小儿微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术

目的总结小儿微创经皮。肾输尿管镜取石术的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析57例(59例次)应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗小儿上尿路结石的患儿资料。男34例，女23例；年龄4～16岁。手术指征包括直径大于2．0cm或铸型肾结石36例次(其中手术后残留或复发的肾结石9例次)，引起梗阻性肾扩张的肾或输尿管上段结石9例次，ESWL术失败的肾或输尿管上段结石7例次，合并远端梗阻的肾结石7例次。结果手术治疗59例次，其中41例次(69．5％)经一次PCNL结石被完全清除。因术中出血需输血4例次，明显尿外渗1例次。PCNL加ESWL或重复PCNL，结石完全清除率达86．4％。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术是一种治疗小儿肾和输尿管上段结石安全、有效的方法。     

CT尿路成像技术在儿童经皮肾镜碎石术中的应用

目的探讨CT尿路成像技术在小儿B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂肾结石的术前应用。方法对24例复杂肾结石患者在行经皮肾镜碎石术前,应用CT尿路成像三维重建技术,了解肾结石的部位、形状、结石分支的位置或方向,以及有无。肾盏积水等,确定穿刺点、穿刺角度和深度,以提供最优穿刺路径,并与同期29例未行CTU评估的穿刺患儿比较结石清除率。结果24例使用CTU的患儿因为提供了最优穿刺路径,结石诊断率为100％,穿刺成功率100％,结石总取净率为79．4％,无输血病例,无腹腔脏器及胸膜损伤发生,较未行CTU评估穿刺的患儿结石一期清除率明显提高。结论应用CT尿路成像技术对肾结石进行评估,制定最佳穿刺路径,可减少穿刺损伤周围脏器的风险,减少手术出血。经皮肾镜碎石术前应用CTU能提高穿刺成功率,提高结石清除率,减少和避免术后并发症。     

经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析47例（52侧）采用经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗的上尿路结石患儿临床资料.结果 47例52侧上尿路结石,单用输尿管软镜碎石取石术35例、硬镜＋软镜12例.其中2侧一次入鞘置镜碎石成功;其余采用双J管扩张输尿管后,45侧置入软镜导引鞘成功.45侧置入导引鞘者,39侧一次碎石成功;另外3侧进行了第二次碎石手术;其他3侧未寻及结石,2侧改由MPCNL,1侧观察.5侧导引鞘置入不成功者,其中2侧在斑马导丝引导下置入软镜到肾盂进行碎石成功;另外2例改由微创经皮肾穿刺碎石取石术（MPCNL）,1例失访.共49侧入镜成功并碎石.术后1个月复查B超或CT,46侧结石全部排尽,清石率88.5%（46/52）,3例残留下盏结石,术后2～4周再行软镜碎石取石术,术后1个月复查,结石全部排尽.术后2个月总清石率92.3%（49/52）.本组平均手术时间为 45 min（25~115 min）.术后平均住院时间3 d（2~5 d）,术后出血少,发生输尿管口撕裂1例,无输尿管反流和狭窄.3例出现术后发热.43例术后随访2～24个月,未见输尿管狭窄,1例术后1年结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管软镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,是治疗儿童肾和输尿管上段结石安全有效的方法.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗小儿复杂肾结石合并上尿路梗阻

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗小儿复杂肾结石合并上尿道梗阻的疗效和临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我们于2006年6月至2009年6月采用微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗的20例小儿复杂肾结石合并上尿路梗阻患儿临床资料,其中男14例,女6例,年龄8个月至11岁,平均年龄4.5岁。结果全部患儿平均住院时间6 d,20例中,16例一期全部取净,4例行二期取净,一期结石清除率为80.0%(16/20),术中未见肾盂大穿孔或肾皮质撕裂的并发症,无一例需术中输血,所有患儿术后随访6~12个月,未见输尿管狭窄或闭锁等并发症。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗小儿复杂肾结石合并上尿路梗阻安全有效,值得在临床上推广。     

