咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断及手术入路选择

目的:探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断及手术入路的合理选择。方法:对45例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者的资料进行回顾性分析。患者均行CT及颈部彩超检查,部分患者行MRI或DSA检查。采用的手术入路分别为:颈侧切开入路35例,腮腺入路5例,颈颌入路2例,颞骨加腮腺入路3例。结果:45例患者中良、恶性肿瘤分别为37例(82.22%)和8例(17.78%),其中以神经源性及涎腺来源最为常见。应用CT、MRI和DSA明确肿瘤的位置、大小、形态、密度、强化程度及肿瘤与茎突和颈动脉的关系,作出术前诊断,其与术后病理诊断的符合率为80%(组织来源符合率)。37例良性肿瘤完整切除,1例淋巴管瘤术后1年复发,再次手术后无复发。8例恶性肿瘤中,2例为恶性混合瘤,1例随诊4年无复发,1例随诊3年,带瘤生存;2例滑膜肉瘤,1例随诊3年无复发,1例随诊2年无复发;1例鼻咽癌咽旁间隙转移,术后给予根治性放疗,随诊5年无复发;1例脊索瘤随诊3年,复发带瘤生存;1例低分化鳞状细胞癌随诊4年,死于肺转移;1例滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤随诊2年无复发;结论:CT、MRI和DSA对咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要意义。颈侧切开入路简便、安全、创伤小,是咽旁间隙肿瘤手术的最...     

上颌外旋及下颌外旋切除前中颅底、咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤的手术研究

目的探讨彻底切除前中颅底、咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤的理想手术入路.方法采用不同部位的上颌外旋入路切除16例前、中颅底肿瘤,此16例肿瘤均累及多区,范围广泛;采用下颌外旋入路治疗26例鼻咽、口咽、咽旁及颅底肿瘤.结果16例上颌外旋术后随访2～5年,生存4年以上3例,3年以上6例,2年以上6例,术后1.5月死亡1例.26例下颌外旋术后随访18个月～6年,4例良性肿瘤情况良好,无复发,22例恶性肿瘤中,2例0.5年内死亡,2例1年余复发,1例术后2年死于肺部转移,4例存活5年以上,6例存活4年以上,3例存活3年以上,3例存活2年以上,1例存活1年以上.大部分病例仍在继续随访中.结论上颌外旋及下颌外旋入路是彻底切除前中颅底、咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤理想、可靠的手术入路.     

侧颅底肿瘤手术入路(附44例报告)

目的:探讨切除侧颅底肿瘤的最佳入路.方法:44例患者中,采用下颌外旋入路17例,耳后C形切口入路16例,上颌外旋入路7例,颞额入路4例.结果:25例良性肿瘤术后无复发;19例恶性肿瘤中,术后生存不足1年2例,1年以上4例,2年以上7例,3年以上6例.结论:下颌外旋入路适用于切除咽旁间隙、颞下窝、鼻咽部、口咽部、蝶骨、斜坡及上颈椎肿瘤;耳后C形切口入路适用于切除颞骨肿瘤.     

咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的影像学特征及经口手术进路分析

目的:分析咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的影像学特征,总结咽旁间隙良性肿瘤手术入路的选择,尤其是经口进路切除咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的方法.方法:回顾性分析1997-2006年收治的48例咽旁间隙良性肿瘤患者的临床资料,术前全部行CT增强扫描,部分行MRI扫描.全部手术治疗,经口进路16例(33.3%),单纯颈侧进路19例(39.6%),颈侧腮腺进路13例(27.1%).结果:CT和MRI能很好地显示肿瘤的部位、形状、大小、范围及可能的病理性质.术后3年内复发2例.经口进路术后发生霍纳氏征1例,术腔血肿形成1例.颈侧进路发生暂时性面瘫5例,副神经麻痹1例.结论:CT和MRI扫描能区分咽旁肿瘤位于茎突前或茎突后间隙以及和邻近组织的关系,手术入路应根据肿瘤的大小、位置和重要血管之间的关系来选择.部分咽旁间隙良性肿瘤经口进路切除安全可行,与颈侧进路比较并不增加手术的危险性和术后复发率, 符合微创美观的原则.     

