原发性闭角型青光眼不同频段低频振幅的静息态功能磁共振研究

目的：应用静息态功能磁共振(rs-fMRI)分析原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)患者不同频段(slow-4：0.027~0.073 Hz, slow-5：0.01~0.027 Hz)大脑低频振幅(ALFF)值改变。方法40例 PACG 患者及36例年龄、性别匹配的正常健康对照(HC)均接受 rs-fMRI 检查,应用 rs-fMRI 数据处理助手(DPARSF)对数据进行预处理。Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8)2因素水平重复方差分析比较 PACG 及 HC 组组间效应以及 slow-4,slow-5频段间效应。随后,两样本 t 检验分别比较 PACG 组及 HC 组2个频段 ALFF 值差异并分析差异脑区 ALFF 值与临床参数的相关性。结果频段间结果显示右侧尾状核、左侧眶部额下回 slow-5频段的 ALFF 值较 slow-4频段高(P <0.05,FDR 校正)。与 HC 组相比,楔前叶、楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕中回、双侧距状裂、双侧中央后回、右侧中央前回、右侧颞中回、右侧额中回、双侧顶上小叶、右侧中央旁小叶、左侧顶下小叶 ALFF 减低;PACG 组 ALFF 值增高的脑区包括左侧颞下回、左侧颞上回、左侧小脑后叶、双侧海马旁回、左侧额下回、右侧边缘叶、右侧岛叶、后扣带回(P <0.05, FDR 校正)。此外,笔者发现 slow-4、slow-5频段均能检出 PACG 患者异常脑功能活动区。结论PACG 患者存在视觉以及视觉以外相关脑区神经元活动异常,slow-4、slow-5能从不同的角度发现异常脑区,为进一步探究 PACG 的神经病理机制提供了新思路。     

不同频段下血管性认知功能障碍患者低频振幅的静息态脑功能改变

目的 研究不同频段对于血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)患者静息态脑功能低频振幅(ALFF)的影响.方法 运用静息态功能磁共振技术评价20例皮层下VCI患者和20例年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的有皮层下血管性病变但是认知评分达不到非痴呆型VCI (VCIND)的对照组在5个频段下的静息态ALFF的改变.采用Pearson相关分析评价slow-4,slow-5下脑区局部ALFF的值与临床评分之间的关系.结果 VCI患者与对照组比较存在颅内广泛的ALFF改变.右侧小脑后叶、左侧海马、左侧岛叶、右侧顶下小叶及左侧颞上回具有明显的主效应.额叶及颞叶具有显著的频率组间效应.在slow-5频段下,左侧岛叶的ALFF值与Z记忆评分呈正相关,左侧海马及左侧额眶回的ALFF值与Z视觉空间评分呈负相关;右侧顶下小叶的ALFF值与Z执行评分呈负相关.结论 VCI患者表现出颅内广泛的自发神经活动改变.ALFF值受不同频段的影响,静息脑功能ALFF的研究对于VCI的意义需要进一步深入研究.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者脑自发神经活动的静息态功能磁共振研究

目的利用静息态功能磁共振成像技术的低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)法对2型糖尿病视网膜病变(Type 2 diabetic retinopathy,T2DR)患者静息状态下脑自发神经活动的改变进行分析。方法收集17例T2DR患者和17例T2NDR(Non-Type 2 diabetic retinopathy)患者以及21例性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的正常健康志愿者(normal control,NC),采用西门子Trio 3.0T磁共振采集全脑静息态功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,f MRI)及3D T1WI结构像。利用ALFF算法处理所得的脑功能磁共振数据,并对存在组间差异脑区的ALFF值与认知测试量表得分进行相关程度的分析。结果与正常组比较,T2NDR组的右侧直回、右侧额上回、右侧额中回脑区ALFF值减低,左侧顶下小叶、双侧顶上小叶脑区ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与T2NDR组比较,T2DR组的双侧距状回、双侧舌回、左侧额上回、左侧额下回、左侧颞上回脑区的ALFF值减低,左侧小脑ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与T2NDR组比较,T2DR组的双侧距状回、双侧枕中回、右侧枕上回、左侧额上回、左侧颞中回脑区ALFF值降低,左侧小脑区ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示T2DR组左侧舌回ALFF值与MMSE得分呈明显负相关,左侧距状回ALFF值与MOCA得分呈明显负相关。结论静息态功能磁共振成像低频振幅(ALFF)法可以发现2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者异常脑自发神经活动区和功能损害区。     

