米诺环素辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果及对免疫因子的影响

目的探讨米诺环素辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果及免疫学机制。方法将92例符合美国《精神疾病诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)诊断标准、以阴性症状为主且单一利培酮治疗的精神分裂症患者随机分为米诺环素组(n=46)或安慰剂对照组(n=46),治疗周期为16周。于入组及出组时以阴性症状评定量表(SANS)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,测定治疗前后白介素1-β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)浓度变化。结果 PANSS阴性症状评分和总评分与安慰剂组相比,减分差异有统计学意义(P0.01);两组治疗前后除NO外其余两个因子的浓度变化均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论米诺环素辅助治疗精神分裂症的阴性症状有效,但作用机制仍不明,是否通过抑制NO浓度的变化尚需进一步的研究。     

丁螺环酮辅助治疗慢性精神分裂症患者阴性症状的对照研究

目的:观察丁螺环酮辅助治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性。方法:将60例以阴性症状为主的慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,在原抗精神病药基础上,分别联用丁螺环酮或安慰剂,疗程12周。在治疗前和治疗第4、8、12周末采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及阴性症状量表(SANS)评估疗效,治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评估安全性。结果:研究组PANSS阴性因子总分、阴性因子各项症状分(除抽象思维困难和刻板思维)及SANS总分、各项分量表综合评价总分、分量表综合评价分(除思维贫乏)均在第12周末显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);PANSS阴性因子总分、阴性因子各项症状分及SANS总分、各项分量表综合评价总分、分量表综合评价分从第8周末开始显著低于治疗前(P0.05或P0.01)。两组间不良反应差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:联用丁螺环酮对治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状有增效作用,安全性好。     

氯氮平联合美金刚治疗精神分裂症阴性症状对照研究

目的:探讨氯氮平联合美金刚治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性. 方法:将64例以阴性症状为主的慢性精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,每组32例,两组在服用原有抗精神病药(氯氮平)的基础上,研究组联合美金刚治疗,对照组联合安慰剂治疗,观察12周.于治疗前、治疗8周及12周采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、阴性症状量表(SANS)评定临床疗效. 结果:治疗8周及12周时研究组和对照组PANSS总分、阴性因子分及SANS总分较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)),研究组较对照组下降更为显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01). 结论:氯氮平联合美金刚治疗与单用氯氮平相比,可显著缓解精神分裂症患者的阴性症状.     

奥氮平联用氟西汀治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的 探讨奥氮平合并氟西汀治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和安全性.方法 将59例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(奥氮平合用氟西汀治疗,30例)和对照组(单用奥氮平治疗,29例),于治疗前和治疗后第2、4、8、12周末使用阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)和阴性症状量表(SANS)评定两组的疗效,药物治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定两组的不良反应.结果 治疗后第2周末研究组PANSS总分、阴性因子分较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),治疗后第4周末研究组PANSS总分、阴性因子分及SANS总分、情感平淡因子分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).两组TESS评分体质量改变差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),余无明显差异.结论 奥氮平合并氟西汀能显著改善精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,且安全性好.     

氨磺必利与喹硫平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照观察

目的比较小剂量氨磺必利与喹硫平对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法采用数字随机法将112例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者分为两组各50例,分别给予氨磺必利与喹硫平治疗,疗程8周,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)评定疗效,以副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果治疗8周氨磺必利组显效率为55.40%,两组PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组SANS各因子分及总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论小剂量氨磺必利对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症有较好的疗效和安全性。     

文拉法辛联合氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效

目的 观察文拉法辛缓释片合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和不良反应.方法 采用单纯随机化法,将107例精神分裂症患者分为研究组（文拉法辛缓释片＋氯氮平）和对照组（氯氮平＋安慰剂）.于治疗前、治疗第2、4、8周末以阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）和阴性症状量表（SANS）评定疗效,于治疗第2、4、8周末以药物副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应.结果 治疗4、8周末,研究组PANSS总分和阴性因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组SANS总分和部分因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.治疗后第2、4、8周末,研究组TESS评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 文拉法辛缓释片治疗精神分裂症安全有效,协同氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状可增加疗效.     

哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗阴性症状为主的精神分裂症临床观察

目的探讨哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症临床疗效。方法选取以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者60例,随机分为研究组(n=30)与对照组(n=30)。研究组给予哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗,对照组给予哌罗匹隆治疗。观察8周,于治疗前、治疗后2、4、8周末采用PANSS量表、阴性症状量表(SANS)、不良反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果研究组总有效率76.7%,对照组为53.3%比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组在治疗2周末SANS量表评分下降较显著(P0.01)。与治疗前相比,治疗8周末2组PANSS量表评分均显著下降(P0.05),TESS评分无明显差异(P0.05)。结论哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症起效快,疗效好。     

利培酮与舒必利治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究

目的比较利培酮与舒必利对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法对62例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者,随机分为利培酮组与舒必利组,疗程12周。于治疗前及治疗后1、2、4、8、12周末用阴性症状量表(SANS)、简明精神病量表(BPRS)评定临床疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定药物副反应。结果利培酮组与舒必利组治疗前后SANS、BPRS总分及减分比较差异无显著性(P0.05),各组治疗后SANS、BPRS总分与治疗前比较差异有极显著性(P0.01),而利培酮的副反应较舒必利少而轻。结论利培酮对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症有肯定疗效,且安全性高。     

利培酮合并舍曲林治疗慢性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的评价利培酮合并舍曲林治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状和副作用。方法将64例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为单用组（利培酮组）与合用组（利培酮十舍曲林组）,采用阳性症状和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、阴性症状量表（SANS）和副反应量表（TESS）分别于治疗前、治疗后4、8、12周进行疗效及副反应评定。结果治疗8周后合用组PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS总分及分量表分均比治疗前明显下降,且阴性因子分显著低于单用组。治疗后4、8、12周TESS评分,合用组低于单用组。结论利培酮合并舍曲林能明显改善慢性分裂症,且副作用较少。     

氨磺必利与利培酮治疗精神分裂症首次发病患者的临床对照研究

目的比较氨磺必利和利培酮对精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法采用数字随机法将68例精神分裂症首次发病患者分为氨磺必利治疗组(n=34)和利培酮治疗组(n=34)。疗程12周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表(TESS)和锥体外系副反应量表(RSESE)分别评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗后4、8、12周末两组PANSS总分及各因子分均较治疗前低(P﹤0.05)。氨磺必利组体重增加小于利培酮组(P﹤0.05)。结论两种药物治疗精神分裂症患者首次发病疗效相当,但氨磺必利对体重的影响优于利培酮。     

Survey of public awareness, attitudes, and understanding toward epilepsy in Nhan Chinh, Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2003

PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that cultural and social awareness of, attitudes toward, and knowledge about epilepsy can have an impact on the acceptance of treatment. The aim of this study is to characterize public awareness of attitudes toward and understanding of epilepsy in a Vietnamese community and to compare results with those obtained in other cultures. METHODS: A survey concerning the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Vietnamese people with respect to epilepsy was carried out in the Nhan Chinh precinct of Hanoi. One thousand people were randomly selected for face-to-face interviews regarding epilepsy. RESULTS: Of the subjects surveyed, 54.6% had heard of epilepsy; 45.5% knew someone with epilepsy; 49.2% had witnessed an epileptic seizure; 56% would not allow their son or daughter to marry someone with epilepsy; 42.1% did not believe that epileptic patients could hold down a normal job; 77.8% believed that epilepsy is an organic disorder of the brain; 23.8% thought that epilepsy is a form of dementia; and 91% thought that epileptic patients require medical care. CONCLUSION: As compared with surveys conducted in other countries, our survey showed that the awareness of epilepsy in this Vietnamese community is limited, and gives rise to alternative attitudes and practices.     

Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of epilepsy in Kerala, South India

PURPOSE: To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of epilepsy and to characterize and quantify knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward epilepsy among the people of the state of Kerala, which is distinguished from the rest of India by a high level of literacy and health awareness of its population. METHODS: We conducted a door-to-door survey covering the entire population of 238,102 people residing in 43,681 households in a semiurban area of central Kerala. The screening questionnaire administered by medical social workers had a sensitivity of 100% for identifying persons with epilepsy. Neurologists examined all the individuals suspected of having epilepsy. We evaluated KAP toward epilepsy among 1,118 subjects (439 males and 679 females; mean age, 33.3 years; age range, 15-85 years) from households without epilepsy in the study area. RESULTS: Through a three-phased survey, we ascertained 1,175 cases (616 males and 559 females) with active epilepsy, providing a crude point prevalence ratio of 4.9 cases per 1,000 people and an age-adjusted prevalence ratio of 4.7 cases per 1,000 population. The highest age-specific prevalence rate of 6.5 per 1,000 occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. Sex-specific prevalence rates did not significantly differ. The proportion of generalized and localization-related epilepsies was 58.8% and 30.6%, respectively. Ninety-nine percent of the KAP respondents had read or heard about epilepsy. Thirty-one percent and 27% thought epilepsy was a hereditary disorder and a form of insanity, respectively. About 40% of the respondents felt that individuals with epilepsy could not be properly educated or employed. Eleven percent would object to their children having contact with epileptic children. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in central Kerala, South India, do not differ from that of developed countries. Although the awareness of epilepsy among the people of Kerala was comparable to that of developed countries, the attitudes were much more negative. The need for educating the people of Kerala on epilepsy and for incorporating an adequate knowledge of epilepsy in the school curricula cannot be overemphasized.     

Arterial antithrombotic effects of aspirin, heparin, enoxaparin and clopidogrel alone, or in combination, in the rat

INTRODUCTION: Many antithrombotic drugs may have a deleterious effect on normal haemostasis leading to bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to determine if sub-therapeutic (low) doses of antithrombotic agents, when administered in combination, have enhanced efficacy without augmentation of bleeding time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antithrombotic effects of i.v. aspirin (4-30 mg/kg), heparin (100-500 U/kg), enoxaparin (4-30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (10-20 mg/kg) were studied in a rat Folts-like preparation of carotid arterial thrombosis. The frequency of cyclic flow reductions (CFRs; indicating occlusive thrombus formation) and bleeding time were measured. Drug doses that were singly ineffective at preventing occlusive thrombus formation were tested in the following combinations: aspirin (10 mg/kg) with heparin (250 U/kg); aspirin (4 mg/kg) with enoxaparin (4 mg/kg); and aspirin (10 mg/kg) with clopidogrel (10 mg/kg). RESULTS: Control period (pretreatment) CFRs were not significantly different between groups; average 7.0+/-0.3 CFRs/30 min (n=64). Tail bleeding time before drug(s) was 3.1+/-0.1 min (n=86). When administered alone, aspirin (4-30 mg/kg), heparin (250 U/kg) or enoxaparin (4 mg/kg) had no effect on CFRs or bleeding time. Heparin (500 U/kg), enoxaparin (10 and 30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased CFRs. Single administration of heparin (500 U/kg) or enoxaparin (30 mg/kg) increased bleeding time by 4- or 11-fold. When co-administered, aspirin 10 mg/kg and heparin 250 U/kg decreased CFRs, but also increased bleeding time by 11-fold. However, combination of aspirin and enoxaparin (4 mg/kg each), or aspirin and clopidogrel (10 mg/kg each), decreased CFRs with no effect on bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: In a preparation of arterial thrombosis in the rat, combinations of sub-efficacious (low) doses of aspirin with enoxaparin or clopidogrel inhibited thrombus formation without augmenting bleeding time. However, low-dose aspirin combined with heparin, whilst inhibiting thrombus formation, exacerbated bleeding time. If these findings translate into the clinic, the use of effective low-dose combinations may have therapeutic advantages.     

