草木樨、饲用大麦、小麦、红花、油葵田间耐盐性探讨

通过对草木樨、饲用大麦、昌冬3号小麦、红花、油葵等5个品种盐碱土质（土壤平均含盐25．38g/kg）出苗率，成活率及生长状况进行试验。结果表明，各种品种的上述各项指标增随土壤含盐量的增加而下降，且末期株高存在显著差异。以草木樨长势最好（17．2－23．7g/kg），依次为饲用大麦（15．2－22.08g/kg）、红花（16.3-21.3g/kg），油葵（17.9-21.2g/kg)、昌冬3号小麦（12.9-16.1g/kg)。施用“过磷酸钙”的部分出苗率85％，未施肥的出苗率40％。     

冬小麦与苏丹草不同种植方式下产量效益比较研究

通过在新疆奇台县和吉木莎尔县进行冬小麦单播、苏丹草单播、冬小麦与苏丹草套种、冬小麦复播玉米、复播豌豆以及大麦与苏丹草混播试验示范,冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）、大麦（Hordeum vulgare）与苏丹草（Sorghum sudanense）套种、混播,不影响冬小麦、大麦的产量,苏丹草干草产量可达到15000kg／ha。冬小麦套种苏丹草效益明显优于其它播种方式。在昌吉州乃至新疆大部分地区都可推广种植。冬小麦套种苏丹草比冬小麦复播玉米、复播豌豆效益明显。套播苏丹草较复播豌豆效益增加31．3％．套播苏丹草较复播玉米效益增加16．1％,大麦、苏丹草混播较单播大麦效益增加61．2％。冬小麦套种苏丹草技术解决了种粮与种草之间争地的矛盾。为促进畜牧业快速健康发展探索出了新的途径。     

绞股蓝总皂甙对小鼠四氯化碳肝损伤肝组织一氧化氮和谷胱甘肽的影响

目的观察绞股蓝总皂甙（Gypenosides,GPs）对肝损伤小鼠肝组织一氧化氮（NO）和谷胱甘肽（Glu-tathione,GSH）含量的影响。方法给四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的三组慢性肝损害小鼠灌喂不同剂量的GPs（0、75、150mg／kg）,观察和比较各组小鼠肝功能（血清ALT活性和白蛋白含量）的变化,并测定肝组织NO和GSH的含量。结果肝损伤对照组（即0mg／kgGPs组）NO（80．0±19．0μg／g湿肝）明显高于正常对照组（43．1±18．9μg／g湿肝）（P＜0．05）;GSH（0．48±0.25mg／g湿肝）较正常对照组（0．79±0.19mg／g湿肝）明显降低（P＜0．05）。用GPs75mg／kg和150mg／kg灌胃治疗肝损伤小鼠3周,均能降低肝组织NO含量和增加GSH含量,其中75mg／kg组肝组织NO为68．4±23．7μg湿肝,GSH为0．54±0.34μg／g湿肝;150mg／kg组肝组织NO为52．3±12.7μg／g湿肝,GSH为0．62±0.30mg／g湿肝。150mg／kg组与肝损伤对照组比较,肝组织NO和GSH均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。同时,小鼠血清白蛋白含量及A／G比值均较肝损伤对照组升高,ALT活性降性,并与GPs剂量的增加相关。结论GPs在保护小鼠CCl4肝损伤的同时能降低肝组织NO含量和升高肝组织GSH水平。     

泽兰有效部位对血小板聚集和血栓形成的影响

目的：研究泽兰有效部位L．F04对血小板聚集和血栓形成的影响，以探讨其活血化瘀作用机理。方法：用高分子右旋糖酐静脉推注造成大鼠血瘀证动物模型，观察泽兰L．F04对ADP诱导的大鼠体内血小板聚集以及体内动静脉旁路血栓、体外旋转环内血栓形成的影响。结果：L．F040．408g／kg、0．204g／kg对模型组大鼠ADP诱导的体内血小板最大聚集率明显增加皆有显著的抑制，且呈剂量依赖关系；与对照组相比，血瘀模型大鼠体外血栓重量明显增加，长度仅有增加趋势，L．F040．408g／kg、0．204g／kg皆有抗血栓形成作用，L．F040．408g／kg对血栓干重、湿重的减轻尤为明显；L．F040．408g／kg、0．204g／kg对实验性动静脉旁路血栓形成均有明显的抑制作用，抑制率分别为27．41％、27．14％。结论：泽兰L．F04可显著抑制血小板聚集及体内、外血栓形成。     