新兵适应障碍的亚频段低频振幅功能MRI研究

目的:应用亚频段低频振幅(ALFF)分析方法,研究适应障碍新兵脑静息状态下自发性神经活动改变的特点.方法:17例适应障碍新兵及20例健康军人(对照组)行静息态下脑功能MRI扫描,成像数据经后处理,获得各频段的ALFF图,采用双样本t检验比较两组间各频段ALFF值的差异,并分析ALFF值改变与患者临床量表评分之间的相关性.结果:与正常对照组比较,患者组在Slow-5亚频段ALFF值减低的脑区包括右侧小脑脚、左侧眶部额下回、左内侧前额叶、右侧额中回及双侧额上回(P＜0.01,AlphaSim校正),在Slow-4亚频段ALFF值减低的脑区有左内侧前额叶和左侧眶部额下回(P＜0.01,AlphaSim校正).患者组中各ALFF值异常脑区的ALFF值与临床量表评分间的相关性均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:适应障碍新兵有多个脑区存在自发性神经活动异常,这些脑区与认知、情绪调节及执行功能有关,且不同亚频段异常活动脑区的空间分布不同.     

基于低频振荡振幅算法静息态功能MRI研究终末期肾病血液透析患者的脑活动

目的 采用低频振荡振幅(ALFF)算法静息态fMRI(rs-fMRI)研究终末期肾病(ESRD)血液透析(HD)患者脑功能改变特点.方法 对64例ESRD血液透析(HD-ESRD组)患者和45名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者(正常对照组)行rs-fMRI.对所有受试者进行神经心理测试[数字连接试验A(NCT-A)和数字符号试验(DST)]评估其认知功能;检查HD-ESRD组血肌酐、尿素等.采用统计参数图(SPM)8及REST 1.6软件分析2组受试者数据得到ALFF图.对HD-ESRD组和正常对照组ALFF值分别进行组内单样本t检验以及组间两样本t检验,并提取组间差异性脑区ALFF值与神经心理测试结果、病程、透析时程和实验室检查指标进行Pearson相关分析.结果 2组受试者的双侧楔前叶、额上回、额中回、顶下小叶、楔叶和颞上回等脑区ALFF值均高于全脑平均水平.与正常对照组相比,HD-ESRD组的双侧楔前叶、额叶、颞中回及右侧顶下小叶等脑区ALFF值减低(体素体积为270～6 804 mm3,t值为-7.41～-3.78,P值均＜0.01).HD-ESRD患者右侧额中回ALFF值与DST分值呈正相关(r=0.273,P＜0.05);左、右楔前叶,左侧缘上回和左侧额内侧回ALFF值与患者肾病病程呈负相关(r值分别为-0.301、-0.278、-0.298和-0.287,P值均＜0.05);ALFF值与患者的NCT-A值、血肌酐值、尿素值和透析时程无相关性(P值均＞0.05).结论 HD-ESRD患者存在多个脑区ALFF值的异常,主要位于脑默认网络分布区,提示存在自发脑活动损伤,且与肾病病程有关.     

开心解郁方治疗血管性抑郁症脑机制fMRI初步研究

目的:通过静息态f MRI观察中药开心解郁方治疗血管性抑郁症(VD)前后患者脑功能的变化,从神经元自发活动初步探究其疗效的脑机制。方法:从临床试验研究中随机选取中药开心解郁方组和西药盐酸氟西汀组各7例行f MRI扫描,采用脑功能成像软件REST处理数据,比较2组在治疗前后全脑低频振幅(ALFF)值、局部一致性(Re Ho)值的变化。结果:与基线比较,中药组和西药组在治疗8周后量表汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)积分均显著下降(P0.01);2组HAMD量表积分组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前相比,2组ALFF值变化的共同脑区主要在左侧前额叶下回,2组Re Ho值变化的共同脑区主要在顶叶小叶、颞下回。治疗8周后,与西药组相比,中药组ALFF值降低的脑区有右侧前额叶下回三角部、右侧背外侧前额叶上回、双侧中央前回,ALFF值升高的脑区有右侧颞下回、右侧前楔叶;Re Ho值降低的脑区有右侧额中回、左侧中央前回,Re Ho值升高的脑区有左侧颞上回、左侧小脑。结论:开心解郁方具有抗抑郁作用,其临床疗效与盐酸氟西汀相当。随着症状的改善,部分抑郁症相关脑区的脑功能也随之改变,这可能是药物抗抑郁疗效脑机制之一;中西药2组治疗前后脑功能发生改变的脑区不一致,推测可能与开心解郁方和盐酸氟西汀治疗VD作用脑机制不同有关。     