原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床特征、诊断方法、手术方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院2006年1月至2008年12月收治的40例原发性咽旁肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男22例,女18例;年龄1 ～77岁,中位年龄42岁.CT扫描结合MRI检查有助于咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断和手术方案的制定.手术方式包括:经口入路1例,经颈部入路22例,经腮腺-颈部入路8例,下颌升支纵行裂开入路1例,经颈部-下颌角部分切除入路4例,经腮腺进路2例,耳后颅颈联合入路2例.结果 40例患者均经手术切除,术后病理诊断良性肿瘤28例,恶性肿瘤12例,其中涎腺来源15例,神经来源12例,其余13例为其他组织来源.28例良性肿瘤中,23例经一次手术治愈,随访13～47个月无复发,中位数39个月.12例恶性肿瘤经随访3～50个月,中位数29个月,6例存活(随访时间24～ 50个月,中位数36个月),3例在术后6个月内死亡,3例失访.术后发生脑脊液漏1例,术腔感染2例,迷走神经损伤3例.结论 手术切除是治疗咽旁间隙肿瘤的首选方法,绝大多数肿瘤可以经单纯颈侧入路切除;对于恶性肿瘤或较大的良性肿瘤应选择较宽阔的手术入路.咽旁间隙的良性肿瘤预后较好,而恶性肿瘤组织类型复杂多样,治疗效果差,预后不良.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤(附89例临床分析)

目的总结诊治咽旁间隙肿瘤的经验.方法回顾分析咽旁间隙肿瘤89例.术前为32例患者行针吸活检术,50例行CT检查;全部患者均行手术治疗,经腮腺入路29例,经颈入路45例,经颈-下颌骨外旋入路15例,术后全部标本作病理检查.结果针吸活检32例中27例诊断正确,CT检查50例中46例可准确判断肿瘤的位置;组织学检查良性肿瘤72例(81%),以恶性肿瘤、混合瘤多见37(42%).良性肿瘤术后10例复发(14%),恶性肿瘤12例复发或转移(74%).结论术前针吸活检和CT检查对诊断咽旁肿瘤有意义,经腮腺和经颈部入路是最常用手术进路.     

颅底近颅底肿瘤的手术入路选择

目的 :探讨治疗颅底近颅底肿瘤的最佳手术入路。方法 :对 16 1例颅底近颅底肿瘤 ,采用颅面联合入路 6例 ,上颌骨截除或 (和 )眶内容物摘除术 5例 ,鼻侧切开术 7例 ,额眶入路 1例 ,上颌骨切开外旋及扩大外旋入路 2 1例 ,经颈合并下颌骨切开外旋入路 30例 ,经颈入路 4 8例 ,耳后大C形切口入路 19例 ,颈腮入路 8例 ,经口入路 6例 ,颞额入路 8例 ,耳前颞下入路 2例。结果 :98例良性肿瘤中除 2例经口入路者复发外 ,余无复发。恶性肿瘤 6 3例 ,1例术后 1.5个月并发脑脊液漏死于颅内感染。生存期最长 1例已超过 8年。生存 5年以上 10例 ,3年以上 19例 ,2年以上 16例 ,1年以上 16例。 3、5年生存率分别为 5 9.18% (2 9/49) ,38.4 6 % (10 /2 6 )。结论 :只有根据颅底肿瘤的具体部位及范围、病理类型进行术式设计 ,选择合适的手术入路才能提高颅底肿瘤的治疗效果。     

