Feasibility of coronary artery calcium scoring on virtual unenhanced images derived from single-source fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography

BackgroundDual-energy CT technology enables acquisition of virtual unenhanced (VUE) images from contrast-enhanced scans.ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring on VUE images derived from fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography.MethodsTwenty-seven patients underwent true noncontrast CAC-scoring CT followed by routine single-energy (120-kVp) and fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography, in a random acquisition order on the same day. We calculated the CAC scores on true noncontrast and VUE images. The image noises and the signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios of the aorta and coronary arteries were measured on both the single-energy coronary CT angiography images and dual-energy coronary CT angiography images (70 keV virtual monochromatic spectral images). The Pearson correlation coefficient test and paired t test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsExcellent correlation was observed between the CAC scores on the true noncontrast and those on the VUE images (r = 0.88; P < .001). Compared with single-energy coronary CT angiography, dual-energy coronary CT angiography showed significantly reduced image noise and increased signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in all regions (all P < .001). The effective dose of dual-energy coronary CT angiography (4.3 ± 0.3 mSv) was significantly lower than that of true noncontrast CAC-scoring CT plus single-energy coronary CT angiography (5.4 ± 0.7 mSv; P < .0001).ConclusionsExcellent correlation was observed between the CAC scores on the VUE images and true noncontrast images. Thus, fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography could allow prediction of the true CAC scores, potentially reducing the total radiation exposure and image acquisition time by obviating the need for true noncontrast CAC-scoring CT.     

双源CT双能量心肌灌注成像的图像质量及辐射剂量研究

目的：探讨运用双源CT双能量技术行冠状动脉血管成像的图像质量和辐射剂量。方法：204例患者分为两组行双源CT冠状动脉血管造影检查,A组采用双能量扫描方案,B组采用传统单能量扫描方案,比较两组的图像质量及辐射剂量。结果：A、B两组冠状动脉图像质量评分分别为（4.70±0.72）分、（4.70±0.71）分,两组间差异无统计学意义（t=-1.000,P=0.318）。A、B两组图像左、右冠状动脉信噪比（SNR）分别为A组20.0±3.4和19.0±3.0、B组20.1±3.2和19.9±3.2,且两组间差异均无统计学意义（t=1.967,P=0.051;t=-0.233,P=0.816）。A、B两组的容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）、剂量长度乘积（DLP）、有效辐射剂量（ED）分别为（48.27±8.70）mGy、（54.10±8.77）mGy;（565.63±115.48）mGy.cm、（702.75±144.04）mGy.cm;（9.62±1.96）mSv、（11.95±2.45）mSv,A组的CTDIvol、DLP及ED明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-4.764,P=0.000;t=-7.501,P=0.000;t=-7.501,P=0.000）。结论：双能量心肌灌注成像技术在不降低图像质量的情况下,能够显著降低患者的有效辐射剂量,有很高的临床应用价值。     

Prospectively ECG gated CT pulmonary angiography versus helical ungated CT pulmonary angiography: impact on cardiac related motion artifacts and patient radiation dose

Objective

To compare prospectively ECG gated CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) with routine helical ungated CTPA for cardiac related motion artifacts and patient radiation dose.

Subjects and methods

Twenty patients with signs and symptoms suspicious for pulmonary embolism and who had a heart rate below 85 were scanned with prospectively ECG gated CTPA. These gated exams were matched for several clinical parameters to exams from twenty similar clinical patients scanned with routine ungated helical CTPA. Three blinded independent reviewers subjectively evaluated all exams for overall pulmonary artery enhancement and for several cardiac motion related artifacts, including vessel blurring, intravascular shading, and double line. Reviewers also measured pulmonary artery intravascular density and image noise. Patient radiation dose for each technique was compared. Fourteen clinical prospectively ECG gated CTPA exams from a second institution were evaluated for the same parameters.

Results

Prospectively ECG gated CTPA resulted in significantly decreased motion-related image artifact scores in lung segments adjacent to the heart compared to ungated CTPA. Measured image noise was not significantly different between the two types of CTPA exams. Effective dose was 28% less for prospectively ECG gated CTPA (4.9 mSv versus 6.8 mSv, p = 0.02). Similar results were found in the prospectively ECG gated exams from the second institution.

