新生儿甲基丙二酸血症及丙酸血症各2例

甲基丙二酸血症(methylmalonic academia,MMA)和丙酸血症(propionic acidemia,PA)是两种较少见的常染色体隐性遗传病。由于该类疾病较少见,缺乏特异性临床表现,且新生儿科医生对此病的认识不足,常难以在新生儿期明确诊断,以致延误治疗[1]。MMA及PA的临床表现均由于严重的代谢性酸中毒及异常代谢产物堆积的毒性作用所致[3],因此发病症状相似,偶有特殊表现的报道[4]。现报告吉林大学第一医院新生儿科2011—     

有机酸血症5例

目的 提高对遗传代谢病神经系统症状的认识。方法应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC／MS）对5例病人的尿样本作有机酸分析。进行筛查诊断，对3例丙二酸血症（MMA）及2例丙酸血症（PA）作以确诊。确诊后接受相应饮食和药物治疗。结果治疗后5例有机酸血症患儿智力、运动发育情况均有改善。结论有机酸血症临床表现复杂。对于不明原因的酸中毒伴意识障碍、惊厥、发育迟滞等症状的病人。须警惕遗传代谢病。GC／MS尿有机酸分析是有机酸尿（血）症筛查与诊断的可靠方法。早诊断及早治疗对改善预后尤为关键。     

丙酸血症1例

患儿,女,19d,因拒乳、嗜睡6d、抽搐1次入院。患儿6d前无明显诱因出现拒乳,嗜睡,反应差,无发热,无呕吐。当地医院予抗感染治疗无好转来本院就诊。第1胎第1产,足月剖宫产。患儿父母体健,非近亲结婚,否认家族中有特殊病史。体检:精神萎糜,嗜睡,全身皮肤苍白,无出血点及黄染,皮肤弹     

高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征诊治研究进展

高胰岛素血症-高氨血症综合征（hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome，HI/HA syndrome）是先天性高胰岛素血症（HI）中第二大常见亚型。患有该综合征的儿童有空腹和高蛋白质饮食诱发的低血糖，并伴有持续高氨血症。编码谷氨酸脱氢酶的基因GLUD1致病变异是HI/HA综合征的病因。谷氨酸脱氢酶在肝、肾、脑和胰腺细胞中表达。即使在血糖正常的情况下，HI/HA综合征患者出现神经系统损害较常见。服用ATP敏感的钾离子通道开放剂二氮嗪可以很好地控制HI/HA综合征患者的低血糖，但高氨血症无法改善。     

植物固醇血症被误诊为家族性高胆固醇血症1例

正植物固醇血症(OMIM:210250)是罕见的遗传代谢病,于1974年首次被报道,其主要临床特征为血清植物固醇水平增加,总胆固醇水平轻到中度增高[1-2]、多发皮肤肌腱黄色瘤及早发动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病,严重者于5岁左右死于心肌梗死[3]。由于临床表型酷似纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症,也称为假性纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症,极易误诊漏诊误治[4]。目前认为植物固醇血症发病率为1/600万,全球报道病例仅约百例[5]。植物固醇血症的主要致病基因不同于家族性高胆固醇血症,为三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G5或G8(ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5或8分别由ABCG5、ABCG8基因编码)缺陷[1]。     

瓜氨酸血症一例

患儿男，１３岁，因头痛、嗜睡２３天，呕吐３天，意识不清１２小时入院。入院２３天前，因腹痛口服氨酚待因片（成份为对乙酰氨基酚和可待因）后１０分钟出现头痛，呈间歇性，伴嗜睡，走路时似喝醉酒样。２０天前抽搐１次，表现为双眼凝视，牙关紧闭，双手握拳，四肢强直...     

儿童低脂蛋白血症

血浆脂蛋白的生物合成及代谢血浆脂蛋白是由蛋白质和脂类(甘油三脂、胆固醇及其酯、磷酯)所组成。各类脂蛋白的脂类没有质的差别只有量的不同,脂蛋白的蛋白部分称载脂蛋白,它分为A、B、C、D等类。各类脂蛋白所含的载脂蛋白不一样,如乳糜微粒(CM)和极低密度脂蛋白     

高胰岛素血症伴高氨血症综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨GLUD1基因变异所致高胰岛素血症伴高氨血症综合征临床表现和致病基因特点。方法回顾分析1例高胰岛素血症伴高氨血症综合征患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,1岁9个月起病,反复出现血糖偏低2年余,并惊厥发作3次,给予升血糖、止惊对症处理后可缓解;伴血胰岛素、血氨水平升高,诊断为高胰岛素血症伴高氨血症综合征。高通量测序发现患儿GLUD1基因存在错义变异c.965GA,p.Arg322His(杂合),其父母该位点均为正常基因型,为新生突变。结论基因检测有助于明确高胰岛素血症伴高氨血症综合征诊断。     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

The importance of different immunosuppressive regimens in the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus

Solid-organ transplantation is the optimal long-term treatment for most patients with end-stage organ failure. After solid-organ transplantation, short-term graft survival significantly improved (1). However, due to chronic allograft nephropathy and death with functioning graft, long-term survival has not prolonged remarkably (2). Posttransplant immunosuppressive medications consist of one of the calcineurin inhibitors in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (Aza) and steroids. All of them have different adverse effects, among which posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events and infections causing the death of many transplant patients and it may directly contribute to graft failure (3). According to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (4), diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined by symptoms of diabetes (polyuria and polydipsia and weight loss) plus casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L following oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This metabolic disorder occurring as a complication of organ transplantation has been recognized for many years. PTDM, which is a combination of decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance, develops in 4.9/15.9% of liver transplant patients, in 4.7/11.5% of kidney recipients, and in 15/17.5% of heart and lung transplants [cyclosporine A (CyA)/tacrolimus (Tac)-based regimen, respectively] (5). Risk factors of PTDM can be divided into non-modifiable and modifiable ones (6), among which the most prominent is the immunosuppressive therapy being responsible for 74% of PTDM development (7). Emphasizing the importance of the PTDM, numerous studies have determined the long-term outcome. On the basis of these studies, graft and patient survival is tendentiously (8) or significantly (9, 10) decreased for those developing PTDM.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age

Aim: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.

