社区健康老人儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶基因val158met多态性与综合认知训练效果的相关研究

目的 探索儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶(Catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)基因val158met多态性与社区健康老人综合认知训练效果的关系.方法 对90名≥70岁的社区健康老人进行12周共24次的综合认知训练,干预前后采用中国老年成套神经心理测验(neuropsychological test battery for elderly,NTBE)评定认知功能,并通过TaqMan探针单核苷酸多态性基因分型技术检测COMT基因val158met多态性.结果 基线时,COMT基因val158met多态性met等位基因携带组(n=38)组和未携带组(n=52)之间NTBE各项分测验成绩的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).干预后,未携带met等位基因组NTBE 4项分测验成绩优于携带组(P<0.05);而与基线比较,未携带met等位基因组NTBE的成绩13项提高(P<0.05),1项下降(P<0.05);携带met等位基因组8项提高(P<0.05),3项下降(P<0.05).结论 COMT基因val158met多态性与社区健康老人综合认知训练效果可能相关.     

社区健康老人综合认知训练1年随访观察

目的:探讨综合认知训练对社区健康老人认知功能的长期影响效果. 方法:151名上海市某街道社区年龄≥70岁的老人参加研究.按先后顺序分为认知训练干预组90名和对照组61名.对干预组进行12周(共24次)的综合认知训练,采用中国老年成套神经心理测验(NTBE)及自编健康问卷,分别于干预前、干预结束、干预后1年对两组进行测评. 结果:干预前,干预组NTBE中有1项优于对照组,1项低于对照组(P≤0.05),其他项目两组差异无显著性(P>0.05);1年后随访两组内比较,干预组NTBE分测验有19项(推理训练等)提高,4项下降(P≤0.05);对照组NTBE分测验有11项提高,3项下降(P≤0.05);1年后随访两组间比较,干预组NTBE分测验有3项(推理训练等)优于对照组(P≤0.05). 结论:综合认知训练对社区健康老人多项认知功能在1年后仍有一定影响,其中推理能力较为明显.     

综合认知训练对社区健康老人认知功能的影响

目的 探索综合认知训练对社区健康老人认知功能的影响.方法 对上海市某街道社区老人(年龄≥70岁),按照每50人一组进行筛查,共筛查347名.151名老人符合入组标准,按类随机方式分为认知训练干预组(90名)和非认知训练组(对照组,61名).对干预组进行12周(共24次)的综合认知训练.干预前后采用中国老年成套神经心理测验(NTBE)、Stroop字色干扰测验中文版及自制健康问卷对两组进行测评.结果 (1)干预前:干预组NTBE中听觉词汇学习1重复数、无关插入数及语义联系3项评分高于对照组(P<0.05～0.01),其他测验两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)干预后组内比较:干预组NTBE18项、Stroop字色干扰测验6项自身有提高(P≤0.05～0.01).对照组NTBE 9项提高,1项下降;Stroop字色干扰测验1项自身有提高,2项下降(P≤0.05～0.01).(3)干预后组间比较:干预组NTBE 4项、Stroop字色干扰测验2项优于对照组(P≤0.05～0.01).结论 综合认知训练对社区健康老人执行功能、推理能力等认知功能有提高作用.     

对社区老人认知功能干预的近期效果

目的:探索对社区老人认知功能干预的近期效果。方法:对某社区65岁以上自愿参加的老人进行为期12周(共24次)的认知功能干预;采用老年成套神经心理测验(NTBE),比较干预组(44名自愿参加的老人)和对照组(51名完成基线和随防评估的老人)认知功能差异。结果:在干预前后两组NTBE的自身比较中:干预组在视觉匹配和推理等项目得分的差异有统计学意义,对照组在运动测验、前摄抑制和学习效应指数等得分的差异有统计学意义。通过Logistic回归分析,认知干预和NTBE相关的项目如下:听觉词汇学习4正确、听觉词汇学习4重复、分类测验、小标记测验、视觉匹配和推理、听觉词汇8插入和连线测验1顺序提示数共7项,均呈正相关。结论:综合认知训练干预在短期内能改善或延缓部分认知功能的衰退,逻辑推理能力是社区老人认知干预的易感领域。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的:研究载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法:应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,对25例B超检测颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)增厚患者(增厚组)和25例同期健康体检者(对照组)的ApoE基因多态性进行分析。结果:IMT增厚组ε3等位基因频率较对照组降低(P<0.05),ε4等位基因频率较对照组升高(P<0.01)。IMT增厚组的ε3/ε4基因型频率显著要高于对照组。对以上两组再按ApoE基因型分别分为3组:ApoE2(ε2/2 ε2/3),ApoE3(ε3/3)和ApoE4(ε3/4 ε4/4)。结果显示颈动脉IMT在不同基因型间差异显著,ApoE4组显著增加,颈动脉多发斑块率在此组也显著增加。结论:ApoE基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化形成有相关性,ε4基因是颈动脉粥样硬化形成的危险因子。     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族载脂蛋白E基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子基因多态性与Alzhemier病的关系