Conclusion

Compared to routine helical ungated CTPA, prospectively ECG gated CTPA may result in less cardiac related motion artifact in lung segments adjacent to the heart and significantly less patient radiation dose.     

Energía Dual en TC. Consideraciones técnicas y aplicaciones clínicas

Although dual-energy CT was initially described by Hounsfield in 1973, it remains underused in clinical practice. It is therefore important to emphasize the clinical benefits and limitations of this technique. Iodine mapping makes it possible to quantify the uptake of iodine, which is very important in characterizing tumors, lung perfusion, pulmonary nodules, and the tumor response to new treatments. Dual-energy CT also makes it possible to obtain virtual single-energy images and virtual images without iodinated contrast or without calcium, as well as to separate materials such as uric acid or fat and to elaborate hepatic iron overload maps. In this article, we review some of the clinical benefits and technical limitations to improve understanding of dual-energy CT and expand its use in clinical practice.     

新双源CT虚拟平扫技术在肝脏检查中的应用

目的 研究新双源CT的虚拟平扫技术在肝脏扫描中的应用价值.方法 51例肝脏CT平扫和增强扫描患者在完成常规平扫、肝动脉期及门静脉期3期扫描后,采用肝脏虚拟平扫后处理软件生成虚拟平扫图像.采用Wilcoxon分析比较常规平扫和虚拟平扫图像的病灶显示,并利用t检验对比分析肝脏、肌肉的CT值、图像SNR,以及患者单期扫描时接受的辐射剂量和总辐射剂量容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)值和剂量长度乘积(DLP)值.结果 虚拟平扫和常规平扫在病灶显示上无明显差异.虚拟平扫肝脏CT值(61.32±6.04)HU,大于常规平扫的(56.85±4.80)HU,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.927,P＜0.01);虚拟平扫图像SNR 11.28±2.78,大于常规平扫的8.65±1.56,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.590,P＜0.01).虚拟平扫CTDIvol总量(14.35±1.66)mGy和DLP总量(313.91±45.08)mGy·cm均低于常规平扫的(21.43±2.46)mGy和(469.02±66.22)mGy·cm,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为16.168和13.132,P值均＜0.01).结论 新双源CT的虚拟平扫技术在保证图像质量的前提下降低了辐射剂量,使其取代常规平扫成为可能.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the virtual non-contrast liver CT from dual-energy CT for the clinical application. Methods In total, 51 patients were included in the study, and all patients underwent multi-phase liver CT on a dual-source CT. The True non-contrast liver CT (TNCT) was performed in a single-energy acquisition mode, but the arterial and portovenous liver CT (VNCT) were performed in a dual-energy mode of 110 kV and 140 kV respectively. The virtual non-contrast CT images were derived from the arterial data using liver virtual non-contrast software. Between the true non-contrast CT and the virtual non-contrast CT, the image quality, mean CT HU values in the liver and muscle, signal to noise (SNR), the radiation dose of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) in a single phase and total examination were compared with t test. Results There was no significant difference in the detection of liver lesions between TNCT and VNCT. The CT Hu values of muscle on both TNCT and VNCT images were almost equal. The CT HU values of liver on VNCT images were higher than that on TNCT images and the difference was significant [61.32 ±6. 04 vs. (56. 85 ±4. 80) HU, t = -3. 927,P＜0.01]. There was also significant differenc of SNR between TNCT (11.28±2. 78) and VNCT (8.65 ± 1.56) images( t =-5.590,P＜0.01). The CTDIvol and DLP of single phase were (7.07 ±0.85) mGy and (155.11 ±respectively, but in TNCT the total CTDIvol and DLP reached (21.43 ± 2. 46 ) mGy and (469. 02 ±significance, but the total CTDIvol and DLP were significantly different (t = 16. 168 and 13. 132, P ＜0. 01). Conclusion With the consequent reduction in radiation dose, the VNCT can replace TNCT as an imaging protocol in multi-phase abdominal CT examination in clinic.     

