原发性软骨肉瘤影像学表现与病理关系

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的CT和MR及其增强表现,分析其病理基础.方法:回顾分析经手术病理证实的软骨肉瘤27例,术前分别或同时经X线平片、CT平扫和增强、MR SE T1WI、T2WI和T1WI增强扫描,复习影像学扫描结果并和手术病理作对照.结果:27例软骨肉瘤中,普通型22例,间充质型3例,去分化型2例.发病部位包括骨盆11例,管状骨10例,肋骨2例,胸骨1例,椎体1例,软组织1例,腹膜后1例.肿瘤直径4.5～23.0 cm,<5.0 cm 2例,5.0～10.0 cm 17例,>10.0 cm 8例.骨质破坏呈轻度膨胀性或溶骨性,密度等于或低于肌肉密度,钙化21例,扇贝状分叶边缘19例,骨膜增生3例.肿瘤CT值等于或低于肌肉;MR T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI为显著高信号,高信号内总见弓环状低信号分隔或低信号结节.CT和MR增强13例,小叶分隔呈环弓状进行性持续强化,小叶自身不强化.结论:扇贝状分叶边缘、弓环状钙化、T2WI显著高信号内存在弓环状低信号、弓环状进行性强化等构成各型软骨肉瘤的特异性影像学特征,对诊断具有重要价值.     

软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的32例软骨肉瘤的影像学特点。32例均行X线平片检查,其中25例行CT检查,MR检查14例。结果:32例平片发现病变内钙化28例。25例做CT者均见骨质破坏和钙化影,软组织肿块21例,骨膜反应2例。MR表现:肿瘤呈等长T1长T2为主的混杂信号,可见长T1短T2信号分隔,增强扫描示分隔强化和肿块周边部强化,钙化呈长T1短T2信号。结论:骨质破坏、钙化、软组织肿块、弓环状分隔等构成软骨肉瘤的主要影像学特点,对诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

肾脏软骨肉瘤的影像学表现1例

该文报道1例肾脏软骨肉瘤患者的CT及MRI表现。男, 73岁, 因"血尿、腰痛不适1 d"就诊, CT示伴有钙化灶的软组织肿块, 增强扫描可见肿块分隔及边缘延迟强化;MRI示肿块呈小叶状改变, T1WI呈稍高信号, T2WI呈不均匀低信号, 扩散加权成像呈低信号, 增强扫描可见间隔及周围延期强化, 右肾静脉内见充盈缺损。术后病理诊断为肾脏软骨肉瘤。     

毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像表现及其与病理的关系

目的:分析毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤影像学表现与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤9例,术前分别经X线平片、CT平扫、MR SE T1WI、T2WI和T1WI增强扫描,仔细复习影像征象并和手术病理作对照.结果:9例毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤中,位于股骨5例,胫骨3例和髂骨1例.位于长管状骨者,5例位于干骺端,2例位于骨干,1例接近骨端.肿瘤直径6.3～11.8 cm.所有肿瘤均为溶骨性骨质破坏,破坏区呈椭圆形5例,不规则地图形4例.病灶呈囊状9例,7例病灶境界不清,7例病变见骨膜增生,伴软组织肿块8例,所有病例软组织肿块境界清楚.5例行CT检查,病灶密度低于肌肉或与肌肉相仿,CT显示骨膜增生及软组织肿块较平片清楚,增强扫描软组织明显强化.4例行MR检查,T1WI为混杂信号3例,低信号1例;T2WI为低、等和高信号混杂4例.T2WI 4例均可见明显囊状改变和液-液平面,均可见软组织成分,软组织构成囊壁和分隔,部分呈不规则肿块结节,T2WI软组织信号高于肌肉.结论:毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤好发于长管状骨干骺端,呈卵圆形或地图样溶骨性破坏,容易呈多囊状坏死,但肿瘤内常见软组织成分,常伴骨膜增生和骨外软组织肿块,CT增强扫描和MR有助于显示病灶的软组织成分.     

