球花石斛的位点特异性PCR鉴别研究

为建立球花石斛的DNA分子标记鉴别方法，本文根据测定及GenBank上登录的109种共计164个石斛样本的rDNA ITS序列，设计了特异性鉴别引物QH-JB1 和QH-JB2，并对球花石斛进行了位点特异性PCR鉴别研究。结果表明，当复性条件为63.5 ℃，1 min时，只有球花石斛的模板DNA能被扩增出约300 bp的阳性扩增带，而其他种石斛均为阴性。证明用本法鉴别球花石斛简便、省时，也适用于干燥球花石斛药材的鉴别，具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于rDNA ITS序列SNP位点的特异性聚合酶链反应引物鉴别青椒和花椒

目的设计专用于花椒与青椒鉴别的特异性聚合酶链反应(PCR)引物,建立花椒与青椒的分子鉴别方法。方法本研究提取花椒与青椒样品的DNA,并利用rDNA ITS(核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区)序列通用型引物分别对样品进行PCR扩增,PCR产物经双向测序、比对,寻找单核苷酸多态性(SNP)特异性位点,并分别针对花椒与青椒的SNP位点设计出花椒与青椒的特异性PCR引物,用于花椒与青椒的特异性PCR引物鉴别。结果所设计的特异性引物为花椒和青椒的鉴别提供了分子鉴定的依据,可以快速、准确地检测出花椒和青椒。结论本文所设计的特异性PCR引物能有效地鉴别出花椒与青椒,该方法具有准确、高效、灵敏、简便等特点,具有较好的市场应用前景。     

中药材龟甲及原动物的高特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的:建立一种简便、实用的龟甲药材DNA 分子鉴定方法。方法:根据22 种亚洲产龟类的线粒体12SrRNA 基因片段序列,设计一对专用于鉴定中药材龟甲原动物乌龟的鉴别引物,用该对引物扩增从乌龟和其他18 种龟共48 个样品的DNA 模板。结果:在72℃的复性温度下进行PCR,4 个乌龟的模板DNA 均得到约180 bp 的阳性扩增带,而其他各龟的模板DNA,在同样条件下无扩增产物,用这对鉴别引物经一次PCR 反应便可准确地鉴定受试原动物是否为乌龟。同法对江苏省药品检验所提供的17 块样品龟甲进行了鉴定,结果表明只有4 块样品为正品,其余皆为伪品,与性状鉴定和DNA序列分析鉴定结果完全一致。结论:所设计的鉴别引物对乌龟有高度特异性,所配制的龟甲药材鉴定试剂盒可在龟甲药材鉴定中使用。     

位点特异性PCR鉴别两面针掺伪飞龙掌血的方法研究

目的:探讨DNA条形码技术对鉴定两面针掺伪飞龙掌血的可行性，建立两面针特异性快速聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分子鉴定方法。方法:通过对两面针和伪品飞龙掌血DNA条形码进行对比分析，寻找单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点并设计特异性鉴别引物，优化PCR反应体系与程序，进行退火温度、引物酶、反应循环数、灵敏度及专属性等方法学考察。结果:ITS2条形码适用于两面针及伪品飞龙掌血的鉴别，所建立的位点特异性PCR鉴别方法，在退火温度为56℃、循环数为33次时，伪品飞龙掌血经过特异性引物扩增后，在200～300 bp之间检出一条单一DNA条带，而两面针则无此条带。结论:所建立的位点特异性PCR方法可准确检测两面针中是否含有飞龙掌血，为两面针质量监测提供一种新型的鉴定手段。     

铁皮石斛的PCR-RFLP鉴别方法

目的:建立铁皮石斛专有的分子鉴别方法。方法:通过对铁皮石斛及其近缘种石斛的叶绿体matk基因序列进行对比分析,根据鉴别位点设计特异的铁皮石斛鉴别引物,通过聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP)技术进行鉴别。结果:本试验中鉴别引物可成功扩增铁皮石斛及其近缘种石斛,PCR产物为331 bp,铁皮石斛的PCR产物可被Tru9 Ⅰ限制性内切酶切开,而近缘种石斛不能被切开,可通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳成功鉴别。结论:本试验建立的PCR-RFLP鉴别方法可以鉴别铁皮石斛及其近缘种石斛。     