In vivo analysis of single, pre- and postprocessing quantitative CT techniques

Measurements of bone mineral using single and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography (CT) are examined in vivo in 108 vertebral bodies scanned on a Siemens DRH scanner. Pre and postprocessing dual-energy techniques are compared. In the range of clinically useful kilovoltage, the choice of beam energy does not make a significant difference to the single-energy bone mineral measurement. Postprocessing dual-energy measurement in vivo shows a statistically significant decrease in the amount of mineral measured compared to single-energy measurements, whereas the preprocessing measurement shows a significant increase.     

初步评估双源CT双能量技术在孤立性肺结节研究中的价值

目的：探讨双源CT双能量技术在孤立性肺结节（SPN）研究中的临床应用价值。方法：40例SPN患者经病理证实并行胸部CT常规平扫及双能量模式增强扫描,双能量增强扫描数据传入Siemens双源CT专用＂Dual-Energy＂工作站,选择＂Liver VNC＂模式进行自动能量减影,得到虚拟平扫图像及碘分布图像。对SPN的虚拟平扫图像CT值和常规平扫图像SPN的CT值进行比较研究;对SPN内的碘分布图像CT值与SPN的强化值（增强图像SPN的CT值-平扫图像SPN的CT值）进行比较研究;对利用碘分布图像CT值和强化值在诊断SPN的符合率进行比较研究;研究虚拟平扫图像显示SPN内钙化灶以及纵隔淋巴结钙化灶的能力;将双能量扫描模式辐射剂量与单源扫描模式辐射剂量进行比较。结果：SPN的虚拟平扫图像CT值和常规平扫图像的CT值以及碘分布图像CT值与强化值显示出良好的一致性（相关系数分别为0.89,0.91）。以20HU作为阈值,利用SPN强化值评估其良恶性的准确度、敏感度、特异度分别为67.5%、71.4%、58.3%;利用SPN碘分布图像CT值评估其良恶性的准确度、敏感度、特异度分别为75.0%、74.2%、66.7%。虚拟平扫图像对SPN内钙化灶及纵隔淋巴结钙化的显示率为94.2%。双能量扫描模式平均辐射剂量（230.74±36.12）mGy.cm与单源扫描模式平均辐射剂量（238.14±29.12）mGy.cm,差异无统计学意义（t=0.12,P〉0.05）。结论：双能量扫描技术能够一次扫描获得虚拟平扫图及碘剂分布图,不存在数据采集的位置和时间差,能够成功检出强化后SPN内的钙化灶,选择性重建SPN的虚拟平扫图像代替胸部常规平扫则可以明显减低患者的辐射剂量。     

Estimation and comparison of effective dose (E) in standard chest CT by organ dose measurements and dose-length-product methods and assessment of the influence of CT tube potential (energy dependency) on effective dose in a dual-source CT

Purpose

To determine effective dose (E) during standard chest CT using an organ dose-based and a dose-length-product-based (DLP) approach for four different scan protocols including high-pitch and dual-energy in a dual-source CT scanner of the second generation.

Materials and methods

Organ doses were measured with thermo luminescence dosimeters (TLD) in an anthropomorphic male adult phantom. Further, DLP-based dose estimates were performed by using the standard 0.014 mSv/mGycm conversion coefficient k. Examinations were performed on a dual-source CT system (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens). Four scan protocols were investigated: (1) single-source 120 kV, (2) single-source 100 kV, (3) high-pitch 120 kV, and (4) dual-energy with 100/Sn140 kV with equivalent CTDIvol and no automated tube current modulation. E was then determined following recommendations of ICRP publication 103 and 60 and specific k values were derived.

Results

DLP-based estimates differed by 4.5–16.56% and 5.2–15.8% relatively to ICRP 60 and 103, respectively. The derived k factors calculated from TLD measurements were 0.0148, 0.015, 0.0166, and 0.0148 for protocol 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for single-energy and dual-energy protocols show a difference of less than 0.04 mSv.

