睾丸结核的CT诊断

目的： 探讨睾丸结核的CT诊断.材料和方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实或经抗结核治疗治愈而确诊的15例睾丸结核的CT表现.结果：15例平扫睾丸不同程度增大,实质与包膜分界不清,阴囊隔与病侧睾丸融合,睾丸实质密度不均;12例可见多发结节状或斑点状低等混杂密度影,边界尚清或不清;2例可见斑点状钙化灶;1例为结核性睾丸脓肿.增强扫描睾丸呈不均匀强化,低密度灶和钙化不强化,3例呈环状强化,2例呈多环状强化.14例伴有其他脏器结核.结论：睾丸肿大,实质内多发结节状或斑点状低密度灶,增强后不强化或环状强化,睾丸实质与包膜分界不清,阴囊隔与病侧睾丸融合,睾丸内斑点状钙化灶是睾丸结核的CT表现特征.     

脾脏结核的CT诊断

目的 探讨脾脏结核的CT表现及其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经病理所证实或经抗结核治疗取得明显疗效而确诊的10例脾结核的CT表现.结果 (1)粟粒型脾结核4例,CT表现为脾脏弥漫性肿大,伴有多发粟粒状低密度灶,增强扫描病灶无明显强化;(2)结节型脾结核4例,CT表现为脾内单发或多发结节状低密度灶或混杂密度结节灶,病灶常伴有粉末状或斑点状钙化,增强后边缘轻度强化;(3)脓肿型脾结核2例,CT表现为多个干酪性结节灶相互融合,液化坏死形成较大的囊性病变,边缘轻度强化,周围可伴有卫星灶.其中6例肝门、胰周及腹膜后淋巴结肿大,部分有融合,增强呈典型环状强化.结论 各种类型脾结核CT表现具有一定特征性,CT对脾结核的正确诊断具有重要价值.     

CT对右下腹非肠道占位性病变的诊断价值(附70例报告)

目的　探讨CT对右下腹非肠道占位性病变的诊断价值。方法　对 70例病人临床上考虑右下腹肿瘤或非肿瘤病变行CT检查 ,除 1例肾下垂外 ,全部病例均经手术或穿刺活检病理证实。结果　 41例良性病变CT表现为边界清楚囊性或实性肿块 ,呈轻到中度强化 ,而脓肿及淋巴结结核显示为环状或多结节状强化 ,边缘多不清。 2 9例恶性肿瘤表现为不规则巨大软组织肿块 ,呈中度或显著不均匀性强化。结论　CT对右下腹非肠道占位性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的价值     

睾丸肿瘤的CT表现及其临床特征

目的 探讨CT在睾丸肿瘤的CT诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的34例睾丸肿瘤的组织病理、临床特点及其CT表现.结果 34例CT均表现为睾丸肿大,呈软组织密度.其中精原细胞瘤17例,CT表现为肿瘤有完整或不完整的包膜,呈实性改变为主,可见不同程度的低密度,轻度-中度分隔样强化.混合性生殖细胞瘤5例,卵黄囊瘤2例,CT表现为包膜完整的囊实性包块,增强后明显不均一强化.胚胎性癌1例,CT表现为包膜不完整的囊实性肿块,增强后轻度不均一强化.畸胎瘤4例,其中良性畸胎瘤2例,CT表现为包膜完整的囊实性肿块,内见粗在环状钙化,并可见脂肪密度,增强后轻度不均一强化.恶性畸胎瘤2例,CT表现为包膜完整的实性肿块,其内未见钙化及脂肪密度,增强后轻度不均一强化.淋巴瘤2例,CT表现为睾丸实性块,密度均匀,增强后均一强化.高分化脂肪肉瘤1例,CT表现为包膜完整的实性软组织肿块,内见脂肪密度及点状钙化,增强后呈不均一强化.腺瘤样瘤1例,CT表现为实性肿块,内见坏死.增强后轻度不均一强化.表皮样囊肿1例,CT表现为包膜完整囊性肿块,增强后无强化.结论 CT能明确检出睾丸肿瘤,结合患者发病年龄及临床资料可对不同病理类型的睾丸肿瘤作出诊断及鉴别诊断,也能显示淋巴结及远处转移情况,为肿瘤的分期和临床制订治疗方案提供参考.     

小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤CT诊断

目的 评价CT在小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤诊断中的价值.方法 总结7例临床影像资料完整、经活检或手术病理证实的小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤的临床、CT表现.结果 肿瘤位于右侧阴囊5例,左侧阴囊2例.平扫肿瘤均表现为单发软组织肿块,边界不清,2例其内见低密度区;1例其内见点状钙化.增强扫描5例肿瘤呈多个结节状或片状明显强化,强化幅度达周围强化血管程度,同侧腹股沟淋巴结无肿大,腹膜后未见肿大淋巴结.AFP术前增高6例,术后增高1例.结论 小儿内胚窦瘤的CT表现具有一定特征性,结合血清AFP测定有助于小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤的定性诊断及术后随访.     