Methods: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.

Results: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.

Conclusion: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.     

VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE PEDIATRIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT PATIENT

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, causes the clinical syndromes of chickenpox during primary infection and shingles on later reactivation. In immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, VZV can produce life-threatening infections. The most serious forms of VZV infection involve hematogenous dissemination of the virus to vital organs, such as the lung, brain, and liver. Advances in immunoprophylaxis, antiviral chemotherapy, and vaccine development have provided effective tools to limit the morbidity and mortality previously associated with VZV infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. In this review, we discuss virologic aspects of VZV, pathogenesis of VZV infection, methods of viral diagnosis, clinical manifestations of infection in both normal and immunocompromised patients, and available preventative and therapeutic measures.     

The potential role of rapamycin in pediatric transplantation as observed from adult studies

Although pediatric patient and renal graft survival rates have shown marked improvements during the past decade, the persistent toxicities of immunosuppressive drugs and chronic allograft attrition remain major obstacles in transplant therapy. Results in adult patients suggest that complete steroid withdrawal is possible in the majority of recipients under treatment with a cyclosporin A-rapamycin (CsA RAPA) regimen. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that a marked reduction in the dose of CsA may be possible under the umbrella of RAPA coverage. The gain in immunosuppressive efficacy afforded by RAPA has not only been obtained without an increased morbidity owing to infectious or neoplastic causes, but also with the potential for reducing the incidence and/or progression of chronic rejection.     

GENETICS OF CARNEY COMPLEX AND RELATED FAMILIAL LENTIGINOSES, AND OTHER MULTIPLE TUMOR SYNDROMES

Carney complex is a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome that affects the adrenal cortex, the pituitary and thyroid glands, and the gonads. The complex is also associated with skin and mucosa pigmentation abnormalities and myxoid and other neoplasms of mesenchymal and neural crest origin. Thus, this syndrome also belongs to another group of genetic disorders, the lentiginoses (or lentigenoses), which include the Peutz-Jeghers, LEOPARD, arterial dissections and lentiginosis, and Laugier-Hunziker syndromes, Cowden disease and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith (Bannayan-Zonana) syndrome and the centrofacial, benign patterned and segmental lentiginoses, all of which can be associated with a variety of developmental defects. The inheritance of Carney complex, just like that of the other MENs and the lentiginoses, is autosomal dominant. Genetic loci or genes have been identified for Carney complex, Peutz-Jeghers and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndromes, but not for other lentiginoses. Elucidation of the molecular defects responsible for these disorders is expected to shed light on aspects of early neural crest differentiation, the regulation of pigmentation, the development of autonomous endocrine function, and endocrine and nonendocrine tumorigenesis.     

All you ever wanted to know about infant formulas (but were afraid to ask)

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and health care professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and often attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Génétique des schizophrénies : mise en perspective des schizophrénies à début précoce et autres pathologies du développement

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe brain disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, flat and/or inappropriate affect and cognitive impairment. The lifetime risk is about 0.5% with heritability of 65–85%. The prevalence of early-onset schizophrenia (defined here as before 15 years of age) has not been well studied, but is likely to be 5–10% of all cases. The rarity of early-onset SCZ has made it difficult to study. We focus on genetic studies of adults with schizophrenia, highlighting results for early-onset schizophrenia where available. Prior to the past 5 years, studies failed to find replicable association or linkage between SCZ and specific genes when appropriate statistical corrections for multiple testing were used. Many false positive results were probably reported using the candidate gene approach. Recently, the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) “chips” has permitted large genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses that suggest that across all age groups, a proportion of genetic risk can be attributed to a large number of common SNP, each with a very small effect on risk (odds ratios of 1.1 or less). The greatest known genetic effect is conferred by the 1.5–3 Mb 22q.11.2 deletions, which occurs in ∼ 1/4000–1/6000 births with SCZ developing in 20–30% of carriers. Large SNP and aCGH microarray studies have now identified associations between SCZ and other rare, large copy number variations (CNV, insertions and deletions) with high odds ratios (5–10), including deletions of 1q21, 2p16.3 (neurexin-1 gene), 3q29 and 15q13.3, and duplications of 16p11.2. Some of these CNV are also associated with autism or other developmental disorders as well as epilepsy or intellectual deficiency, suggesting some overlap in the mechanisms that contribute to risks of these disorders. Based on preliminary data from larger-scale analyses in progress, approximately 1–2% of cases carry a CNV that has been clearly associated with SCZ (ORs 4–12). Whole exome and genome sequencing studies of large adult samples will be the next steps to identify rarer SCZ-associated mutations, including point mutations and smaller as well as rarer CNV. Genetic findings are beginning to contribute to an understanding of biological mechanisms of SCZ risk and may lead to new approaches to treatment.     

INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins (specifically A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.