Conclusion

Estimates of E based on DLP work equally well for single-energy, high-pitch and dual-energy CT examinations. The tube potential definitely affects effective dose in a substantial way. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for both single-energy and dual-energy examinations differ not more than 0.04 mSv.     

Effect of collagen on bone mineral analysis with CT

Single-energy and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography (CT) techniques were used to analyze test solutions that contained agar, K2HPO4, and isopropanol, which stimulated collagen, mineral, and fat, respectively. The impact of the use of peripheral and anthropomorphic (central) calibration phantoms was also studied. A 10% change in fat content was found to cause errors in the estimated bone mineral content of -10 mg/mL, -14 mg/mL, and -1 mg/mL for single-energy CT at 80 kVp, single-energy CT at 140 kVp, and dual-energy CT, respectively. In the K2HPO4 solutions, the addition of 50 mg/mL agar increased the estimated bone mineral content by 20-33 mg/mL for single-energy CT, and by 12-17 mg/mL for dual-energy CT. The best estimates were obtained with central calibration and dual-energy CT, but the estimates were still 14%-24% greater than the true values. Calibration samples that more accurately simulate actual spongiosa may reduce this source of error. Caution should be exercised in the use of quantitative CT under conditions in which either the bone marrow or collagen content is altered by disease or therapy.     

Assessment of calcified carotid plaque volume: comparison of contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT angiography and native single-energy CT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of calcified plaque volume in the carotid arteries based on contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT angiograms with volume estimates based on native CT scans. CONCLUSION: Detection of hard plaque in the carotid arteries with dual-energy CT angiography was successful in all patients. Estimates of calcified plaque volume based on dual-energy CT angiograms correlated well with those based on native single-energy CT scans but at a lower attenuation threshold (130 HU as opposed to 180 HU) were underestimates compared with those on the native CT scans.     

肝脏门静脉期CT增强的影响因素与对策

随着CT技术的发展,尤其是近几年双能CT的出现,不仅提高了影像质量,而且能够实现物质定量分析,极大拓展了临床应用范围,但同时也对优化应用提出了新的挑战。在上腹部检查中由于肝脏双重供血的特点造成了增强检查的特殊性,这突出体现在门静脉期影像质量难以达到预期而降低诊断可靠性上。因此,分析影响门静脉期增强的对比剂、病人和CT扫描等方面因素,总结在提高影像质量的同时降低对比剂剂量和辐射剂量的研究进展,并展望基于双能CT的个性化的上腹部增强检查计划设计方案。     

Dose reduction in multislice CT by means of bismuth shields: results of in vivo measurements and computed evaluation

Purpose

We investigated the amount of patient dose reduction in the thyroid, lens of the eye and the breast when using bismuth protections in multislice computed tomography (CT) exams as well as their influence on the quality of diagnostic images.

Materials and methods

The radiation dose was measured by using thermoluminescence dosimeters. The study was conducted on the two CT scanners installed in our radiology department (64 and eight slices). The shield effects on the CT image were evaluated by measuring the signal-to-noise ratio in a phantom and in vivo, and by verifying the presence of artefacts on patients’ images. The obtained organ-dose reduction factors were used to evaluate the effects of shielding on the effective dose.

Results

The shielding attenuation ranged from 30% to 60% depending on the CT scan protocols and organs. The difference between shielded and unshielded signal-to-noise ratio was statistically significant but within the standard requirements for quality assurance. Results were in agreement with the radiologists’ perception of image quality. The use of the shields allowed up to 38% reduction of effective dose.

Conclusions

Use of bismuth shields significantly decreases both organ and effective radiation dose, with a consequent reduction in health risk for the patient, quantified in 1.4 fewer cases of radiation-induced tumours every 5 years in our centre (12,100 exams/year), in agreement with the risk factors proposed by Publication 60 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The relative inexpensiveness of these protections, their easy application and their substantial lack of influence on image quality suggest their massive introduction into routine clinical practice.     