猪基源的肝素粗品及混淆品的AS-PCR及ARMS分子检测

本文建立了一种简便、准确的鉴别猪基源的肝素粗品及其混淆品的DNA分子鉴定方法。在对家猪、野猪及其他7种动物(均用于加工猪肝素粗品的混淆品)的mtDNA D-loop区进行序列分析的基础上，设计了专门用于鉴别猪基源肝素钠的AS-PCR(allele-specific PCR)引物及ARMS(amplification refractory mutation system)引物，对家猪、野猪及其他7种动物来源的肝素、肌肉或血液共49个样品的基源进行了分子检测。结果表明：AS-PCR及ARMS方法均可用于猪基源肝素粗品的快速鉴别。AS-PCR鉴别时的复性温度为54～56 ℃，ARMS引物鉴别时的复性温度更宽，为52～58 ℃。在用两种引物对肝素样品进行鉴别时，仅猪来源的肝素DNA模板能扩增得到约170 bp的扩增条带，而其他动物来源的肝素DNA模板在同样条件下无扩增产物。     

冬虫夏草特异性PCR鉴定方法研究

目的建立一种准确、简便的方法鉴别冬虫夏草真伪。方法采用改良CTAB法从冬虫夏草样品中提取总DNA,根据r DNA中ITS1区序列设计一对特异性引物,对虫草样品进行特异性扩增。结果冬虫夏草标准品和部分市售虫草样品能扩增出255bp大小的目的片段,其余虫草样品未能扩增出相应条带。结论改良CTAB法提取DNA所需时间短对DNA分子破坏性小。特异PCR鉴别冬虫夏草真伪的方法准确快捷,对珍贵药材的甄别具有广阔的前景。     

鹿类中药材的位点特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的　建立一种简便、准确的鹿类中药材鹿茸、鹿鞭、鹿筋、鹿胎的DNA分子标记鉴定方法。方法　在对鹿类中药材的正品原动物梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品原动物的Cyt b 基因全序列分析的基础上,设计了一对专用于鉴定正品鹿类药材的位点特异性鉴别引物ILu01-L和ILu01-H。结果　在6 4℃的复性温度下,用鉴别引物对原动物样品进行鉴别PCR ,仅正品能得到约365bp阳性扩增带;对鹿茸、鹿鞭及鹿筋正、伪品药材进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:3批鹿茸仅一批为正品,2批鹿鞭皆为伪品,鹿筋正、伪品药材PCR鉴定与形态鉴定结果一致。随机选取2枚鹿茸及一个原动物做Cyt b 基因片段序列分析,其结果与PCR鉴定完全一致。结论　对市售鹿类商品药材需加强质量监督和管理。所设计的鉴别引物对梅花鹿、马鹿有高度特异性,可应用于以其为原动物的鹿类中药材的鉴定。     

蕲蛇及其混淆品高特异性PCR鉴别

目的：建立一种准确、简便的蕲蛇药材DNA分子标记鉴别方法。方法：用Cytb通用引物对蕲蛇及7种常见混淆品PCR扩增后进行测序，依其序列间差异设计一对专用于中药材蕲蛇的鉴别引物HQSL-1和HQSH-1。用不同的复性温度PCR扩增，确立特异性反应条件。探讨适合中药材动物药的分子标记种类。结果：PCR扩增结果是在50℃复性温度下，正品蕲蛇均得到约220bp的扩增带，而混淆品在同样的条件下无扩增带。结论：所设计的鉴别引物对正品蕲蛇有高度的特异性。PCR方法重复性高，同种不同个体间的种内差异对鉴定结果不会有影响。本方法简单、准确、快速。     

雷公藤药材基原考证及分子鉴定研究

目的 为确保雷公藤药材临床用药的安全性和有效性,对雷公藤药材基原进行文献考证,并建立特异性快速聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分子鉴定方法.方法 查阅文献对雷公藤基原进行考证;对雷公藤及混伪品DNA条形码进行对比分析,筛选具有稳定差异的特异性鉴别位点,设计鉴别引物,优选出特异性快速PCR扩增条件.结果 文献考证发现雷公藤和昆明...     