知母活性成分ZMR对慢性帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺系统的调节

目的研究知母活性成分ZMR在慢性1-甲基4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）损伤拟帕金森病小鼠模型中对脑内多巴胺转运蛋白（DAT）及多巴胺（DA）代谢的影响。方法将C57BIV6小鼠分为4组：对照组、模型组、ZMR低剂量组和ZMR高剂量组。除对照组注射生理盐水外,其他3组小鼠按体质量腹腔注射丙磺舒250mg／kg,0．5h后按体质量皮下注射MPTP 15mg／kg,每周注射2次,连续5周,共计10次。低剂量组按体质量灌胃给予ZMR 10mg／kg,高剂量组给予ZMR 26mg／kg,每日1次,造模开始后1周起连续给药60d。采用DAT放射自显影、单胺氧化酶B（MAO—B）活力测定和DA及其代谢产物的高效液相色谱法测定等方法研究ZMR在慢性MPTP损伤小鼠模型中对脑内DA失活的作用。采用SAS6.12软件,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间的比较采用团体Student’s t检验。结果与模型组[（10．3±0．9）U／mg蛋白]比较,ZMR低剂量组[（10．6±0．8）U／mg蛋白]和高剂量组[（10．7±0．9）U／mg蛋白]的脑内MAO—B活力无显著改变（F=0．0717,P〉0．05）;而DAT密度分别从0．212±0．012增加到0．268±0．019和0．281±0．018,分别增加了26．42％和32．55％（t=2．5314和3．1124,P〈0．05和〈0．01）;每克纹状体内的DA质量分别从（3．00±0．25）μg/g增加到（4．21±0．32）μg／g和（4．58±0．39）μg／g,分别提高了40．04％和52．29％（t=2．9879和3．4163,P〈0．05和〈0．01）。小鼠每克纹状体内DA质量与DAT密度呈明显正相关（r=0．6833,P〈0．01）。结论ZMR能提高慢性MPTP损伤小鼠模型的纹状体DA水平,这种作用与DA降解无关,与提高DAT密度有关。     

连梅饮中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量测定

目的探讨连梅饮中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量测定方法。方法采用RP—HPLC／UV法测定连梅饮中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量;色谱柱：Agilent HC C18柱（250×4．6mm,5μm）;乙腈：0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液梯度洗脱;检测波长275nm;流速1ml／min。结果黄芩苷在0．448—112μg／ml的浓度范围,小檗碱在0．424～106μg／ml的浓度范围内线性良好：低和高浓度的黄芩苷和小檗碱的精密度（RSD）分别为3．88％、4．84％、4．63％、2．29％;加样回收率分别为（104．3±1.3）％、（97．7±6．9）％;连梅饮中黄芩苷的含量为（2．67±0．012）mg／ml,RSD为0．45％（n=3）;小檗碱的含量为（2．47±0．014）mg／ml,RSD为2．98％（n=3）。结论本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于测定制剂中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量。     

蛇床子素抑制血栓形成及其作用机制研究

目的研究蛇床子素抑制血栓形成及其可能的作用机制。方法利用大鼠静脉血栓形成模型和动-静脉旁路血栓形成模型测定给予蛇床子素10mg／kg、20mg／kg、40mg／kg后血栓湿重和干重，同时在动-静脉旁路血栓形成模型中测定大鼠血清NO含量，血浆TXB2和6-keto—PGF1α的含量。结果蛇床了素20mg／kg、40mg／kg组可以明显抑制大鼠静脉血栓形成，减轻血栓湿重和于重；蛇床子素10mg／kg、20mg／kg、40mg／kg组可以明显抑制大鼠动-静脉旁路血栓形成，减轻血栓湿重和干重，同时增加血清中NO的含量，降低血浆中TXB2的含量和增加血浆中6-keto—PGF1α的含量。结论蛇床子素可明显抑制大鼠血栓形成．其作用机制可能与增加血清中NO的含量，降低血浆中TXB2的含量和TXB2/6-keto—PGF1α的比值有关。     