学龄儿童肾结石经皮肾取石术疗效评估

目的 评价经皮肾取石术(PCNL)治疗学龄儿童肾结石的疗效与安全性.方法 2006年8月至2011年8月对25例7～12岁学龄儿童肾结石患者接受经皮肾取石术治疗.X线定位穿刺,建立16F经皮肾通道,8/9.8F输尿管镜下碎石取石.结果 平均手术时间74 min.20例肾结石患儿I期PCNL取出结石,2例患儿接受Ⅱ期pCNL治疗并取净结石,结石清除率88％(22/25).无严重并发症发生.结论 对有手术指征的学龄儿童肾结石,采用经皮肾取石术治疗是安全有效的.     

输尿管软镜在小儿多发性肾结石治疗中的应用

目的 探讨输尿管软镜在小儿多发性肾结石经肾盂切开取石术治疗中的应用价值。方法 将输尿管软镜用于小儿肾多发性结石经肾盂切开取石术，术中经输尿管软镜配合气压弹道碎石，以及钳夹冲洗等方法取出结石。结果 全部一次性取尽结石。输尿管软镜对肾盂肾盏内其他病变也能起到检查及治疗作用，具有对肾脏损伤小，恢复快，并发症少等优点。结论 小儿多发性肾结石经肾盂切开并配合输尿管软镜治疗是一种安全有效的方法。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗儿童上尿路结石

目的 探讨经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗儿童上尿路结石的疗效与安全性.方法 上尿路结石患儿51例,平均年龄5.6岁,均为14岁以下.其中肾结石41例,结石平均大小16.8 mm（11～28 mm）,输尿管结石10例,结石平均大小11.5 mm（10～16 mm）.全部病例使用全身麻醉下经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗.术后行超声或X线摄片观察疗效,术后随访2～20个月.结果 51例患儿中,单通道取石49例（96%）,双通道取石2例（3%）.一期取石46例（90%）,二期取石5例（9%）.结石排尽率96%（49/51）.平均手术时间85.5 min.一期取净结石者住院时间7～10 d,平均8 d.术中操作鞘脱出腹膜后渗液1例,置腹膜后引流管后渗液消失.术后发热4例（7%）;1例（2%）术后大出血予输血及超选择性肾动脉栓塞后治愈.4例残石患儿,2例二期行原窦道或再次穿刺取石取净;1例一期取石术后ESWL治疗仍有残石,1例一期取石术后出血放弃再次取石.全部病例术后半年复查彩超,49例肾积水消失,2例重度肾积水转为轻度肾积水,手术肾脏未见缩小.结论 经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术并发症少,净石率高,可重复取石,是治疗儿童上尿路结石安全有效的手段.     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石

目的 总结我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石的经验,并且探讨其安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月到2 009年12月,我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗18例幼儿上尿路结石的患儿资料.所有手术均使用8.0/9.8F输尿管镜代替肾镜,12～16F的肾通道,X线定位下完成.结果 其中16例患儿结石完全取净,清除率为88.9%,2例患儿需要联合ESWL治疗.平均手术时间76.5 min,平均血红蛋白下降18.7 g/L.Ⅰ期处理14例,Ⅱ期处理4例.结论 微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石安全有效,并发症少,并且可以多次治疗.     

小儿无管化经皮肾镜取石术的安全性和效果分析

目的 探讨小儿无管化经皮肾镜取石术( tubeless PCNL)的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析6例应用留置输尿管外支架的tubeless PCNL治疗肾或输尿管上段结石的患儿资料.男4例,女2例.年龄2～12岁,平均6.5岁.其中肾盂结石3例,输尿管上段结石2例,肾多发性结石1例.结石平均大小为(2.5±2.1)cm2.合并患肾中度积液4例,轻度积液2例.6例在经皮肾镜取石术结束时,通过B超和C臂X线证实结石已经完全清除,然后把逆行插入的输尿管导管的头端调整至肾盂的中央,让扩张鞘退至肾造瘘通道以外,证实瘘道无活动性出血,最后拔除扩张鞘,并用丝线缝合皮肤伤口.结果 6例患儿通过单一通道完全清除结石,其中4例经肾上盏入路,2例经肾中盏人路.手术时间30～75 min,平均35 min.手术引起血红蛋白下降3～10g/L,平均6.5 g/L.术后住院2d.无出现严重出血、尿外渗、发热和邻近器官损伤等并发症.结论 在严格掌握手术适应证的前提下,在小儿施行留置输尿管外支架的tubeless PCNL是安全和有效的.     