Allele-specific primers for diagnostic PCR authentication of Dendrobium officinale

Based on rDNA ITS sequences of D. officinale and the other 37 species of Dendrobium, a pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers, TP-JB01S and TP-JB01X, were designed to authenticate D. officinale from the other species. Before the diagnostic PCR, the primer pair, P1 and P2, for amplifying the whole ITS region was used to validate template DNA and to obtain the appropriate template DNA for the diagnostic PCR. Diagnostic PCRs were performed using the diagnostic primers with the total DNAs of the original plants as a template. When the annealing temperature was raised to 66 degrees C, only the template DNA of D. officinale could be amplified whereas the diagnostic PCRs of the other Dendrobium species were all negative. The diagnostic PCRs have been repeated many times and have played an important role in authenticating the stems of D. officinale in China. Compared with the authentication method by sequencing DNA fragments, the allele-specific diagnostic PCR is not only simpler and time-saving but also practical and effective.     

Molecular authentication of the animal crude drug Sailonggu (bone of Myospalax baileyi)

Two pairs of allele-specific diagnostic primers (SL1L/SL1H and SL2L/SL2H) for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Sailonggu (bone of plateau zokor, Myospalax baileyi) from its substitutes were designed based on complete sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes of the original animals of Myospalacinae, bamboo rat Rhizomys sinensis and black lipped pika Ochotona curzoniae. Total DNA was extracted from crude drug samples and original animals. Allele-specific diagnostic PCRs were performed using these primers with the total DNA as a template annealing at 65 degrees C. Positive amplifications were obtained from all DNA templates of Sailonggu and M. baileyi, whereas negative amplifications resulted from those of other zokors, the bamboo rat and black lipped pika. These results indicate that Sailonggu samples can be definitely distinguished from their substitutes by diagnostic PCR, and no incorrect discrimination was found under the same reaction conditions. Each of the two diagnostic primer pairs can be used to distinguish crude drug Sailonggu from its substitutes or adulterants. The three Sailonggu samples studied were diagnosed as genuine Sailonggu. In addition, the results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis are congruent with that of the allele-specific diagnostic PCR.     

Identification of medicinal <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrobium</Emphasis> species by phylogenetic analyses using <Emphasis Type="Italic">matK</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">rbcL</Emphasis> sequences

Species identification of five Dendrobium plants was conducted using phylogenetic analysis and the validity of the method was verified. Some Dendrobium plants (Orchidaceae) have been used as herbal medicines but the difficulty in identifying their botanical origin by traditional methods prevented their full modern utilization. Based on the emerging field of molecular systematics as a powerful classification tool, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences of two plastid genes, the maturase-coding gene (matK) and the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-coding gene (rbcL), as DNA barcodes for species identification of Dendrobium plants. We investigated five medicinal Dendrobium species, Dendrobium fimbriatum, D. moniliforme, D. nobile, D. pulchellum, and D. tosaense. The phylogenetic trees constructed from matK data successfully distinguished each species from each other. On the other hand, rbcL, as a single-locus barcode, offered less species discriminating power than matK, possibly due to its being present with little variation. When results using matK sequences of D. officinale that was deposited in the DNA database were combined, D. officinale and D. tosaense showed a close genetic relationship, which brought us closer to resolving the question of their taxonomic identity. Identification of the plant source as well as the uniformity of the chemical components is critical for the quality control of herbal medicines and it is important that the processed materials be validated. The methods presented here could be applied to the analysis of processed Dendrobium plants and be a promising tool for the identification of botanical origins of crude drugs.     

鹿鞭线粒体DNA指纹鉴定

目的探讨鹿鞭及牛鞭线粒体细胞色素b基因部分序列片段特征,建立中药材鹿鞭敏感、特异的DNA分子标记学鉴定方法。方法碱变性法提取新鲜鹿鞭及牛鞭,采用引物设计软件PrimerPremier5.0对鹿鞭及牛鞭的细胞色素b基因序列分析,用于鉴定正品鹿鞭的特异性引物,经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,对鹿鞭进行DNA指纹鉴定。结果对鹿鞭进行mtDNA鉴定图谱显示,真品鹿鞭有306bp条带,伪品没有。结论用此方法对鹿鞭进行鉴定,可准确辨别正品与伪品。重现性、稳定性好,简便准确而可行。鹿鞭mtDNA具有特异性指纹特征,所得鹿鞭DNA指纹特征图谱可用于鹿鞭的鉴定。     