CT、MRI联合应用对软骨肉瘤诊断与鉴别诊断的价值

目的 探讨CT、MRI联合应用对软骨肉瘤(CHS)诊断与鉴别诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析19例经病理证实的软骨肉瘤CT、MRI资料.结果 CT表现为骨质破坏15例,软组织肿块14例,所有病例均可见不同形态、数量钙化,2例为周边与分隔强化,3例为不均匀强化.MRI表现为T1WI低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,信号不均匀,增强有周边及分隔强化呈不规则花环状与蜂窝状9例、不均匀斑驳状强化2例及明显强化2例.抑脂T2WI能清晰显示病变边界、范围,冠状位/矢状位可突出肿瘤分叶状轮廓与"花菜状"整体观.结论 CT、MRI均为诊断与鉴别诊断CHS的重要影像检查方法.两者联合,优势互补,可减少误诊.     

原发性软骨肉瘤的影像诊断

目的探讨原发性软骨肉瘤影像特点及诊断要点。方法回顾性分析13例病理证实的原发性软骨肉瘤的X线、CT、MRI表现,并与病理对照。结果13例中,常见型9例,黏液型3例,去分化型1例。发病部位：长骨7例（股骨6例,肱骨上端1例）,躯干骨6例（骨盆3例,肋骨2例,胸椎1例）。X线及CT表现：呈斑片状、大片状溶骨性骨质破坏,周围骨质密度增高,骨皮质破坏、中断,局部软组织肿块。11例病灶内出现钙化。MRI表现：5例病灶T1WI呈稍低及等信号,T2WI呈显著高信号,增强后呈分隔状强化。结论X线、CT、MRI检查的综合运用,对原发性软骨肉瘤的诊断有重要的价值。     

Imaging Manifestations of Primary Spinal Chondrosarcoma:a Comparative Analysis with Histopathology

目的 分析脊柱原发性软骨肉瘤影像学表现,探讨其影像学特征及组织病理联系.资料与方法 回顾性分析8例病理证实的脊柱原发性软骨肉瘤患者的临床表现、病理特征及影像学征象.结果 8例中普通型4例,间质型2例,透明细胞型和黏液型各1例;7例髓内型,1例皮质旁型.病灶均单发,累及胸椎3例(T4、T5和T11-12),骶椎3例(S1-3),腰椎和颈椎各1例.8例均表现为不同程度溶骨性骨质破坏和软组织肿块.7例病灶内见环状或弧线样软骨基质钙化.3例T2WI上见分叶状更高信号区(富水分区)病灶中,2例为传统型,且含MRI液-液平面,病理证实瘤灶内有动脉瘤样骨囊肿改变;另1例为透明细胞型,病理显示富含透明软骨成分;此两型共5例,其中4例MRI呈线样或分隔样强化.黏液型病灶MRI信号混杂,但较传统型和透明细胞型信号相对均匀;除钙化区域外,瘤体呈弥漫强化.2例间质型病灶均表现为明显软组织肿块,均匀或不均匀强化.结论 脊柱原发性软骨肉瘤具有特征性影像表现,不同影像学表现可提示不同病理类型.熟悉脊柱原发性软骨肉瘤影像学特征及不同病理类型特征性表现有助于临床及影像诊断.     

软组织滑膜肉瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的：探讨软组织滑膜肉瘤的影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的软组织滑膜肉瘤患者的临床及影像学资料,分析其影像学征象。结果：大部分滑膜肉瘤影像表现为邻近关节边界较为清楚的团块状或分叶状软组织肿块,肿瘤体积一般较大（〉5 cm,88%）。CT平扫可见肿瘤大部分密度与肌肉密度相似,其内可见范围不等的低密度区,1例见团块状钙化,2例见斑点状钙化,主要位于肿块的周边。较大的肿瘤（〉5 cm）在MR T1WI上与肌肉信号相比呈不均匀等信号或稍高信号,在T2WI上表现为以高信号或稍高信号为主的混杂信号,5例肿块内可见低信号分隔;较小的肿瘤（〈5 cm）在各序列上均表现出信号的均匀性;增强扫描大部分肿瘤呈明显不均匀强化。结论：软组织滑膜肉瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性,CT和MRI综合评价有助于提高滑膜肉瘤的诊断准确性。     