改良颈-腮腺入路高位咽旁间隙肿瘤切除术探讨

目的总结改良颈-腮腺入路切除高位咽旁间隙肿瘤的可靠性和安全性。方法回顾性分析经我科手术治疗的35例高位咽旁间隙肿瘤患者,术前均进行增强CT和MRI评估。其中24例采用单纯的颈-腮腺入路完整切除肿瘤,3例颅底受累者采取颈-腮腺入路联合颞枕侧颅底入路,2例混合瘤患者采用颈-腮腺入路联合下颌角部分切除,3例神经鞘瘤和1例淋巴血管瘤尝试采用颈-腮腺入路联合内镜辅助下手术,1例癌肉瘤和颅底受累及1例颈动脉体瘤术中改行联合下颌骨裂开入路。结果术后病理混合瘤13例,神经鞘瘤11例,副神经节瘤4例,颈动脉体瘤4例,淋巴血管瘤1例,脊索瘤1例和癌肉瘤1例。患者随访11个月～10年,无严重并发症,癌肉瘤患者术后13个月出现脑转移死亡。结论多数高位咽旁间隙良性肿瘤可以经传统颈-腮腺入路完整切除,改良的颈-腮腺入路可以得到清晰的术野暴露,完整切除高位咽旁间隙肿瘤,只有在恶性肿瘤或需要颈内动脉重建时才考虑联合下颌骨裂开术。     

上颌骨外旋入路切除颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的：探讨颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法：2例咽旁间隙肿瘤、1例颅底肿瘤患者均采用上颌骨外旋入路，取Weber-Ferguson-Longmire切口，形成以咬肌为蒂的上颌骨肌皮瓣并外旋，充分暴露鼻咽部及咽旁间隙，直视下完整切除肿瘤。以颊部脂肪堵塞残留空腔，行上颌骨骨瓣复位。结果：3例术后切口愈合良好，颌面部无明显畸形及颌面功能障碍，其中1例术后行放疗。3例术后随访10个月～2年，肿瘤均无复发。结论：上颌骨外旋是切除颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤的较佳手术入路，能充分暴露颅底及咽旁间隙、鼻咽部，在直视下完整分离切除肿瘤，手术安全，损伤小，术后功能恢复良好。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法总结１９８６年～１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６０％。高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的颈动脉体瘤；应用侧颅底入路切除１例起源于颈静脉孔生长至咽旁间隙的神经鞘瘤。结论认为经口径路仅用于较小的肿瘤切除；经颈腮腺径路主要用于侵入咽旁间隙的腮腺深叶肿瘤的切除；经颈下颌骨正中裂开径路是切除咽旁间隙特殊肿瘤安全有效的入路。     

颈腮入路及其拓展术式在咽旁隙肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨颈腮入路及其拓展术式在咽旁隙肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月~2018年4月行经颈腮入路手术治疗的29例咽旁颅底肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中2例颈腮入路切除颅底咽旁隙复发肿瘤，1例颈腮入路下颌骨升支离断再复位切除侵犯颅底咽旁隙巨大复发性多形性腺瘤，2例颈腮入路下颌骨升支后缘部分切除暴露咽旁隙切除侵犯颅底的多形性腺瘤，22例颈腮入路将下颌骨前上牵拉暴露颅底咽旁隙并切除该部位肿瘤，2例颈腮入路结合内镜辅助切除颅底咽旁隙复发神经来源肿瘤。结果本组29例患者皆成功手术，其中恶性肿瘤2例，良性肿瘤27例；27例良性肿瘤中，多形性腺瘤25例，复发神经来源肿瘤2例。25例多形性腺瘤病例中3例为复发多形性腺瘤；本组病例均无出血、张口受限等不良并发症。复发良性肿瘤病例中2例行术后预防气管切开，术后1个月皆拔除气管套管。2例颅底咽旁隙复发恶性肿瘤中手术后最短存活时间为1年7个月，最长3年。结论颈腮入路不仅适应于大部分咽旁隙肿瘤的切除，而且可以根据肿瘤的性质和累及颅底的范围进行适当拓展，以实现有效切除肿瘤和保证重要解剖结构的安全。     