经皮输尿管镜治疗小儿上尿路结石(附11例报告)

目的探讨经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石的手术方法与临床效果。方法对经皮输尿管镜取石治疗11例小儿上尿路结石的病例进行回顾性分析。结果11例均取得满意取石效果,未出现严重并发症。Ⅰ期取石9例结石取尽;2例结石残余,其中1例经同一通道Ⅱ期取石,结石取尽,另1例结石残余但梗阻解除残余结石对肾个功能无明显影响未进一步处理,结石取尽率91%。结论经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石是比较安全和有效的一种手术方法。     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in a county in Sweden

Overweight among young people in Sweden is increasing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of overweight and obesity based on body mass index (BMI) values among children and adolescents. Overweight was defined as a BMI value > or = 91st percentile and obesity as a BMI value > 98th percentile on an international reference BMI curve. The study population included boys and girls from four age groups: 9, 12, 15 and 18 y. The data consisted of self-reported measures of height and weight that were obtained from questionnaires used in a cross-sectional study in December 1997. A validation study was performed using a part of the study population. A total of 7011 (81.7%) participants completed the questionnaire. The correlation between self-reported estimations and objective measures of height and weight was high in the oldest age groups (0.88-0.98), but lower in the 9-y-old age groups (0.37-0.72). These self-reported estimations in the 9-y-olds were excluded from further analysis. It was found that 12.3%, 11.6% and 11.4% of the boys in the 12-, 15- and 18-y-old age groups and 6.8%, 5.5% and 4.8% of the girls in the same age groups were overweight and 7.9%, 8.9% and 7.3% of the boys and 5.1%, 4.2% and 3.9% of the girls were obese. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be high in the study population and is a serious public health problem. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 15-y-old boys living in rural areas than in city and town dwellers of the same age.     

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??Up to 650 000 deaths annually are associated with respiratory diseases from seasonal influenza??indicating the high burden of influenza and its substantial social cost to the world. The incidence of Influenza is high among children. Vaccine and antiviral medicine can both prevent influenza??and health education is always neglected. Neuraminidase inhibitor remains the main antiviral drug. During the management of influenza infections??doctors should pay great attention to its complications??especially pneumonia and encephalopathy.     

Resistin and leptin in breast milk and infants in early life

Background

The role of adipokines in early life is considered an emerging topic issue in nutritional researches.

Aims

To evaluate serum resistin and leptin concentrations and their relations in infants and in breast milk.

Study design

We enrolled 41 term, AGA, healthy infants, of which 23 exclusively breast-fed (BF) and 18 formula-fed (FF), aged less than 6 months. Breast milk (BM) samples were collected from 23 breastfeeding mothers of the infants enrolled. Resistin concentration in serum and BM was determined by ELISA test (Human-Resistin-ELISA, Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany). Leptin concentration was determined by Radioimmunoassay method (LEP-R40, Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany). Infants weight, length and body mass index were measured. We used Mann–Whitney test. Spearman correlation was applied. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Data are reported as median and interquartile range (IR).

Results

Infants serum resistin concentration was 9.30 (5.02) ng/ml. Breast milk resistin concentration (n = 23) was 0.18 (0.44) ng/ml. Leptin concentration was 3.04 (3.68) ng/ml in infants serum and in BM was 2.34 (5.73) ng/ml. Serum resistin concentrations in BF infants correlated positively with BM resistin (r = 0.636, p = 0.035). We have shown a positive correlation between resistin and leptin in total group of infants (r = 0.44, p = 0.05), confirmed in breastfed subjects (r = 0.65, p = 0.02). No correlations were found between serum hormones and anthropometric parameters of infants.