CT and MRI diagnosis of skull base chondrosarcoma extensively involving parapharyngeal space

目的:探讨CT、MRI对累及咽旁间隙的颅底软骨肉瘤的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析6例经病理证实的累及咽旁间隙的颅底软骨肉瘤患者的CT、MRI资料,其中3例为黏液样软骨肉瘤.结果:6例均广泛累及咽旁间隙,侵犯颈静脉孔5例、岩尖3例、寰椎旁3例.主要CT表现为软组织肿块伴不规则骨质破坏,肿块呈分叶状4例,类圆形2例,伴不同程度点状、斑片状及周边弧形钙化;4例CT增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化.MRI T1 WI示肿块呈低或稍低信号,T2 WI上呈多房分叶状明显高信号,内有低信号分隔,其中3例黏液样软骨肉瘤信号较均匀,其余信号不均匀,有片状等或稍高信号灶.增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化,伴周边及间隔强化.结论:颅底软骨肉瘤可广泛累及咽旁间隙,易造成误诊;CT可显示钙化及骨质破坏,MRI上肿块信号特点及强化方式有一定特点,两种检查方法联合应用可减少误诊.     

原发性骨淋巴瘤综合影像学分析

目的：探讨原发性骨淋巴瘤的影像表现的诊断价值.材料和方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的15例原发性骨淋巴瘤的X线、CT及MR影像资料.结果：15例中骨盆受累7例、脊柱受累6例、肩胛骨及股骨受累各2例,肋骨受累1例.X线平片或CT检查的病例中,骨质破坏主要为溶骨型和浸润型12例,囊状膨胀型及混合型各1例,12例骨质破坏的周边可见不同程度的软组织肿块.MR T1WI信号类似或稍高于肌肉9例（9/11）,T2WI信号高于肌肉低于脂肪10例（10/11）,MR信号不均匀6例.结论：轻微的骨质破坏伴明显软组织肿块表现可提示原发性骨淋巴瘤的诊断,但需结合临床和病理确诊.     

Enchondromas in children: imaging appearance with pathological correlation

Objective

Enchondromas are benign lesions that may present with nonspecific features on imaging in children. Correlation of histology with imaging findings is often required to make the final diagnosis of a benign lesion. The aim of this study was to review imaging and pathological findings of enchondromas in children.

Materials and methods

Imaging examinations of 12 enchondromas in 11 patients (median age 14?years) were retrospectively reviewed. Imaging evaluation included an assessment of lesion size, relationship to the growth plate, mineralization, matrix and periosteal reaction, intrinsic MR signal characteristics, and intraosseous and soft-tissue edema. Pathological findings were reviewed.

Results

Lesions were located in the phalanx in 33% (4 out of 12), metacarpal in 25% (3 out of 12), femur in 33% (4 out of 12) and tibia in 8% cases (1 out of 12). The mean size was 28?mm (range, 11–70?mm). Matrix mineralization in a typical “rings-and-arcs” pattern was observed in 20% of the lesions with available radiographs/CT (2 out of 10). Lesions were expansive with endosteal scalloping in 75% of cases (9 out 12) and contacted the growth plate in 50% of cases (6 out of 12). All enchondromas in which MR imaging was available (5 out of 5) demonstrated typical cartilaginous matrix of lobules of high T2 signal, low T1 signal, and peripheral enhancement.

Conclusion

Enchondromas in children are relatively large lesions, with frequent endosteal scalloping and rare matrix mineralization.     

Distinction of long bone stress fractures from pathologic fractures on cross-sectional imaging: how successful are we?