^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌灌注显像评价代谢综合征患者心肌血流

目的应用MPI评价代谢综合征（MS）患者心肌血流灌注情况。方法选择确诊或疑似冠心病患者342例行常规门控运动＋静息MPI;根据代谢指标异常情况分为4组,组1：无代谢指标异常;组2：具有1个代谢指标异常;组3：具有2个代谢指标异常;组4：具有3个或3个以上代谢指标异常。分析代谢指标异常数量与MPI的关系。对符合中华医学会糖尿病分会MS诊断标准、在显像前后1个月内行CAG检查的103例患者的MPI结果,以CAG结果为标准,分析2种方法间诊断的一致性。采用SPSS13．0软件,组间心肌灌注异常的发生率比较采用x。检验,方法间的一致性分析用Kappa检验。结果（1）与CAG比较,MPI诊断冠心病的灵敏度为80．5％（33／41）,特异性85．5％（53／62）,阳性预测值78．6％（33／42）,阴性预测值86．9％（53／61）,诊断准确性为83．5％（86／103）,惭值为0．657,P〈0．001。（2）随代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加：组1为23．3％（10／43）,组2为32．9％（26／79）,组3为54．4％（56／103）,组4为57．3％（67／117）,X2：23．22,P〈0．001。结论MPI可以应用于IS患者的心肌血流评估;代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加。     

瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于无痛胃镜检查术的疗效观察

目的为探讨安全、有效九痛胃镜检查术的药物选择和剂量,选用最新的μ阿片受体激动药瑞芬太尼和短效静脉麻醉药丙泊酚组合,采用对照的方法．观察其临床疗效。方法200例接受无痛胃镜检查术的患者,静脉麻醉药按公斤体重用药配制,分成4组,Ⅰ组丙泊酚（即得普利麻,下同）2mg／kgiv;Ⅱ组芬太尼1μg／kg＋丙泊酚2mg／kg iv;Ⅲ组瑞芬太尼0．5μg／kg＋丙泊酚1.5mg／kiv;Ⅳ组瑞芬太尼0．75μg／kg＋丙泊酚1mg／kg iv。观察指标：起故时间,麻醉深度,术中HR、R和SpO2的变化,有尤呛咳、喉痉挛等副作用,术毕清醒时间和离院时间,以及术后有九恶心、呕吐等并发症。结果Ⅳ组与其他各组比较,起效时间,清醒时间,离院时间,麻醉深度,术中呼吸抑制等指标均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论选用瑞芬太尼0.75μg／kg与丙泊酚1mg／kg复合的静脉麻醉配方用于胃镜检查起效快,清醒快．麻醉深度合适,术巾、术后副作用少,适用于胃镜检查,只要注意预防药物的副作用,是一种安全、有效、可控性强的麻醉方法。     

右颈内静脉置管致室上性阵发性心动过速1例

病例介绍：患者男性,27岁,体重46kg,术前血、尿、肝肾功、胸片、心电图等检查元异常。充分术前准备后,拟行直肠癌根治手术。术前30分钟肌注鲁米那钠0．1g和阿托品0．5mg,手术室监测：血压（BP）120／72mmHg、心率（HR）100次／分、脉搏血氧饱和度（SPO2）96％。麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪唑安定5mg,舒芬太尼25μg,维库溴胺6mg,异丙酚100mg,插管顺利。给予0．8％的异氟醚吸入和瑞芬太尼0．08μg／kg／min恒速泵注,维持麻醉。     