下颌外旋切除咽及颅底肿瘤

目的 探讨咽及颅底肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法 １３例咽及颅底肿瘤中，鼻咽部２例，口咽部４例，咽旁间隙５例，咽旁颞下区２例。均采用下颌骨切开外旋入路进行了根治性切除。同期行咽后淋巴结清扫术５例，改良根治性颈清扫术２例，咽部缺损以胸大肌皮瓣整复５例。恶性肿瘤术后均接受了辅助性放射治疗。结果 １３例患者中恶性肿瘤１０例，良性肿瘤３例。１２例切口愈合良好，１例术后胸大肌皮瓣感染坏死，延缓愈合。１例吞咽困     

transcervical approach for resection of lateral skull base tumors

Objectives Conventional approaches for removal of lateral skull base tumors, including transmandibular, infratemporal fossa, preauricular transzygmatic subtemporal approaches, are major invasive procedures that often sacrifice hearing and cause abnormal occlusion and cosmetic defects. Reports of the transcervical approach for resection of skull base tumors are rare, although it was described for resection of clival chordomas in as early as 1966. The purpose of this study is to review our experiences in management of lateral skull base tumors using the transcervical approach. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Six lateral skull base tumor cases treated with transcervical approach procedures were reviewed, including the medical records. Results There were 4 males and 2 females. Age ranged from 12 through 52 years. Histopathological diagnoses included malignant schwannoma(n = 1), malignant carotid body tumor(n = 1), heamangioma(n=1), schwannoma (n=2) and pleomorphic adenoma (n = 1). Transcervical techniques were used in all cases with the use of microscope in the lateral skull base area. Complete tumor removal was achieved in all cases. Postoperative radiotherapy was implemented in 1 case of malignant schwannoma and 1 case of malignant carotid body tumor. Jugular foramen syndrome occurred as a surgical complication in 1 case of malignant Schwannoma of the vagus nerve. There was no tumor recurrence during the 10 - 42 month follow-up period. Conclusion Compared with conventional approaches, the transcervical approach provides a easy, safe, minimal invasive and effective procedure for removal of selected lateral skull base tumors.     

原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤67例回顾性分析

目的分析原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床特点及手术径路选择,探讨不同手术径路的优缺点及预后。方法回顾性分析67例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者资料,所有患者术前均行CT和(或)MRI检查,三种手术路径分别为颈侧径路45例、口内径路20例、颈-腮径路2例。术后病理学检查明确诊断,对所有手术患者进行术后定期随访,随访时间8~110个月,中位随访时间45个月。结果67例中良性肿瘤共59例(88.1%),恶性肿瘤8例(11.9%);24例(35.8%)患者出现术后并发症,其中颈侧径路20例(29.9%),口内径路3例(4.5%),颈-腮径路1例(1.5%),其中7例(10.4%)随访后好转。复发患者7例(10.4%),颈侧径路4例(6.0%),口内径路3例(4.5%)。结论咽旁间隙解剖毗邻复杂,病理类型繁多,肿瘤以良性为主,治疗以手术切除为主。术前根据影像学检查结果,肿瘤大小及解剖关系决定手术径路。颈侧径路仍是咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的首选方法,但在肿瘤最大直径<6 cm并位于动脉内侧的良性肿瘤患者中,可考虑口内径路。     

Evaluation and surgical approaches to tumors of the parapharyngeal space

BACKGROUND: Tumors of the parapharyngeal space encompass a wide variety of benign or malignant neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with the history, diagnosis and management of parapharyngeal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study the data of 19 patients who underwent surgical excision between 1995 and 2001 were analyzed with regard to presenting signs and symptoms, histologic diagnosis, imaging technique and surgical approach. 12 patients were female, 7 male. The youngest patient was 17, the oldest 72 years of age (mean: 47). RESULTS: Two thirds of the resected tumors were benign. Eight tumors originated from salivary glands, neurogenic tumors were found in 6 patients, malignant lymphomas in two cases. CT was performed in 16 patients, an additional MRI was indicated in 5 patients due to the superior soft-tissue resolution. In one patient arteriography revealed a paraganglioma. Preoperative localization of the tumor was possible in all cases. The transcervical approach was performed in the majority of cases (7). An intraoral excision (4) in combination with a transcervical approach (3), transcervical-tarnsmandibular (1) or a midfacial degloving (2) was performed less frequently. CONCLUSION: Benign parapharyngeal tumors prevail. In the majority of cases they originate from the salivary glands. CT and MRI are the diagnostic procedure of choice to select the surgical approach with the least morbidity. MRI should be preferred since it provides superior soft-tissue resolution, multiplanar imaging, identification of the vascular structures and no exposition to ionizing radiation. Arteriography should be performed if indicated by MRI findings. Incisional biopsy or fine needle biopsy should be performed only in cases which appear to be unresectable. Intraoral excisions should be indicated only for small tumors. The majority of tumors can be excised using the transcervical approach. Excessive tumor growth or tumors growing close to the skull base may indicate an infratemporal approach or a mandibulotomy.     