CT测定肝脏铁含量的研究进展

多种肝脏疾病和肝外疾病可致肝脏铁过载,引起和促使肝纤维化、肝硬化。临床已有的肝脏铁含量测定方法（肝穿刺活检、实验室检查、超导量子干涉仪、MRI和CT）分别存在不同程度的局限性。其中,CT作为肝脏疾病诊断常用的检查方法,近年来在肝脏铁含量测定方面取得了长足的进步,包括单能CT值估算法、双能CT差值法（△H法）和双能CT三物质分离算法（overlay法）。对CT测定肝脏铁含量的技术进展和临床应用进行综述。     

Spectral Computed Tomography: Fundamental Principles and Recent Developments

CT is a diagnostic tool with many clinical applications. The CT voxel intensity is related to the magnitude of X-ray attenuation, which is not unique to a given material. Substances with different chemical compositions can be represented by similar voxel intensities, making the classification of different tissue types challenging. Compared to the conventional single-energy CT, spectral CT is an emerging technology offering superior material differentiation, which is achieved using the energy dependence of X-ray attenuation in any material. A specific form of spectral CT is dual-energy imaging, in which an additional X-ray attenuation measurement is obtained at a second X-ray energy. Dual-energy CT has been implemented in clinical settings with great success. This paper reviews the theoretical basis and practical implementation of spectral/dual-energy CT.     

Initial experience with single-source dual-energy CT abdominal angiography and comparison with single-energy CT angiography: image quality, enhancement, diagnosis and radiation dose

Objectives

To assess image quality of virtual monochromatic spectral (VMS) images, compared to single-energy (SE) CT, and to evaluate the feasibility of material density imaging in abdominal aortic disease.

Methods

In this retrospective study, single-source (ss) dual-energy (DE) CT of the aorto-iliac system in 35 patients (32 male, mean age 76.5 years) was compared to SE-CT. By post-processing the data from ssDECT, VMS images at different energies and material density water (WD) images were generated. The image quality parameters were rated on 5-point scales. The aorto-iliac attenuation and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were recorded. Quality of WD images was compared to true unenhanced (TNE) images. Radiation dose was recorded and statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Image quality and noise were better at 70 keV (P?<?0.01). Renal artery branch visualisation was better at 50 keV (P?<?0.005). Attenuation and CNR were higher at 50 and 70 keV (P?<?0.0001). The WD images had diagnostic quality but higher noise than TNE images (P?<?0.0001). Radiation dose was lower using single-phase ssDECT compared to dual-phase SE-CT (P?<?0.0001).

Conclusion

70-keV images from ssDECT provide higher contrast enhancement and improved image quality for aorto-iliac CT when compared to SE-CT at 120 kVp. WD images are an effective substitute for TNE images with a potential for dose reduction.

Key Points

? Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography is now a routine procedure. ? Single-source dual-energy CT (ssDECT) can provide simultaneous data with different kilovoltages. ? 70 keV images showed better image quality than conventional single-energy (SE) CT. ? 70 keV images exhibited less image noise in comparison to SE-CT.     

Dual-energy CT for the characterization of urinary calculi: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a low-dose scanning protocol

The efficiency and radiation dose of a low-dose dual-energy (DE) CT protocol for the evaluation of urinary calculus disease were evaluated. A low-dose dual-source DE-CT renal calculi protocol (140 kV, 46 mAs; 80 kV, 210 mAs) was derived from the single-energy (SE) CT protocol used in our institution for the detection of renal calculi (120 kV, 75 mAs). An Alderson-Rando phantom was equipped with thermoluminescence dosimeters and examined by CT with both protocols. The effective doses were calculated. Fifty-one patients with suspected or known urinary calculus disease underwent DE-CT. DE analysis was performed if calculi were detected using a dedicated software tool. Results were compared to chemical analysis after invasive calculus extraction. An effective dose of 3.43 mSv (male) and 5.30 mSv (female) was measured in the phantom for the DE protocol (vs. 3.17/4.57 mSv for the SE protocol). Urinary calculi were found in 34 patients; in 28 patients, calculi were removed and analyzed (23 patients with calcified calculi, three with uric acid calculi, one with 2,8-dihyxdroxyadenine-calculi, one patient with a mixed struvite calculus). DE analysis was able to distinguish between calcified and non-calcified calculi in all cases. In conclusion, dual-energy urinary calculus analysis is effective also with a low-dose protocol. The protocol tested in this study reliably identified calcified urinary calculi in vivo.     