24个草木樨品种生产性能比较研究

通过对24个草木樨品种种子质量、生产性能、营养成分等指标评定,筛选出适合当地推广的草木樨品种。,吉林草木樨种子发芽率、发芽势极显著高于其它供试材料（P〈0．01）;株高、产量、粗蛋白、相对饲用价值也极显著高于其它品种（P〈0．01）,中性洗涤纤维极显著低于其他品种（P〈0．01）,粗脂肪含量居第二位,茎叶比、酸性洗涤纤维偏高;吉林草木樨净光合速率极显著高于其他供试材料（P〈0．01）,但其对水分利用效率较其他供试材料低。综合24个品种种子质量、生产性能、营养成分和光合生理指标,得出吉林品种为最佳推广品种、其次是5265、5210、4583．、     

瘤胃投注N-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸对绵羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

本试验选取4只体重约40Kg,装置永久性瘤胃瘘管新疆美利奴羯羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,在4期试验中每天每羊分别经瘤胃投注0(对照组)、4、6、8gN-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸,以研究其对瘤胃消化代谢的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,给绵羊瘤胃投注N-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸6~8g/d,显著降低瘤胃液pH值,但对瘤胃液氨态氮浓度影响差异不显著。(2)各处理组分别提高乙、丙、丁酸平均浓度7.2%~30.1%,43.6%~102.3%,15%~35.4%,总VFA平均浓度提高幅度为13.3%~38.3%,每天投注6~8g处理组均显著提高乙酸、丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度。(3)每天投注8gN-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸可以显著提高前胃干物质、半纤维素的消失量分别为85g/d和45g/d,并显著提高前胃干物质、半纤维素的消失率分别为6.6和12.2个百分点。前胃纤维素的消失量和消失率均有随添加量增加而增加的趋势。以上结果提示:每天供给绵羊6~8gN-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸有改善瘤胃对干物质和粗纤维消化和瘤胃代谢的作用。     

酪氨酸对心理应激大鼠中枢多巴胺含量及其更新率的影响

目的 探讨酪氨酸(Tyr)干预对心理应激大鼠中枢多巴胺(DA)含量及其更新率的影响.方法 40只SD大鼠按数字表法随机分为5组:对照组、心理应激组和3个剂量Tyr干预组(分别经饲料每天给予Tyr 250、500、1000 mg/kg),每组8只.建立大鼠Communication Box心理应激模型,采用高效液相色谱-电化学(HPLC-ECD)法测定各组大鼠前额皮质(mPFC)、伏隔核(Nac)和中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)的DA与3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)含量.结果 与对照组mPFC、Nac、VTA区的DA含量[(0.36±0.15)、(3.47±0.52)、(1.35±0.31)μg/g]相比,心理应激组相应区的DA含量[(0.08±0.05)、(1.88±0.27)、(1.01±0.26)μg/g]降低(P＜0.05),DOPAC/DA升高(P＜0.01).与心理应激组相比,Tyr 500 mg/kg干预组和1000 mg/kg干预组mPFC、Nac、VTA区的DA含量增加(P＜0.05),mPFC、VTA区的DOPAC/DA降低(P＜0.05).结论 心理应激导致大鼠mPFC、Nac、VTA区的DA含量下降和DA更新率升高;Tyr干预能提高心理应激大鼠VTA-Nac-mPFC脑区的DA含量,降低DA更新率.     

Composition of exhaled air, gas and energy metabolism and bio- chemical indicators of the blood and urine in humans after long- term exposure to hypercapnia and hypoxia