Conclusion

Our findings show interestingly a positive correlation between resistin concentrations in BF infants serum and in BM and between resistin and leptin in infants.     

Dietary patterns in infancy and cognitive and neuropsychological function in childhood

Background: Trials in developing countries suggest that improving young children’s diet may benefit cognitive development. Whether dietary composition influences young children’s cognition in developed countries is unclear. Although many studies have examined the relation between type of milk received in infancy and subsequent cognition, there has been no investigation of the possible effect of variations in the weaning diet. Methods: We studied 241 children aged 4 years, whose diet had been assessed at age 6 and 12 months. We measured IQ with the Wechsler Pre‐School and Primary Scale of Intelligence, visual attention, visuomotor precision, sentence repetition and verbal fluency with the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY), and visual form‐constancy with the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills. Results: In sex‐adjusted analyses, children whose diet in infancy was characterised by high consumption of fruit, vegetables and home‐prepared foods (‘infant guidelines’ dietary pattern) had higher full‐scale and verbal IQ and better memory performance at age 4 years. Further adjustment for maternal education, intelligence, social class, quality of the home environment and other potential confounding factors attenuated these associations but the relations between higher ‘infant guidelines’ diet score and full‐scale and verbal IQ remained significant. For a standard deviation increase in ‘infant guidelines’ diet score at 6 or 12 months full‐scale IQ rose by .18 (95% CI .04 to .31) of a standard deviation. For a standard deviation increase in ‘infant guidelines’ diet score at 6 months verbal IQ rose by .14 (.01 to .27) of a standard deviation. There were no associations between dietary patterns in infancy and 4‐year performance on the other tests. Conclusions: These findings suggest that dietary patterns in early life may have some effect on cognitive development. It is also possible that they reflect the influence of unmeasured confounding factors.     

小儿食管裂孔疝和胃食管返流的超声检查

介绍１４０例正常小儿和７例疑为胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）患儿的食管腹腔部分和贲门的超声显像法、形态和测量值，说明Ｂ型超声和超声多普勒双功扫描不仅有助于对食管远端和贲门部生理状态的研究，也有助于食管裂孔疝和ＧＥＲ的诊断。     

The prostate in the neonate and infant in cryptorchism and hypospadias

The prostates of 8 neonates with cryptorchism and of 4 neonates and 1 infant with hypospadias have been examined and the findings have been compared with those in 127 controls.The processes of proliferation of the prostatic tubule epithelium, squamous metaplasia and secretion were normal in 7 of the 8 cases with cryptorchism and in all 5 cases with hypospadias. These findings are in contrast to 4 other cases where cryptorchism was associated with congenital renal malformations and all of whom showed an abnormal appearance of the prostate (as described elsewhere).The secretory activity of the prostate was markedly reduced in a neonate with cryptorchism who also had extreme testicular hypoplasia and marked underdevelopment of the penis, probably indicating a prenatal hormonal imbalance.2 cases with hypospadias showed a very large and distended utricle and the possible significance of this has been discussed.Associated congenital malformations, involving other than the genital system, were present in 7 of the 8 cryptorchid cases and in all 5 cases with hypospadias, as compared with 17 of the 127 controls.     

Normal and abnormal height and weight development in children and adolescents in Krakow--changes and trends in the last thirty years

The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of height and weight disharmony in children and adolescents in Krakow, i.e. both overweight and underweight in relation to height and the trends in last thirty years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4532 individuals -- a random sample of children and adolescents (2416 boys and 2107 girls) were examined in 2000. The results of the examination were compared with data obtain in 1971 (random sample of 4090 individuals) and with results from 1983 (random sample of 6536 individuals). Percentile position of height and weight were compared: the difference of two or more percentiles channels classified the results as overweight or underweight depending on height. THE RESULTS: Of the research prove that the frequency of occurrence of dis-harmonious body built increases with age, both with regard to overweight and underweight related to height and this phenomenon is more frequent in girls. In last thirty years a progressive increase of frequency of overweight was observed, but in girls it was noticeable and statistically significant only in 1971 -- 1983.