Vertebral trabecular bone: comparison of single and dual-energy CT measurements with chemical analysis

We have done detailed analysis of 50 excised L1 vertebral bones including single-energy CT, preprocessing dual-energy CT, as well as a number of physical and chemical analyses to determine the amount of fat and the elemental composition. We found a good correlation (0.91) between single-energy CT measurements and mineral element content and excellent correlation (0.95) between dual-energy CT measurements and mineral element content. The SEEs of the CT mineral were 14 and 10 mg (K2HPO4 equivalent) per cm3 for single and dual energy, respectively. We also report on the variation of fat and mineral content with respect to age, the quantitative effect of fat variation on CT values, and the relationship between calcium and phosphorus content.     

Radiation doses to the lens of the eye during computerised tomography of the orbit; a comparison of four modern computerised tomography units

A previous study has looked at the estimated radiation dose to the lens of the eye during CT scanning of the orbit, pituitary fossa and brain with a recently installed GE 9800 Quick CT using a phantom simulating the lens of the eye. In this study the same phantom was used to compare the estimated radiation dose delivered to the lens of the eye by three other newly installed CT units of different manufacture. There was significant variation between the doses measured from the four machines when operated with the parameters commonly used in clinical practice. However, in all cases scanning of the phantom using routine techniques delivered a dose to the simulated lens which was much lower than the threshold dose for cataracts. There is, never-the-less, a potential for delivery of much higher doses.     

Radiation dose from coronary CT angiography: five years of progress

Radiation doses from coronary CT angiography have been scrutinized as a consequence of rising concern over cumulative lifetime radiation dose from diagnostic imaging and potential cancer risk. In response to this, the past 5 years have witnessed progressive refinements in CT technology and new dose reduction protocols, including electrocardiography-based tube current modulation, lower peak tube voltage, prospective or axial scanning, high-pitch spiral scanning, and iterative CT data reconstruction. As a direct result, compared with radiation exposure levels initially reported from 64-detector coronary CT angiography without dose modulation (range, 16-20 mSv), doses have decreased by approximately 50% every 2 years since 2005. Recent high-pitch spiral scan studies have documented doses ≤ 1 mSv. In routine clinical practice, registries show somewhat higher radiation dose levels, but nonetheless a similar rate of improvement with marked dose reduction enabled by dissemination of updated CT scanner technology. The current challenge is to continue the past rate of progress by incorporating research into practice and to facilitate improved technology.     

单源双能 CT 不同重建层厚对标准水模 GSI 数据的影响

目的：探讨单源双能 CT 不同重建层厚对标准水模能谱成像的 CT 值、水(碘)浓度、SD 值的影响。方法使用 GE 公司单源双能 CT(Discovery CT 750 HD),选择辐射剂量相近(165~262.5 mAs)的8个扫描协议,对 GE 20 cm 直径的水模行 CT 能谱成像(GSI)扫描,管电压采用140 kVp 和80 kVp 瞬时切换,扫描视野 medium,螺距1.375,探测器宽度40 mm,每个协议采集6层5 mm 层厚图像(B 组),重建1.25 mm 层厚图像(A 组)。使用 AW4.5工作站,将面积约3000 mm2的圆形感兴趣区(ROI)置于水模的中心、3点、6点、9点、12点的位置进行测量,分别在70 keV 单能量图像上测量 A、B 2组的 CT 值和 SD 值,在水(碘)基图像上测量水(碘)浓度和 SD 值,分别采用独立样本 t 检验、配对样本 t 检验进行统计学分析。结果A 组及 B 组 CT 值和水(碘)浓度的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),SD 值的差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。A、B 2组水(碘)浓度的 SD 值均小于 CT 值的 SD 值,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论重建层厚的改变不会影响单源双能 CT GSI 扫描的 CT 值和水(碘)浓度,对 SD 值有影响。GSI 对物质浓度的测量及 CT 值测量更加准确。