。CUMS前后及干预后,以糖水消耗实验、体质量测量及旷场实验评估大鼠行为,采用Morris水迷宫试验评估大鼠学习记忆能力。结果干预后,与对照组相比,模型组的糖水消耗量及体质量增加更少、水平运动距离更短、直立次数更少、粪便粒数更多(P均0.05);与模型组相比,双歧杆菌组与氟西汀组大鼠的糖水消耗量更多、体质量增加更多、水平运动距离更远、直立次数更多、粪便粒数更少,逃避潜伏期更短、空间探索时间更长、跨平台次数更多(P均0.05)。双歧杆菌组与氟西汀组的上述指标差异均无统计学意义。结论双歧杆菌可能有助于改善抑郁模型大鼠的抑郁行为并提高其学习记忆能力,效果与氟西汀类似,其可能通过改善抑郁行为和提高学习记忆能力而发挥抗抑郁作用。     

下丘脑NK2受体在应激介导抑郁症发生中的作用

目的 阐明神经激肽A的受体NK2在慢性不可预见性温和刺激(CUMS)所致的抑郁样行为发生、发展中的可能作用和机制.方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、氟西汀组和抑郁模型组3组,行为学检测后,氟西汀组和抑郁模型组均给予孤养+CUMS造成大鼠抑郁症模型,再次行为学检测后,氟西汀组大鼠给予氟西汀腹腔注射21d,抑郁模型组给予同体积生理盐水腹腔注射21d,再次进行行为学检测,麻醉后取大鼠下丘脑,提取组织mRNA和蛋白后,采用荧光定量PCR技术和Western Blot技术检测NK2的表达.结果 应激前3组大鼠的糖水偏好率和强迫游泳的不动时间均无统计学意义.应激后,氟西汀组和抑郁模型组大鼠的糖水摄入明显减少、强迫游泳不动时间明显增长,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而给予氟西汀后,氟西汀组大鼠的糖水偏好率有所增加,强迫游泳的不动时间有所减少,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但与抑郁组大鼠相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组和氟西汀组比较,抑郁组下丘脑NK2受体的mRNA和蛋白的表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而氟西汀组与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CUMS可引起大鼠行为学改变,造成大鼠抑郁模型;NK2受体的mRNA和蛋白的表达量在应激后大鼠的下丘脑中明显升高,经氟西汀干预后可恢复到正常水平,说明NK2受体与抑郁症的发生、发展过程具有相关性,在抑郁症的发病机制中可能发挥重要作用.     

氟西汀和丙米嗪对应激诱导的青幼期大鼠抑郁和焦虑样行为的不同影响

目的建立青幼期大鼠的慢性应激抑郁模型,并探讨不同类型抗抑郁药物对其抑郁和焦虑样行为表现的影响。方法青幼期大鼠(日龄30～50d)接受3周慢性温和应激,同时随机分别给予选择性5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁剂丙米嗪(10mg/kgi.p.)。采用蔗糖水偏好、旷场和高架十字迷宫测试评估大鼠的抑郁和焦虑样行为。结果与对照组(n=10)相比,慢性应激模型组(n=11)大鼠体质量增长减慢,糖水偏好指数降低,上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。丙米嗪干预组(n=10)的糖水偏好明显低于丙米嗪对照组(n=10),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而氟西汀干预组(n=11)与氟西汀对照组(n=11)相比则没有明显差异(P0.05)。在旷场测试中,青幼期后期(PND52)正常对照组大鼠与其早期(PND29)相比旷场直立行为次数降低(P0.05),但自发活动量(水平运动距离)没有明显差异(P0.05),氟西汀干预明显增加大鼠直立行为次数(P0.05)。此外,PND52正常对照组大鼠与PND29相比在高架十字迷宫开放臂的进入次数和停留时间减少,而在闭合臂停留时间增加;应激模型组与正常对照组相比开放臂进入次数增加,闭合臂停留时间减少,上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢性应激诱导了青幼期大鼠的抑郁样行为。氟西汀而非丙米嗪可逆转大鼠的抑郁样行为。应激降低了青幼期大鼠的焦虑水平,而两种药物对焦虑行为均没有明显作用。     

