医学统计学在硕士研究生脑血管病教学中的应用

目的   探讨医学统计学在硕士研究生脑血管病教学中的内容和方法。 方法  选择首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院脑血管病专业硕士研究生8名,硕士研究生导师3名,采用文献检索和小组讨论方法学习医学统计学在脑血管病中的应用和方法。 结果  脑血管病专业硕士研究生能够掌握基础的统计学概念和方法;对复杂统计学问题或高级统计学问题,具备查阅有关书籍或文献的能力及与统计学家交流的能力。结合毕业研究课题的设计、实施和数据统计分析,提高实践应用能力。 结论  应注重脑血管病硕士研究生基本医学统计学理论和应用能力的培养。     

神经外科临床研究生培养的体会

神经外科学是一门既古老又崭新的学科,在近20年的时间里,我国神经外科事业发展迅速,神经外科研究生的培养对学科发展起到了重要作用.首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科作为国家重点学科和亚洲最大的神经外科学临床、科研、教学基地,肩负着为祖国神经外科医学事业培养优秀人才的责任,目前每年招收神经外科硕士研究生、博士研究生20 ～ 30名,如何培养符合现代医学发展水平,具备优秀综合素质的神经外科临床研究生是我们共同面临的课题.我院的神经外科临床研究生培养工作已有近30年的发展历程,将体会总结如下.     

血管神经外科临床型研究生培养中循证医学和转化医学教育初探

目的 探讨在循证医学和转化医学在血管神经外科临床型研究生培养中的意义和方法。 方法 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科将循证医学和转化医学教育理念引入到血管病方 向临床型研究生培养过程中,教学结束后对研究生的自主学习力、临床决策能力进行考核及评价。 结果 对血管神经外科临床型研究生进行循证医学和转化医学教育,能够培养学生的自主学习能力 并提高临床决策能力,显著缩小临床医学与基础研究之间的差距。 结论 应注重血管神经外科临床型研究生循证医学和转化医学理论及应用能力的培养。     

临床医学研究生培养的体验

目的探讨临床医学研究生的培养模式和实施的有效性。方法在施教实践中提出了:思想道德建设、团队协作精神、科研创新能力和临床技能训练的四个基本思路,并从理论上予以论证。结果在认知观念上,充分肯定临床医学研究生培养是医学教育系统中高层次的教育,医科大学担负着培养高素质人才和发展医学科学技术的重要任务。它是一个系统的人才工程,直接影响到我国医学事业的进步与发展。如何在有限的时间内保证研究生培养的质量,是摆在研究生管理部门和导师面前的一项新任务。结论所践行的这四个方面新思路,很适合临床医学研究生的培养与训练,值得推广应用。     

神经外科临床型研究生培养的体会

<正> 随着科技进步,神经外科专业发展迅猛,各种高科技设备推动着神经外科发展。神经外科研究生教育在学科发展中起到重要作用,是学科发展的源动力所在,如何提高神经外科研究生教育直接影响到未来神经外科专业的发展。北京天坛医院神经外科每年培养神经外科硕士及博士研究生数十名,现将神经外科临床型研究生培养体会介绍如下。     

帕金森病黑质PET显像研究

黑质多巴胺能神经元选择性变性死亡是帕金森病(PD)最主要的病理改变之一。影像医学与核医学影像技术的发展可在PD运动症状出现前显示患者的黑质变化,从而达到早期诊断的目的。文中重点阐述了正电子发射断层显像技术用于PD黑质显像的研究进展。     

神经外科学专业学位硕士研究生培养模式探讨

<正>医学研究生教育的任务是为我国培养高层次医学人才,为人民的身体健康服务,是目前医学教育系统工程的不可或缺的部分,更是非常重要组成部分[1]。目前,我国研究生教育经过数十年的发展,已经取得显著的进步,研究生培养教育模式从过去的单一模式(科学学位)到现在多种培养模式(科学学位与专业学位)相结合,以满足不同学生的需求及各级医院的要求。同时,学制也由过去单纯5年本科教育+3年硕士教育发展到现在多种学制相结合,如近     

基于住院医师规范化培训的神经外科硕士研究生带教体会

目的 总结基于住院医师规范化培训的神经外科专业硕士研究生临床带教体会。 方法 在带教老师转变带教观念的基础上,对2013-2015年在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经 外科六、七病区进行规范化培训的专业型硕士综合运用多种教学方法,包括通过直接“呈现”的方式 开展医德教育,通过“实践”和“强化”的方式进行临床工作作风和临床实践能力的培养,以及通过 “发现”的方式培养研究生的临床科研能力。 结果 研究期间参加规范化培训的专业型硕士累计20人;期间,其研究生临床能力考核、执业医师 资格考试通过率均达到100%;在教学主管部门对带教研究生的反馈问卷中,关于老师带教意识、带 教能力及效果方面,满意率均为100%。 结论 通过综合运用上述4种教学方式,有助于参加规范化培训的专业型硕士在临床以及科研能力 的提升。     

鱼和熊掌如何才可以兼得?——血管神经病学专业研究生临床科研一体化培养模式初探

血管神经病学的迅猛发展,对研究生临床和科研全面发展提出了严峻的挑战。在研究生培养的过程中,应坚持临床和科研一体化的培养思路和模式,从研究生课题选题、临床与科研实践和综合评估等各个环节,始终坚持科研和临床兼顾,临床与科研并重的原则,全面提升研究生临床技能和科研相关的综合能力,培养多元化、高素质的脑血管病高层次人才。     

大数据时代对培养医学研究生的作用与意义

目的探讨大数据时代医学研究生的教育与训练方式。方法在教育及训练的实践中提出了:大数据是对医学研究生培养的需求、大数据在教学中的问题式学习模式、大数据时代研究生导师教学作用的三个基本思路,并从理论上与实践中予以论证。结果在教育理念上,充分表明医学研究生的培养要以教师为主导,学生则以素质为本位,积极推行大数据在教学中的作用,从宏观群体走向微观个体,实现个性化教学。结论本文所倡导的这些教育学新思路,很适合医学研究生的教育与训练,有利于加快培养医学领域的合格人才。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.