Authentication of oviductus ranae and its original animals using molecular marker

Two pairs of diagnostic primers, IHm01-L/IHm01-H and IHm02-L/IHm02-H, for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Oviductus Ranae from its substitutes were designed based on sequences of Cyt b gene fragment of the original animals of the drug and substitutes. Total DNAs were extracted from crude drugs purchased from five drugstores in different regions, as well as from original animals of the drug, Rana chensinensis, and seven species of related ranid species. Diagnostic polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed using the two pairs of primers with the total DNAs of the original animals as a template. The result showed that a 240 bp DNA segment was clearly amplified from all templates of Rana chensinensis using primers IHmO1-L and IHm01-H, whereas no DNA band appeared from other templates. While using primers IHm02-L and IHm02-H, we got a clear 140 bp DNA band from all the templates of R. huanrenensis and 3 oviducts of the same species, no PCR product was observed from the other samples. A set of PCR reactions was employed to identify crude drugs from the five drugstores using the two pairs of primers together with HsmL1 and HsmH1 reported in our previous study. The results show that only 20% of the Oviductus Ranae currently sold in markets are qualified products and the rest are not.     

Molecular authentication of the traditional Tibetan medicinal plant Swertia mussotii

Swertia mussotii is an important species in Tibetan folk medicine. However, it is quite expensive and frequently adulterated, so reliable methods for authentication of putative specimens and preparations of the species are needed to protect consumers and to support conservation measures. We show here that the chloroplast (cp) DNA RPL16 intron has limited utility for differentiating S. mussotii from closely related species, since the cpDNA RPL16 sequences are identical in S. mussotii and two other species of Swertia. However, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences differ significantly between S. mussotii and all of 13 tested potential adulterants. Thus, the ITS region provides a robust molecular marker for differentiating the medicinal S. mussotii from related adulterants. Therefore, a pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers based on the divergent ITS region was designed to distinguish S. mussotii from the other species. Authentication by allele-specific diagnostic PCR using these primers is convenient, effective and both simpler and less time-consuming than sequencing the ITS region.     

The large single-copy (LSC) region functions as a highly effective and efficient molecular marker for accurate authentication of medicinal Dendrobium species

Having great medicinal values, Dendrobium species of “Fengdou” (DSFs) are a taxonomically complex group in Dendrobium genus including many closely related and recently diverged species. Traditionally used DNA markers have been proved to be insufficient in authenticating many species of this group. Here, we investigated 101 complete plastomes from 23 DSFs, comprising 72 newly sequenced and 29 documented, which all exhibited well-conserved genomic organization and gene order. Plastome-wide comparison showed the co-occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels), which can be explained by both the repeat-associated and indel-associated mutation hypotheses. Moreover, guanine-cytosine (GC) content was found to be negatively correlated with the three divergence variables (SNPs, indels and repeats), indicating that GC content may reflect the level of the local sequence divergence. Our species authentication analyses revealed that the relaxed filtering strategies of sequence alignment had no negative impact on species identification. By assessing the maximum likelihood (ML) trees inferred from different datasets, we found that the complete plastome and large single-copy (LSC) datasets both successfully identified all 23 DSFs with the maximum bootstrap values. However, owing to the high efficiency of LSC in species identification, we recommend using LSC for accurate authentication of DSFs.     

石斛属菲类成分及其药理作用研究进展

菲类化合物是石斛属植物的特征成分之一,可分为简单菲、二氢菲、双菲及菲醌（酮）等菲衍生物4种类型。综述了金钗石斛、铁皮石斛、束花石斛、细茎石斛、流苏石斛、密花石斛、鼓槌石斛、曲轴石斛、石斛兰和绒毛石斛10种石斛属植物中毛兰菲、鼓槌菲、杓兰素等20个菲类活性成分,并介绍其抗肝纤维化、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、降血糖等药理活性,希望为该属植物的新药研发和临床应用提供参考。