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study were to define CT and MRI features that distinguish pathologic fractures from stress fractures and to compare the performance of CT and MRI with radiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two reviewers retrospectively reviewed 45 MR images, 37 CT scans, and 43 radiographs in 59 patients (30 biopsy-proven pathologic fractures and 29 stress fractures followed to resolution). The features observed on MRI were abnormal bone marrow (well-defined, ill-defined); intracortical, periosteal, or muscle T1 or T2 signal; endosteal scalloping; and a soft-tissue mass. The features seen on CT were marrow abnormality and character (well-defined, ill-defined, permeative, moth-eaten), endosteal scalloping, periosteal reaction (benign, aggressive), and a soft-tissue mass. Reviewers rated their confidence for diagnosing a pathologic fracture on a 1-3 scale (< 50%, 50-95%, > 95% sure, respectively) with each technique. Performance of each technique was defined by reviewer accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az); the frequency with which the MRI and CT features were associated with pathologic and stress fractures was calculated. RESULTS: For both reviewers, accuracy for differentiating pathologic from stress fractures was highest on MRI (accuracy/Az: reviewer 1, 98%/0.97; reviewer 2, 93%/0.99); CT (reviewer 1, 88%/0.83; reviewer 2, 82%/0.90) was less accurate than radiography (reviewer 1, 94%/0.98; reviewer 2, 88%/0.96). On MRI, pathologic fractures compared with stress fractures exhibited well-defined T1 marrow signal (83% vs 7%, respectively; p < 0.001), endosteal scalloping (58% vs 0%, p < 0.001), muscle signal (83% vs 48%, p = 0.026), and a soft-tissue mass (67% vs 0%, p < 0.001). On CT, pathologic fractures compared with stress fractures exhibited marrow abnormality (84% vs 17%, respectively; p = 0.001), endosteal scalloping (44% vs 0%, p = 0.006), and aggressive periosteal reaction (36% vs 0%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: MRI is useful for distinguishing pathologic from stress fractures, especially after inconclusive radiographic findings. Specifically, pathologic fractures exhibit well-defined T1 marrow alterations, endosteal scalloping, and adjacent soft-tissue abnormalities.     

Primary musculoskeletal tumors: examination with MR imaging compared with conventional modalities

In 176 cases of primary musculo-skeletal tumors, the informative value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was compared with that of plain radiographic examination, angiography, scintigraphy, and computed tomography (CT). In all patients the surgical and histopathologic results were known. For bone tumors confined to the bone, MR imaging was excellent for evaluation of intraosseous extent, but it could not be proved significantly better than CT or scintigraphy. MR imaging was inferior to plain radiography and CT for evaluation of calcification, ossification, cortical destruction, and endosteal/periosteal reaction. For soft-tissue tumors and bone tumors with soft-tissue extension, MR imaging was significantly better than the other modalities in all variables examined: delineation between tumor and muscle, tumor and vessel, tumor and fat, tumor and joint, and tumor and bone, as well as depicting intralesional necrosis and bleeding.     

颅底及面部骨纤维病变的影像学分析

目的 探讨颅底及面部骨纤维病变的CT和MRI诊断及鉴别诊断价值,提出术后影像学随访的重要性. 资料与方法回顾性分析经临床病理和组织学活检证实的颅底及面部20例骨化性纤维瘤和23例骨纤维发育不良患者的CT和MR影像学资料,并对两类病变共计27例进行术后影像随访.结果 20例骨化性纤维瘤中,18例为单骨发病,2例为多骨病变.CT表现为椭圆形或分叶状稍高密度肿块,边界清晰,瘤周有一层较完整或不完整的骨性包壳.内部呈不均匀密度13例,均匀磨玻璃样密度7例,其中11例有明显囊变坏死区;11例MR T_1WI以等、低信号为主,T_2WI以等、高信号为主,11例增强后间隔和实性部分强化.23例骨纤维发育不良中,多骨型20例,单骨型3例,无明确边界,密度均匀或不均匀,骨皮质变薄、模糊,骨质周围无软组织肿块和骨膜反应.5例MRT_1WI、T_2WI均以等、低信号为主,信号不均匀.结论 颅底及面部骨化性纤维瘤和骨纤维发育不良有相似的临床、病理特点,影像学有一定特征,有助于诊断和鉴别,部分病例两者鉴别困难.术后影像学随访以CT为主,MRI对需要再次手术者为重要补充.     