Four volunteers were enclosed for 40 days in a hypercapnic environment. Their average age was 41-59 years, body weight, 66-90 kg, and height 173-182 cm. During the study the ambient temperature was 19-23 degrees C, relative humidity, 50 +/- 20%; pO2, 19-19.5%; and pCO2, 1.3%. On test days 21-22 and 38-39 pCO2 was increased to 4% and pO2 was decreased to 17%. The time, within which pCO2 was increased to 4% on test days 38-39 when compared to test days 21-22, grew 1.5-fold and amounted to 40 hours. The subjects had three meals a day, consuming canned foodstuffs, the caloric value of which was 2982 kcal/day. In the study the following parameters were measured: malonic dialdehyde in venous blood; catalase, lactate, pyruvate, urea, acid-base content, gases in capillary blood; total nitrogen, ammonia, urea, creatinine and uric acid in 24-hour urine samples. Nitrogen balance and protein nutrition index were calculated. Results were processed using Student's t-test. During exposure lipid peroxidation increased and catalase decreased; malonic dialdehyde in blood increased, being correlated with lower hydrocarbons in exhaled air; gas and energy turnover during hypercapnic intervals enhanced. The above changes in the exhaled air composition, gas and energy turnover, biochemical blood and urine parameters remained within adaptation norm. By the second week of the recovery period the above parameters, except for nitrogen metabolism which remained slightly inhibited, returned to the normal.     

Characterization of the SPECT 5-HT2A receptor ligand 123I-R91150 in healthy volunteers: part 2--ketanserin displacement.

As part of the radioiodinated 4-amino-N-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-4-methyl-4-piperidinyl]5-iodo-2-methoxybenzamide ((123)I-R91150) characterization study, ketanserin challenges were performed on healthy volunteers with the aim of assessing the specificity of (123)I-R91150 binding to subtype 2A of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT(2A)), the sensitivity of (123)I-R91150 SPECT in measuring ligand displacement, the relationship between ketanserin plasma concentrations and (123)I-R91150 displacement, and the suitability of the cerebellum as a reference region for quantification. METHODS: Dynamic SPECT was performed on 6 healthy men (mean age +/- SD, 21 +/- 0.89 y) from the time of (123)I-R91150 injection until 470 min afterward. Ketanserin was administered intravenously at 210 min after injection at 3 doses: 0.1 mg/kg (n = 2), 0.05 mg/kg (n = 2), and 0.015 mg/kg (n = 2). Blood samples for measurement of ketanserin plasma concentrations were drawn. MRI was performed on all subjects and coregistered to the SPECT data for region-of-interest drawing on cortical regions and cerebellum. The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) was considered the gold standard for quantification, and results were compared with those obtained with the tissue ratio method (TR). The percentage (123)I-R91150 displacement was calculated with both methods as the percentage difference between baseline and postketanserin scans. RESULTS: Depending on the cerebral regions with the maximum ketanserin dose studied, SRTM and TR mean displacements were 57.1%-95.4% and 71.9%-101.2%, respectively, for the 0.1 mg/kg dose; 51.7%-91.4% and 56.7%-102.8%, respectively, for the 0.05 mg/kg dose; and 7.7%-54.5% and 13.8%-47.0%, respectively, for the lowest dose, 0.015 mg/kg. A good correlation was found between the 2 methods. No ketanserin-induced displacement was observed in the cerebellum time-activity curves, supporting the use of the cerebellum as a reference region. The relationship between displacement and ketanserin plasma concentration fit with a rectangular hyperbola, with a 5.6 ng/mL concentration associated with 50% of the maximum displacement (EC(50)). EC(50) values calculated using occupancies derived both with SRTM and with TR were in good agreement. CONCLUSION: (123)I-R91150 SPECT is sensitive enough to measure ketanserin dose-dependent displacement in cerebral regions rich in 5-HT(2A) receptors. These results support the selectivity of (123)I-R91150 for 5-HT(2A) receptors and its use as a SPECT ligand for measurements of drug-induced 5-HT(2A) receptor occupancy in humans.     