不同分期肺腺癌患者大脑静息葡萄糖代谢改变研究

目的 探讨无脑部转移的不同分期肺腺癌患者大脑静息葡萄糖代谢改变特点及其关系。 方法 回顾性分析120例组织学确诊为原发性肺腺癌患者的全身18F-FDG PET/CT检查资料, 其中Ⅰ期患者为28例、Ⅱ期29例、Ⅲ期31例和Ⅳ期32例。50名健康体检者为对照组, 分析Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变, 并比较4组之间脑代谢改变的差异。 结果 Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者PET脑显像均表现区域性脑代谢减低, Ⅰ期累及脑区为左侧额上中回、右侧颞上中回、左侧颞中下回(体素数为681), Ⅱ期累及脑区为左侧额上中回、右侧颞上中回、左侧颞中下回(体素数为1258), Ⅲ期累及脑区为左侧额上中回、右侧颞上中回、左侧颞中下回、右侧顶下小叶(体素数为1810), Ⅳ期累及脑区为左侧额上中回、右侧颞上中下回、左侧颞上中下回、右侧顶下小叶、左侧前扣带回及右侧岛回(体素数为2910)。4组患者脑代谢减低区体素值差异具有统计学意义(F=25.444, P=0.0001), 且随分期增加异常代谢脑区范围逐渐增大。 结论 肺腺癌患者脑代谢减低区涉及多个与精神情感有关的功能脑区, 且其脑代谢改变与肿瘤分期具有一定相关性。     

原发性闭角型青光眼手术前后静息态功能MRI的局部一致性研究

目的 应用静息态功能磁共振分析原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)患者小梁网联合周边虹膜切除手术前后自发性脑活动的变化.方法 40例术前PACG患者及40例年龄、性别匹配的正常健康对照组(HC)均接受静息态fMRI检查,10例PACG患者于术后3个月复查静息态fMRI.计算所有受试者全脑ReHo值,采用两样本t检验比较40例术前PACG患者与HC组ReHo值差异;同时,采用配对样本t检验比较10例PACG患者术前与术后ReHo值差异.结果 与HC组对比,术前PACG组ReHo减低的脑区包括右侧梭状回,双侧枕中回,左侧枕下回,左侧颞中回,双侧中央前回,左侧顶上小叶,右侧中央后回,左侧中央旁小叶;ReHo升高的脑区包括双侧小脑后叶,双侧额上回(AlphaSim校正,P＜0.01,33个体素).10例PACG患者术后与术前对比,右侧颞中回、左侧楔叶神经活动一致性增加,右侧额上回、右侧额下回神经活动一致性减低(AlphaSim校正,P＜ 0.01,33个体素).结论 PACG患者术前存在视觉以及情感认知调节相关脑区局部一致性异常;此外,通过青光眼手术,PACG患者视觉区域出现脑功能活动重塑,为进一步研究PACG的神经病理机制以及监测PACG的治疗提供了一定帮助.     

腰椎间盘突出症基于低频振幅的脑静息态fMRI研究

目的探索静息态下腰椎间盘突出症所致疼痛在脑功能区的反映,及脑区自发神经活动强度与疼痛程度的相关性,探索腰椎间盘突出症疼痛的脑机制。方法采用3.0T磁共振扫描仪,对13名腰椎间盘突出症患者(lumbar disc herniation,LDH组)及对照组(health control group,HC组)13名健康人群进行静息态功能磁共振扫描,扫描后的图像采用基于MATLAB 2010平台的SPM 8及REST 1.8处理。1)计算低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuations,ALFF)并比较LDH组与HC组脑区变化的差异;2)将ALFF有显著性差异的所有脑区选为感兴趣区,以信号峰值坐标为中心提取感兴趣区内ALFF平均值,对感兴趣区ALFF平均值与LDH组患者视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)进行相关分析。结果 1)与HC组相比,LDH组患者右侧初级感觉/运动皮层(primary sensory/motor cortex,S1/M1)、右额下回、右颞上回、右颞下回/梭状回、左颞下回/梭状回、左海马旁回ALFF值显著增高,P0.05,K40,未校正;而PCC、左岛叶、双侧基底节、双侧前额叶中部、右缘上回/颞中回、左小脑后叶ALFF值明显减低,P0.05,K40,未校正;2)VAS评分与右侧S1/M1、PCC、左侧岛叶、左侧基底节、右侧基底节、右侧颞下回/梭状回ALFF平均值呈正相关,相关系数R分别为0.612、0.621、0.662、0.468、0.677、0.580,P0.05。结论 LDH所致疼痛引起广泛的脑功能区ALFF的异常,涉及疼痛感觉、运动、情绪及记忆、认知等多个维度。右侧S1/M1、PCC、左侧岛叶、双侧基底节、右侧颞下回/梭状回ALFF平均值与疼痛程度存在正相关性,提示可能通过上述脑区自发神经活动的强度客观反映患者疼痛程度。     