Clinical analysis of eight cases treated with lateral skull base surgery]

Eight cases were treated by lateral skull base surgery. Three benign tumors (2: paraganglioma, 1: neurinoma) originated from parapharyngeal space and infiltrated into jugular foramen, and five malignant tumors (3: squamous cell carcinoma, 1: adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1: rhabdomyosarcoma) involved the skull base. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging gives information as to whether tumors invaded to cranial bone or not, and also permits deciding surgical procedures. Surgical management of mandibular bone was performed in five cases for complete tumor resection and sufficient surgical view; hemimandibulectomy was carried out in four malignant cases, who simultaneously underwent radical neck dissection, and one benign case underwent mandiblotomy. Ligation of sigmoid sinus was carried out in four cases (1; benign, 3; malignant) to control bleeding from large vessels. The skull base was reconstructed with myocutaneous flaps which were fixed by fibrin tissue adhesive. No significant surgical complications were not noted. There were no recurrence of benign tumor during 8-13 years follow up period. Malignant tumors, except one (rhabdomyosarcoma), had no local recurrence during follow up period (4 months-2 years). We emphasize that the progress in preoperative assessment, as well as in reconstructive surgical techniques, will assure more adequate indication of lateral skull surgery for malignant tumors.     

咽旁隙肿瘤的诊断及治疗

目的 了解咽旁隙解剖特征，提高咽旁隙肿瘤诊治水平。方法回顾分析近9年收治的45例咽旁隙肿瘤病人临床表现、影像学特征、外科径路、手术所见及手术后并发症，全部病人随访8个月～9年。结果良性肿瘤40例(其中神经源性肿瘤28例)，恶性肿瘤5例。术前CT或MRI能明确肿瘤的大小、位置、扩展范围、以及与周围结构的关系。术后出现伸舌偏斜2例，口角偏斜1例，Hoiner综合征4例，右上肢曲屈障碍1例，3例术后肿瘤复发再次手术治愈。结论原发性咽旁隙肿瘤以神经源性肿瘤多见，MRI和/或CT检查是诊断咽旁隙肿瘤及术前确定手术方案的基础，且MRI检查优于CT。根据病变的部位及特性，手术可选择经口径路、颈侧径路或颈侧联合径路切除肿瘤。     

颞下窝-翼腭窝-咽旁间隙肿瘤手术进路探讨

目的：探讨如何选择最佳手术进路切除颞下窝-翼腭窝-咽旁间隙肿瘤，以提高疗效，减少并发症和后遗症。方法：回顾性分析66例颞下窝、翼腭窝、咽旁间隙肿瘤患者，包括组织学诊断、影像学检查及手术人路。结果：50例良性肿瘤患者术后随访2～5年，均无复发；16例恶性肿瘤患者，术后随访2～5年，生存期不足1年4例，2～4年8例，5年及以上4例。结论：扩大上颌骨切除术适于上颌窦原发恶性肿瘤侵及翼腭窝、颞下窝和（或）咽旁间隙的患者；面正中揭翻术适于鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽及翼腭窝良性肿瘤及局限的恶性肿瘤患者；颈侧高位切开下颌骨外旋人路术适于咽旁间隙肿瘤累及翼腭窝和（或）颞下窝的患者；颈颌径路-下颌骨截骨术适于咽旁间隙-颞下窝良、恶件肿瘤侵犯侧颅底及翼腭窝的患者。