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)、汉族载脂蛋白E( ApoE)基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子( PLAU)基因多态性与Alzheimer's病(AD)的关系.方法 应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法,检测209例很可能AD患者(AD组,汉族98例,维族111例)及220名正常对照者(NC组,汉族103人,维族117人)的ApoE基因及PLAU基因第6号外显子r2227564s基因型及等位基因频率.结果 AD组中,维族、汉族ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因频率明显高于NC组;其与PLAU基因C/T基因型组合的频率明显高于NC组(均P＜0.05);具有ApoE ε3/3基因型的维族T/T基因型频率明显高于NC组(P＜0.05).结论 ApoE基因多态性可能与AD相关;PLAU C/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因者AD的发病风险;PLAU T/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/3基因型、ε3等位基因的维族AD的发病风险.     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与男性海洛因依赖者认知功能的关系

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与男性海洛因依赖者(MPHD)认知功能障碍的关系。方法采用韦氏记忆量表、划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验改良版检测140例MPHD的认知功能状况,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测140例MPHD及75名健康对照的ApoE基因多态性。结果①MPHDε3等位基因频率显著低于对照组(P<0.01),ε4等位基因频率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。②MPHD记忆商数在90分以上组ε4/ε4、ε3/ε4基因型频率及ε4等位基因频率均显著高于记忆商数在90分以下组(P<0.05或P<0.01);③注意力及执行功能高分与低分组间ApoE基因多态性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论ε4等位基因与海洛因依赖可能存在一定的关联;ε4/ε4、ε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因与MPHD记忆障碍密切相关。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与动脉硬化性脑梗死的相关研究

目的 研究载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与血脂水平、颈动脉斑块以及动脉硬化性脑梗死(CI)的关系.方法 对166名CI患者及72名健康成人采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法检测ApoE基因多态性,酶法检测血脂,颈动脉超声多普勒检查颈动脉斑块.结果 CI组ε2/4+ε3/4+ε4/4型分别与ε2/2+ε2/3型、ε3/3型相比,血浆总胆固醇(TC)显著升高(P＜0.05),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),显著升高(P＜0.05);CI组ε2/4+ε3/4+ε4/4型与ε3/3型相比,患者颈动脉斑块较大(P＜0.05);CI组ε4等位基因频率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 ApoE ε4可能与血浆TC、LDL-C升高相关,推测是脑梗死的易感基因.     

阿尔茨海默病精神行为障碍与载脂蛋白E基因研究

目的：了解阿尔茨海默病（AD）精神行为障碍的临床特征以及与载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因多态性的相关性。方法：共收集AD患者48例，正常对照者50例，采用阿尔茨海默病行为病理评定量表（BEHAVE-AD）进行精神行为测评，用聚合酶链反应法（PCR）进行ApoE基因分型。结果：AD患者在偏执和妄想、幻觉、行为紊乱和攻击行为方面与正常对照组比较差异有显著性；而ApoE基因检查结果显示携带ApoE ε4基因的AD患者精神行为障碍更为明显。结论：ApoE ε4是AD的风险基因，对携带有ApoE ε4的AD患者应早期干预和治疗。     

载脂蛋白E基因对轻度认知障碍患者听觉诱发电位的影响

目的探讨载脂蛋白(ApoE)基因型对轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者听觉诱发电位(AEP)的影响。方法健康老年对照60名,MCI患者60例,其中MCI低危组(未携带ApoE ε4基因的MCI患者)和高危组(携带ApoEε4基因的MCI患者)各30例。对所有观察对象均进行AEP和ApoE基因检测,并对脑干AEP Ⅰ波、Ⅲ波、Ⅴ波潜伏期和波峰间潜伏期,N200、P300潜伏期和波幅进行比较。结果 (1)MCI低危组、高危组与健康对照组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及波峰间潜伏期均无统计学差异(P0.05)。(2)与健康对照组[N200、P300波幅分别为(5.97±0.76)、(10.69±1.57)μV、潜伏期分别为(240.20±16.45)、(300.06士20.50)ms]比较,MCI高危组患者N200、P300波幅[分别为(5.36±0.62)、(9.95±1.20)μV]降低、潜伏期[分别为(246.97±11.6)、(313.34士26.19)ms]延长(P0.05)。与MCI低危组N200波幅[(5.81士0.62)μV]相比,高危组N200波幅降低(P0.05)。高危组、低危组及健康对照组三组间N200、P300波幅比较均有统计学差异(分别P0.01、P0.05)。结论携带ApoEε4基因的MCI患者N200、P300波幅减小,潜伏期延长。AEP有可能作为个人认知功能变化的测量指标。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.