TCD与DSA,MRA,CTA蛛网膜下腔出血中应用对比研究

应用经颅多普勒超声（ＴＣＤ）、数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）、磁共振血管成像（ＭＲＡ）、ＣＴ血管造影（ＣＴＡ）对２４例蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）病人进行了对照研究。通过ＴＣＤ诊断血管痉挛和狭窄性病变１９例（７９％），治疗前后动态观察发现脑底动脉平均流速（Ｖｍ）增高。诊断颅内压增高２例（８．３％）Ｖｍ降低。血管造影等放射影像学检查，发现动脉瘤８例，动脉炎样改变６例，动脉痉挛２例，正常者８例，总异常率为６６．６％。通过超声与放射影像学比较发现，两者可以从不同角度显示脑血管的功能或病理状态。     

Laterality of hand, foot, eye, and ear in twins

Information on handedness, footedness, eyedness, and earedness was collected from 33 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 67 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The incidence of nonright-sidedness in the twins is not higher than that reported in the literature for singletons. Similar results are found for the other lateralities. The results of assessing handedness with preference tests do not differ from those carried out with performance tests. There are no differences in incidence of nonright-sidedness between MZ and DZ twins. The concordance of lateralities is similar in MZ and DZ twins. The proportions of Right-Right, Right-Nonright, and Nonright-Nonright pairs in both groups of twins show a binomial distribution. The present results do not confirm a genetic hypothesis of determination of sidedness in humans and are comparable with the results obtained by other twin studies.     

Activities of arginase, transamidinase, and ornithine aminotransferase in glia, neurons, and synaptosomes

The regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution of some enzymes of the urea cycle in brain is not clearly known. Glia, neurons, and synaptosomes have been prepared from rat cerebral cortex and arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), transamidinase (EC 2.1.4.1), and ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) have been estimated in order to understand the metabolic and functional role of these enzymes. It has been observed that arginase is predominantly localized in synaptosomes and neurons. The ornithine aminotransferase was found to be high in glial cells and very high in synaptosomes (higher than arginase). Transamidinase was mostly localized in glial cells. The implication of these results has been discussed in relation to a possible role of ornithine acting as a precursor of glutamate in glutametargic nerve endings and its possible participation in the glutamate-glutamine cycle.     

Neuroepidemiology of Porencephaly,Schizencephaly, and Hydranencephaly in Miyagi Prefecture,Japan

BackgroundNo population-based surveys of porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly have been conducted in Japan or other Asian countries. We performed a neuroepidemiologic analysis to elucidate the incidence of porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, during 2007-2011.MethodsWe sent inquiry forms in February 2012 to three neonatal intensive care units, 25 divisions of orthopedic surgery in municipal hospitals, 33 divisions of pediatrics including one university hospital, municipal hospitals, pediatric practitioners, and institutions for physically handicapped children located in Miyagi prefecture. These covered all clinics related to pediatric neurology and orthopedic surgery in Miyagi prefecture. In the inquiry, diagnostic criteria for porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly were described and representative images of magnetic resonance imaging were shown. We obtained an 82% (27 of 33) response rate from the divisions of pediatrics, a 100% (3 of 3) response rate from the neonatal intensive care units, and a 68% (17 of 25) response rate from orthopedic surgery clinics. The magnetic resonance imaging scans of each patient were retrieved and inspected.ResultsFive, one, and two individuals developed porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly, respectively. The estimated incidence rates of porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly were 5.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-9.8), 1.0 (95% CI, 0.0-3.1), and 2.1 (95% CI, 0.0-5.0) per 100,000 live births, respectively.ConclusionsThe prevalence rates of porencephaly, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly at birth reported herein are compatible with results reported previously in the United States and European countries. The overall prevalence rate of these three diseases was 8.3 (95% CI, 2.6-14.1) per 100,000 live births.