软骨肉瘤的影像诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学表现,提高对本病诊断的准确性。方法:回顾性分析25例经手术病理证实的软骨肉瘤的X线、CT和MRI资料。结果:25例软骨肉瘤中原发23例,其中普通型20例,去分化型、黏液型及透明细胞型各1例;继发2例。X线及CT表现:原发的23例中溶骨性骨破坏5例,混合性骨破坏18例,形成软组织肿块20例,其中表现为低密度19例,等密度1例。20例普通型及1例黏液型见散在钙化。MRI表现:普通型软骨肉瘤T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;黏液型T1WI呈等、低混杂信号,T2WI呈稍高、低的混杂信号,钙化T2WI呈低信号;透明细胞型病例T1WI及T2WI呈近乎等信号;去分化型T1WI呈等低混杂信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号。6例普通型及1例继发型出现环形、间隔样中等-明显强化,黏液型及去分化型呈不均匀中等-明显强化。结论:普通X线及CT是软骨肉瘤影像诊断及鉴别诊断的主要手段,MRI显示软骨信号为重要提示。MRI显示病变范围更为清楚、准确,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。     

Imaging of chest wall disorders.

Pathologic processes that may involve the chest wall include congenital and developmental anomalies, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and soft-tissue and bone tumors. Many of these processes have characteristic radiologic appearances that allow definitive diagnosis. Sternal deformities can be visualized at radiography and their severity quantified with computed tomography (CT). In cervical rib, CT with multiplanar reconstruction may demonstrate relevant anatomic detail and the relationship between bone deformity and arterial compression. In Poland syndrome, radiography reveals an area of hyperlucency on the affected side, whereas CT demonstrates the absence of the greater pectoral muscle and clearly depicts associated musculoskeletal anomalies. Tuberculosis typically manifests at radiography and CT as osseous and cartilaginous destruction and soft-tissue masses with calcification and rim enhancement. Aspergillosis involving the chest wall manifests as pulmonary consolidations and permeative osteolytic changes of the rib and spine at CT and as an area of increased signal intensity at T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Neurogenic tumors and hemangiomas also typically have high signal intensity at T2-weighted MR imaging. Apparent mass extension or unequivocal bone destruction seen at CT or MR imaging may indicate chest wall involvement by lymphoma. Radiologically, soft-tissue sarcomas typically appear as areas of soft-tissue density or attenuation, often associated with necrotic areas of low density or attenuation. At radiography, plasmacytoma typically manifests as well-defined, "punched-out" lytic lesions with associated extrapleural soft-tissue masses. Chondrosarcoma frequently appears as a large, lobulated excrescent mass arising from a rib with scattered flocculent calcifications characteristic of its cartilaginous mix. Familiarity with these radiologic features facilitates accurate diagnosis and optimal patient treatment.     

原发性骨骼恶性纤维组织细胞瘤影像表现与病理对照研究

目的 分析原发性骨骼恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)影像表现与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的原发性骨骼MFH 13例,术前分别经X线平片、CT平扫、MR SE T1 WI、T2 WI和增强T1 WI检查,复习影像表现并与手术病理作对照.结果 13例原发骨骼MFH中,11例位于骨端,2例位于骨干,位于骨端者与骨性关节面的距离为1～5 cm.肿瘤呈溶骨性骨质破坏,直径5.3～12.7 cm.其中,破坏区偏心10例,破坏区内见少许分隔7例,周边不连续硬化11例,伪足样突起7例,骨膜增生2例,软组织肿块9例,所有患者软组织肿块体积较小.CT扫描显示肿瘤密度与肌肉密度相仿.在MR T1 WI肿瘤为等低信号,在T2 WI为混杂信号,T2 WI常见片状等低信号,病灶周围常见不完整的低信号环,环外见伪足样突起.动态增强呈进行性延迟强化,强化显著,且较均匀.大体病理显示病灶偏心,膨胀不明显,肿瘤多突破皮质形成范围较小的软组织肿块,呈结节状或假性包裹样,肿瘤内见纺锤形成纤维细胞和胞体较小的组织细胞样细胞,伴有数量不等的胶原纤维,细胞密集呈席纹状或放射状排列.肿瘤微血管丰富.结论 原发骨骼MFH好发于中年患者长骨骨端,T2 WI常见等低信号成分,增强扫描强化显著;MRI表现与病理关系密切.     