失语症患者静息态fMRI成像研究

目的探讨应用局部区域一致性(ReHo)研究失语患者静息态下脑功能区活动改变情况。方法运用SIEMENS verio 3.0T磁共振对23名志愿者及21名失语患者行静息态BOLD-fMRI扫描,应用DPARSF软件进行时间层校正、头动校正、空间标准化、去线性、滤波(0.01Hzf0.08Hz),去除生理噪声(如呼吸、心跳),重采样等预处理后。采用局部区域一致性(ReHo)的分析方法计算两组静息态下脑ReHo情况。所得的结果各组行单样本t检验,两组间行双样本t检验统计比较。结果正常志愿者组静息下存在着广泛的高ReHo脑区,包含了默认网络结构组成脑区以及其负相关网络组成脑区。这些脑区包括双侧扣带回后部PCC/楔前叶,双侧前额内侧回MPFC,双侧顶下小叶IPC,双侧颞下回ITG;也包括双侧辅助运动区SMA,双侧岛叶、双侧颞中回MTC。患者组和正常组对照研究两样本t检验的结果显示,失语症患者组与正常人相比ReHo值升高的区域有:右侧脑岛(BA13/45),左侧扣带回(BA31/24),右额叶内侧回(BA32),右侧额中回(BA32/8),右侧扣带中回(BA31),右侧海马旁回(BA37/19);降低的区域有:左侧颞下回(BA20),左侧颞极(BA38/47),左侧内侧额叶(BA10),左侧额下回(BA46),右侧前扣带回(BA24/32),左侧楔前叶(BA7/19)。结论失语患者静息态下的两个脑网络系统可以发生变化,但以默认网络变化明显。默认网络左侧半球表现为多相关脑区ReHo值的降低和对侧多相关脑区ReHo值升高,可能是提示功能代偿作用,具体机制有待于进一步研究。     

成批煤气爆燃烧伤的救治体会

报道治疗因煤气泄漏爆炸烧伤病员7例，经应用MEBT技术积极救治，其中6例于伤后17天痊愈出院，另一例特重伤员也于伤后30天康复出院。作者认为：应严格按照MEBT／MEBO要求进行规范治疗，正确处理生命体征、休克、感染、脏器功能和创面的辨证关系。同时，不能忽视外科营养在过程中的重要作用，它是创面修复的物质保证。     

Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo,in exercise and in immunodepression

In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.     

Sex differences in neuromuscular fatigability in response to load carriage in the field in British Army recruits

Objectives

Women are resistant to neuromuscular fatigue compared to men in response to a range of exercise tasks. The sex differences in the neuromuscular responses to load carriage have yet to be investigated.

Decrease in eccentric hamstring strength in runners in the Tirol Speed Marathon

Background

The local muscular endurance of knee flexors, during eccentric work in particular, is important in preventing or delaying kinematic changes associated with fatigue during treadmill running. This result, however, may not be transferable to overground running.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that overground running is associated with eccentric hamstring fatigue.

Methods

Thirteen runners (12 male and one female) performed an isokinetic muscle test three to four days before and 18 hours after a marathon. Both legs were tested. The testing protocol consisted of concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring contractions.

Results

There were no significant differences between peak torque before and after the race, except that eccentric peak hamstring torque (both thighs) was reduced.

Conclusion

Overground running (running a marathon) is associated with eccentric hamstring fatigue. Eccentric hamstring fatigue may be a potential risk factor for knee and soft tissue injuries during running. Eccentric hamstring training should therefore be introduced as an integral part of the training programme of runners.     

Oxalosis in primary hyperoxaluria in infancy

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH1) is a rare inborn autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of hepatic alanine-glyoxylate-aminotransferase. This deficiency results in excessive synthesis and urinary excretion of oxalate, inducing renal stone formation and deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidney, bone, myocardium, and vessels (systemic oxalosis, SO) in the most severely affected individuals. We report renal and skeletal changes in a 3-month-old girl with PH1 and SO. Intense cortico-medullary hyperechogenicity and increased homogeneous radiopacity of normal-sized kidneys suggested the diagnosis of SO. Skeletal survey showed osteopenia and characteristic symmetrical metaphyseal transverse bands in long bones, progressively becoming more dense and migrating towards the diaphysis. Multiple pathological and slowly healing fractures of the limbs occurred at the dense band level. A radiopaque rim was then observed in flat bones, epiphyseal nuclei, and vertebral bodies. Inflammatory granulomatous reaction, induced by the presence of oxalate crystals in the marrow spaces, coexisted with progressively evident radiological signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism, with partially overlapping features. The patient was treated by peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis until combined liver–kidney transplantation. There are no previous reports of infants treated with hemodialysis for more than 2 years.     