黄杞叶提取物对小鼠造血系统辐射损伤的防护作用

目的 研究黄杞叶提取物对一次性全身4 Gy 137Cs γ射线照射导致的小鼠造血系统辐射损伤的防护作用。 方法 （1）体外实验。采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）和2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）自由基体外清除实验检测黄杞叶提取物的体外抗氧化能力。（2）体内实验。①存活实验。将40只无特定病原体（SPF）级雄性C57BL/6小鼠按照区组随机法平均分为4组:照射组、照射+黄杞叶提取物低剂量（20 mg/kg）组、照射+黄杞叶提取物中剂量（40 mg/kg）组、照射+黄杞叶提取物高剂量（80 mg/kg）组,4组均进行全身一次性7.2 Gy（致死剂量）137Cs γ射线照射,记录照射后30 d小鼠的存活情况。②造血系统辐射损伤防护实验。将60只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠按照区组随机法平均分为6组:对照组、照射组、黄杞叶提取物高剂量组（80 mg/kg）、照射+黄杞叶提取物低剂量（20 mg/kg）组、照射+黄杞叶提取物中剂量（40 mg/kg）组、照射+黄杞叶提取物高剂量（80 mg/kg）组,其中对照组和黄杞叶提取物高剂量组不照射,其余4组均进行一次性全身4 Gy 137Cs γ射线照射。照射后第7天处死小鼠,取外周血进行血常规检测,取单侧股骨骨髓细胞进行骨髓有核细胞计数,取另一侧股骨骨髓细胞进行骨髓DNA含量检测,取胸腺和脾脏计算脏器指数,取肝脏检测还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。体内实验中各组小鼠均于照射前7 d和照射后6 d连续灌胃给药,其中对照组和照射组给予0.5% 羧甲基纤维素钠,其余各组给予相应剂量的黄杞叶提取物。组间两两比较采用 Student t 检验,存活率采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析。 结果 （1）在体外实验中,当浓度分别为100 μg/ml和200 μg/ml时,与Trolox相比,黄杞叶提取物对 DPPH自由基的清除率更高（89.83%对69.37%,90.94%对68.53%）;对ABTS自由基的清除率也更高（94.81%对71.35%,94.46%对71.93%）,且差异均有统计学意义（t=19.58~33.26,均P<0.001）。（2）在体内实验中,与照射组相比,照射+黄杞叶提取物低、中、高剂量组小鼠30 d存活率均明显升高,且差异均有统计学意义（Kaplan-Meier生存分析,均P<0.05）,存活天数亦均明显增加 [（19.40±7.70） d对（12.50±3.59） d、（20.20±8.48） d对（12.50±3.59） d、（20.90±7.96） d对（12.50±3.59） d ],且差异均有统计学意义（t=2.57、2.79、3.04,均P<0.05）;照射+黄杞叶提取物高剂量组小鼠脾脏和胸腺的脏器指数明显升高[（2.13±0.43） mg/g对（1.67±0.20） mg/g、（1.87±0.39） mg/g对（1.39±0.31） mg/g] ,且差异均有统计学意义（t=3.00、3.03,均P<0.05）;照射+黄杞叶中剂量组小鼠红细胞数量增加最为明显[（10.12±1.71）×1012/L 对（8.26±0.87）×1012/L],且差异有统计学意义（t=2.89,P<0.05）;照射+黄杞叶提取物高剂量组小鼠白细胞、红细胞数量明显增加[（1.76±0.45）×109/L对（1.17±0.23）×109/L、（9.59±0.85）×1012/L对（8.26±0.87）×1012/L],血红蛋白含量亦明显升高[（144.40±14.61） g/L对（126.20±13.16） g/L] ,且差异均有统计学意义（t= 3.62、3.23、2.93,均P<0.05）;此外,照射+黄杞叶提取物高剂量组小鼠骨髓有核细胞数量、骨髓DNA含量和肝脏还原型GSH含量均明显升高,且差异均有统计学意义（t=3.28、3.93、3.07,均P<0.05）。 结论 黄杞叶提取物对小鼠造血系统辐射损伤有一定的防护作用。     