睾丸副睾肿块的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨睾丸副睾肿块的CT和MRI影像学表现。方法回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的睾丸副睾肿块,其中3例行CT平扫及增强扫描,3例行CT直接增强,8例行MRI平扫及PWI动态增强,6例行MRI平扫,然后观察肿块的分布、形态大小、境界、内部结构、强化特点及周围侵犯转移情况及影像学显示方法,并与病理结果对比。结果病理结果示21个睾丸副睾肿块,睾丸肿块18例,副睾肿块2例,恶性肿块12例(精原细胞瘤5例,胚胎性癌3例,畸胎瘤1例,淋巴瘤1例,附睾横纹肌肉瘤1例,阴茎根部原始神经胚叶肿瘤1例),良性肿块8例(畸胎瘤1例,睾丸间质细胞瘤2例,非异性炎性肿块1例,结核1例,表皮样囊肿2例,单纯囊肿1例);恶性肿块4个局限睾丸,8个累及被膜及附睾,良性肿块1例累及附睾。影像学结果示恶性肿块直径平均大于50mm,肿块大多实性结节状,结节间纤维分隔,肿块强化不均匀,其中3例向周围侵犯及伴淋巴结转移;良性肿块直径平均小于20mm,肿块部分强化不均匀,较少伴淋巴结转移。MRI多序列及灌注检查,分辨肿块内、外组织成分,周围组织累及情况,鉴别肿块良、恶性方面优于CT检查。结论睾丸副睾肿块CT、MRI表现有一定特征,CT、MRI检查有助于诊断及鉴别诊断,对提示其良、恶性有意义。     

颈部肿块患者的CT诊断与临床分析

目的探讨颈部肿块在CT检测中的表现,以提高对颈部各种肿块的诊断能力。方法选取31例颈部肿块患者作为本组研究的观察对象,观察其CT增强表现情况,并分析病灶体积、生理解剖位置、肿块边缘形态与密度、强化特征及其相邻血管之间的联系。结果①颈部淋巴结结核8例（25.81%）,表现为有结节状环形周边强化,相互融合呈花环状;②颈部转移性淋巴结肿大4例（12.90%）,表现为呈多组或多个体积不等的结节,强化程度轻微,密度不均,部分病灶的边缘会出现环状强化;③颈部囊肿6例（19.35%）,表现为呈单个水样囊性病变,密度均匀,边缘壁薄,囊壁呈轻微强化;④其他肿瘤13例（41.94%）,发病部位以颈部疏松间隙为主,边缘壁薄,囊壁与内部分隔会出现轻微强化。结论颈部肿块的发病原因复杂,临床诊断难度大,通过CT检测可以将肿块的情况进行综合分析,增加诊断的准确性。     

儿童睾丸、附睾肿瘤和炎性结节影像学诊断(附13例报告)

目的分析小儿睾丸、附睾肿瘤和炎性肉芽肿影像学特点,提高诊断准确性。方法全部13例行超声检查。CT平扫10例,其中增强6例。回顾性分析13例儿童睾丸、附睾肿瘤和炎性结节的影像学表现,并与手术及病理结果相对照。结果超声检查:13例均有内部回声强弱不等、分布不均匀,8例肿瘤内血流信号丰富,3例少血流信号,2例无血流信号,腹膜后淋巴结转移2例。CT平扫呈混杂密度4例,3例有钙化,软组织密度或绝大部分软组织密度6例。增强明显不均匀强化4例,轻度强化1例,无强化1例。手术证实成熟性畸胎瘤3例,未成熟畸胎瘤1例,卵黄囊瘤4例,附睾急、慢性炎症3例,淋巴管瘤1例,横纹肌肉瘤1例。结论小儿睾丸肿瘤的超声及CT具有各自特点,2种方法结合能明显提高术前诊断准确率。     

回盲部区占位性病变的CT与临床

目的探讨回盲部区域占位性病变的CT诊断价值。方法对39例临床拟诊为回盲部区肿瘤或非肿瘤性病变的患者行CT检查,除1例阑尾周围脓肿外,均经手术、病理证实。结果 39例中恶性病变20例,其CT表现为软组织肿块和弥漫性肠壁增厚,包括肠外压性软组织肿块,肠周浸润,增强扫描检查呈明显均匀或不均匀强化。良性病变19例,主要为炎性病变,CT表现为肠壁增厚,不规则软组织样病灶,周围筋膜增厚,少有软组织肿块,轻度不均匀或中等度环形强化。结论 CT对回盲部区的肿瘤和非肿瘤性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的价值。     

小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤的CT诊断

目的提高对小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤CT表现的认识。方法回顾性分析16例经手术病理证实的小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤的临床和CT资料。结果16例CT平扫均表现为睾丸实性肿块,14例肿块表现为均质密度,2例表现为不均质密度。12例CT增强扫描均表现为明显不均匀强化,其周边部强化明显。结论CT对小儿睾丸内胚窦瘤具有一定的诊断价值,结合血清甲胎蛋白测定有助于与其他肿瘤的鉴别。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.