软骨母细胞瘤影像学特征及其病理基础

目的 分析软骨母细胞瘤(chondroblastoma,CB)影像表现与病理的关系,以提高对该病的诊断准确性.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的原发性骨骼CB 15例,术前分别行X线平片、CT平扫、MR SET_1WI、T_1WI和SE T_1WI增强扫描.复习影像学图像并与手术病理作对照.结果 15例中,13例位于长管状骨(骨骺12例,干骺端1例),1例位于脊柱椎体及附件,1例位于跟骨.肿瘤直径3.9～7.2 cm,平均5.1 cm.均为溶骨性骨质破坏,无明显膨胀性改变.14例病灶边缘隐约呈结节状突起,可见明显硬化边,1例位于跟骨者无明显硬化边缘.位于管状骨者,病灶多位于骨骺中心骨性关节面下,8例可见钙化,5例无明显钙化;位于椎体和跟骨者,均无明显钙化;1例位于跟骨者,内可见小囊变;1例位于脊柱者可见骨性分隔.5例伴有软组织肿胀.CT示病灶密度略低、等或略高于邻近软组织密度,密度不均匀,CT显示细微钙化更有价值.MR T_1WI为低信号,T_2WI为低、等和高混杂信号,肿瘤边缘可见骨质硬化引起的低信号环.结论 CB不仅位于管状骨,也位于脊柱及跟骨等不规则骨.多数位于长管状骨骨骺中心或骨端骨突部位,肿瘤膨胀改变不明显,瘤内可见弓环状或斑点状钙化,边缘呈分叶结节状,常见明显硬化边,可伴有骨膜反应或邻近渗出,多数肿瘤可以确诊.位于脊柱与跟骨者表现不典型,容易误诊.     

颅底软骨肉瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 分析颅底软骨肉瘤的CT和MRI表现，探讨CT和MRI的诊断价值和限度。资料与方法搜集经病理组织学证实的12例颅底软骨肉瘤，均行CT及MRI平扫。其中8例行MRI增强扫描。结果 11例CT上可见不同程度的钙化，MRTlWI呈低等信号，T2WI呈不均匀高信号；1例CT表现为囊性低密度，伴有高密度点状出血灶，T1WI呈以低信号为主夹杂高信号出血灶，T2WI呈均匀高信号，边界清晰。8例MRI增强扫描均表现为不均匀强化，信号及密度改变与病理相符。结论 颅底软骨肉瘤的CT和MRI表现与病理相符。CT和MRI是诊断颅底软骨肉瘤的有效方法。     

原发性骨淋巴瘤的影像表现分析

目的探讨原发性骨淋巴瘤(primary lymphoma of bone,PLB)相关影像表现特点,以提高对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断能力。方法回顾性分析经穿刺细胞学或手术病理证实的7例PLB患者的X线、CT及MRI影像表现。结果 7例患者2例单骨发病,5例多骨发病,最常累及股骨、髂骨,骨质破坏以浸润型为主,骨皮质可见T2WI高信号"肿瘤通道",周围软组织肿块多巨大,累及关节者,关节间隙保持正常。结论 PLB与其它恶性骨肿瘤鉴别困难,但具有以下特点:全身症状轻、溶骨型骨质破坏(尤其长骨远端)伴或不伴骨膜反应及骨皮质增厚、软组织肿块明显而骨质破坏轻微、病变有包绕关节趋势(关节间隙保持正常)。