Exercise and the institute of medicine recommendations for nutrition

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine (IOM) recently released energy, macronutrient, and fluid recommendations, which acknowledged for the first time that active individuals have unique nutritional needs. The IOM calculated an acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrate (45%-65% of energy), protein (10%-35% of energy), and fat (20%-35% of energy; limit saturated and trans fats). These proportions provide a range broad enough to cover the macronutrient needs of most active individuals, but specific carbohydrate and protein recommendations are also typically made based on a g/kg body weight formula. These ranges are 5 to 12 g of carbohydrate/kg body weight and 1.2 to 1.8 g/kg body weight for protein depending on the level of physical activity. The IOM report also gives recommendations for the two essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (men, 14–17 g/d; women, 11-I2g/d) and linolenic acid (men, 1.6 g/d; women, I. I g/d). Baseline adequate intakes for fluid (water + other beverages) were set at 3.0 L and 2.2 L for sedentary men and women, respectively, with higher intakes needed to account for physical activity and exposure to extreme environments.     

Neutron activation analysis of wheat samples

The deficiency of essential micronutrients and excess of toxic metals in cereals, an important food items for human nutrition, can cause public health risk. Therefore, before their consumption and adoption of soil supplementation, concentrations of essential micronutrients and metals in cereals should be monitored. This study collected soil and two varieties of wheat samples–Triticum aestivum L. (Jordão/bread wheat), and Triticum durum L. (Marialva/durum wheat) from Elvas area, Portugal and analyzed concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Fe, K, Na, Rb and Zn using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) to focus on the risk of adverse public health issues. The low variability and moderate concentrations of metals in soils indicated a lower significant effect of environmental input on metal concentrations in agricultural soils. The Cr and Fe concentrations in soils that ranged from 93–117 and 26,400–31,300 mg/kg, respectively, were relatively high, but Zn concentration was very low (below detection limit <22 mg/kg) indicating that soils should be supplemented with Zn during cultivation. The concentrations of metals in roots and straw of both varieties of wheat decreased in the order of K>Fe>Na>Zn>Cr>Rb>As>Co. Concentrations of As, Co and Cr in root, straw and spike of both varieties were higher than the permissible limits with exception of a few samples. The concentrations of Zn in root, straw and spike were relatively low (4–30 mg/kg) indicating the deficiency of an essential micronutrient Zn in wheat cultivated in Portugal. The elemental transfer from soil to plant decreases with increasing growth of the plant. The concentrations of various metals in different parts of wheat followed the order: Root>Straw>Spike. A few root, straw and spike samples showed enrichment of metals, but the majority of the samples showed no enrichment. Potassium is enriched in all samples of root, straw and spike for both varieties of wheat. Relatively to the seed used for cultivation, Jordão presented higher transfer coefficients than Marialva, in particular for Co, Fe, and Na. The Jordão and Marialva cultivars accumulated not statistically significant different concentrations of different metals. The advantages of using INAA are the multielementality, low detection limits and use of solid samples (no need of digestion).     

Influence of vertebral fat content on quantitative CT density

Single- and dual-energy (85 and 130 kVp) computed tomographic (CT) measurements of bone density were made in 74 lumbar (L-3) vertebral specimens. Single-energy CT densities at 130 kVp consistently underestimated actual ash density by about 25 mg/cm3 in men and 40 mg/cm3 in women. CT densities overestimated age changes by 73% in women and 26% in men. These errors of the single-energy CT approach seemed due to increased marrow fat caused by age. At 130 kVp, there was a large decrease in apparent bone density (13 mg/cm3) for each increase of 100 mg/cm3 in fat content, but the decrease was lower at 85 kVp (11 mg/cm3), suggesting the use of lower energies for quantitative CT. In the vertebrae from the younger subjects (up to age 69), the relative error was 20%-31%, but in the oldest group it amounted to 31%-45%. The 95% confidence interval for an individual determination was +/- 38 mg/cm3. Dual-energy CT greatly reduced the above errors. Ash density was predicted with only a small accuracy error (7 mg/cm3) using a postprocessing dual-energy calculation, but the prediction error was 19 mg/cm3 for determinations at 130 kVp. The large uncertainty in the fat content of marrow (+/- 110 mg/cm3) and the variability in distribution of fat make dual-energy approaches necessary for accurate determinations of vertebral mineral density.