卒中后抑郁大鼠模型的建立及评估

目的 建立卒中后抑郁（poststroke depression，PSD）有效动物模型。方法 大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）制备大鼠局灶脑缺血模型，加以慢性不可预见的温和刺激结合孤养建立PSD模型并予氟西汀干预。分为对照组、卒中组、抑郁组、PSD组和PSD+氟西汀组。分别采用糖水消耗试验、旷野试验（open-field test，OFT)、强迫游泳评估大鼠快感缺失、活动减少、行为绝望等行为。结果 应激14 d时，与对照组及卒中组相比，PSD组体重增长幅度显著降低（P<0.05），经氟西汀干预后体重增长幅度明显增加（P<0.01）。PSD组水平得分在应激第7天时与对照组相比显著降低（P<0.05）；到应激14 d时，PSD组与对照组及卒中组相比水平得分进一步下降（P<0.01），并持续到应激18 d（P<0.01）。PSD组垂直得分在应激14 d时与对照组、卒中组相比均显著下降（P<0.05或P<0.01），强迫游泳的不动时间明显延长（P<0.05）；而氟西汀干预后水平得分与垂直得分均显著增加（P<0.05或P<0.01），不动时间明显缩短（P<0.01）。结论 PSD模型大鼠较充分而持续表现快感缺乏、活动减少等“抑郁”核心症状，可操作性和重复性较好，是研究PSD较为理想的大鼠模型。氟西汀能改善PSD模型大鼠行为学异常。     

氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠模型海马自噬的作用

目的探讨氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马齿状回自噬的影响。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、氟西汀组、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组。采用体重、摄食量、旷场试验评定大鼠抑郁水平;采用免疫组化测定大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I、m ToR蛋白表达水平,荧光实时定量RT-PCR测定大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I、m ToR基因表达水平。结果药物干预后,模型组体重、摄食量、垂直运动次数和水平运动次数明显低于对照组(P 0. 01);氟西汀组、3-MA组经药物治疗后以上指标高于模型组(P 0. 01,P 0. 05)。模型组海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I表达显著升高,m ToR表达下降,与对照组相比有统计学意义(P 0. 01);氟西汀组、3-MA组大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I表达下降,m ToR表达升高,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。结论氟西汀可能通过改善癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马齿状回区beclin1、LC3-I、m ToR表达,抑制细胞自噬。     

慢性应激对大鼠海马FAS蛋白表达的影响及帕罗西汀的干预作用

目的探讨慢性轻度不可预见应激对大鼠海马神经元FAS蛋白表达的影响以及抗抑郁剂（帕罗西汀）的拮抗作用。方法将24只SD雄性大鼠随机均分为正常组、慢性应激模型组、氟西汀治疗组。选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激模型,运用OPEN-FILED（旷野试验）观察大鼠的行为学的变化,TUNEL染色和免疫组织化学技术研究大鼠海马各区的细胞凋亡及FAS蛋白的表达。结果慢性应激抑郁大鼠旷野实验中水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数有减少中央格停留时间有增加。氟西汀可改善大鼠行为学变。TUNEL染色和免疫组织化学技术结果显示模型组大鼠海马细胞内的细胞凋亡数及FAS蛋白的表达量明显高于对照组组（P〈0.05）;氟西汀组大鼠海马细胞内PKA和P-CREB胞凋亡数及FAS蛋白的表达量明显低于模型组（P〈0.05）。结论慢性轻度不可预见性应激可促进大鼠海马神经元内细胞凋亡和FAS蛋白表达水平升高,氟西汀具有一定的拮抗作用。     

氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠模型海马自噬的作用

目的 探讨氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马齿状回自噬的影响。方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、氟西汀组、3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-MA）组。采用体重、摄食量、旷场试验评定大鼠抑郁水平;采用免疫组化测定大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I、mToR蛋白表达水平,荧光实时定量RT-PCR测定大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I、mToR基因表达水平。结果 药物干预后,模型组体重、摄食量、垂直运动次数和水平运动次数明显低于对照组（P<0.01）;氟西汀组、3-MA组经药物治疗后以上指标高于模型组（P<0.01,P<0.05）。模型组海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I表达显著升高,mToR表达下降,与对照组相比有统计学意义（P<0.01）;氟西汀组、3-MA组大鼠海马齿状回beclin1、LC3-I表达下降,mToR表达升高,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 氟西汀可能通过改善癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马齿状回区beclin1、LC3-I、mToR表达,抑制细胞自噬。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.