新疆石河子地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的调查与分析

采用LMT法对新疆石河子地区三个规模化奶牛场泌乳牛群进行了隐性乳房炎检测,共检测994头泌乳牛3976个乳区.结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为81.9%,乳区阳性率为49.1%.数据分析表明,不同年龄、胎次以及有无卧床奶牛的隐性乳房炎阳性率差异显著(P<0.05),后乳区的隐性乳房炎感染率显著高于前乳区感染率(P<0.05),隐性乳房炎乳区发生数也明显影响当日产奶量(P<0.05).     

胎龄和日龄对新生儿局部脑血流的影响

目的探讨胎龄及日龄对新生儿局部脑血流(rCBF)变化的影响及规律.方法对早产儿组、足月早期新生儿组、足月晚期新生儿组进行99Tcm-双半胱乙酯(ECD)SPECT脑血流灌注断层显像,并作半定量分析和读片分析.结果早产儿组原始感觉运动区和枕叶rCBF低于足月早期新生儿组(P<0.05),显著低于足月晚期新生儿组(P<0.01),其额叶中份、顶叶rCBF也低于足月晚期新生儿组(P<0.05),其余各叶皮质rCBF随胎龄和日龄的增大有增加趋势.早产儿组脑血流显像图与足月早期新生儿组和晚期新生儿组比较有明显差异.结论早产儿与足月儿rCBF的变化可能与新生儿大脑皮质相应区域发育成熟度和时间顺序有关.     

Radiological strategy in acute stroke in children

The aim of the study was to estimate the preponderance of patterns of pediatric stroke, ischemic or hemorrhagic, their etiologies and the correct diagnostic protocol for acute management.Forty-one consecutive pediatric patients (age range 5-16 years) with an acute stroke observed in acute phase during a 10-year period, were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3 cases were studied by computed tomography (CT) without MRI, and 15 underwent both CT and MRI studies. In 9 cases, intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA) was performed after non-invasive preliminary assessment.Seventeen hemorrhagic (41%) and 24 ischemic (59%) strokes were found. Among hemorrhagic forms, 5 cases were due to arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 7 to cavernoma, and 2 to aneurysm. Among ischemic forms, 2 were due to sickle-cell disease, 1 to hyperomocysteinemia, 1 to moyamoya syndrome, 1 to pseudoxantoma elasticum, 3 to prothrombotic state, 1 to Fabry's disease, 1 concomitant with CO intoxication, 5 to venous sinus thrombosis, and 4 to cardio-embolic state. Etiology remains unknown in 8 cases (20.5%).This study shows a moderate prevalence of ischemic over hemorrhagic strokes. Moreover, personal experience suggests that MRI is always more informative than CT and in selected cases should be the first-choice examination in the acute phase.     

Longitudinal changes in extended roles in radiography

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify the extent and scope of changes to radiography practice. Method: Questionnaires were sent to radiology managers at acute National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in 2000 as a follow-up to an initial survey conducted in 1998. Information was sought on region, teaching/non-teaching status, the nature of extended role tasks undertaken and the year in which these tasks were first undertaken. Results: Some 172 questionnaires were returned from a total of 253 dispatched (68%). In 161 hospitals radiographers administered intravenous injections and performed barium enemas in 119 hospitals, while a red-dot system was in operation in 141 hospitals. Reporting by radiographers had increased since 1998. Replies indicated that, at 124 hospitals, radiographers were reporting in ultrasound. Skeletal reporting was the second most-frequently-reported activity, with 63 hospitals indicating that radiographers reported in this modality, while barium enemas were reported by radiographers in 34 hospitals. Reporting was also undertaken by radiographers in mammography, nuclear medicine, paediatrics and chest radiography in a small minority of hospitals. There was no statistically significant difference between the adoption of tasks in non-teaching and teaching hospitals with the exception of radiographer-performed barium enemas (P=0.014) and red-dot systems (P=0.05). Radiographers were more likely to undertake both of these activities at non-teaching hospitals than in teaching hospitals. Regional differences were apparent in reporting, with a greater prevalence in the English regions than Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Conclusion: The study provided data that demonstrated the extent to which hospitals are utilizing the developing skills of radiographers. This has important implications for future education and training needs for radiographers and for delivery of imaging services.