海洋放线菌分离及菌株Streptomyces sp. AH17-3的次级代谢产物研究

目的对海洋放线菌进行分离及抗肿瘤活性筛选,并对一株具有抗肿瘤活性的海洋放线菌AH17-3的次级代谢产物进行研究。方法采用溶剂萃取、柱色谱层析及制备HPLC等方法对菌株AH17-3的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过理化性质及波谱学方法并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,以SRB法评价化合物的抗肿瘤活性。结果从海洋样品中分离放线菌174株,从菌株AH17-3中分离得到了4个聚酮类化合物,经鉴定其结构分别为germicidin A(1)、germicidin B(2)、daidzein(3)、genistein(4)。其中化合物1具有弱的细胞毒活性,其IC50为3.5×10-7 M。结论海洋放线菌是重要的药用微生物资源,化合物1,2均为首次从海洋放线菌中分离得到。     

海绵共附生菌Streptomyces sp. LHW2432的次级代谢产物研究

目的 从海绵共附生菌Streptomyces sp. LHW2432的发酵产物中发现药用活性分子。方法 采用正向硅胶柱、ODS反向柱以及高效液相色谱分离技术,对LHW2432的发酵萃取物进行分离纯化;通过现代波谱技术和文献调研确定化合物结构;利用平板涂布法和微量稀释法,评价化合物对芽胞杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耻垢分支杆菌、白色念珠菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌活性。结果 从LHW2432发酵物中共分离鉴定了5个化合物：descycloavandulyl-lavanduquinocin (1)、N-acetyltyramine (2)、phomapyrone C (3)、germicidin A (4) 和germicidin I (5)。化合物1对MRSA和耻垢分支杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值分别为100和64 μg/ml。结论 从LHW2432菌中分离得到5个化合物,其中,化合物1是新天然产物,可作为神经保护活性三环咔唑类生物碱的合成前体,其对G⁺菌有微弱的抑制活性。     

十字孢碱产生菌筛选及其肿瘤细胞毒活性产物研究

目的 寻找海洋放线菌来源的十字孢碱产生菌,筛选获得目标菌株,分离鉴定其具有吲哚咔唑母核的产物。方法 以十字孢碱在λ_max290 nm附近尖锐的特征紫外吸收为标准,利用HPLC-UV对不同来源的海洋放线菌的发酵提取物进行定向筛选,筛选出十字孢碱产生菌,利用16S rRNA序列对筛选得到的菌株进行种属鉴定。通过比较各产生菌的十字孢碱类产物的丰度,选择能够产生更多该类化合物的菌株进行规模化发酵,并采用硅胶柱层析、Toyopearl HW-40F凝胶柱层析、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等方法对其发酵提取物进行分离、纯化,运用质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)等技术鉴定化合物的结构。采用CCK-8法测定化合物的细胞毒活性。 结果 从42株放线菌中筛选出12株十字孢碱的产生菌,其中Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-5380的产物最为丰富,从该菌株发酵提取物中分离鉴定了3个吲哚咔唑类化合物,分别为K252c (1)、十字孢碱 (2)和4"-O-去甲基十字孢碱 (3)。细胞毒活性测试表明,化合物3对12株肿瘤细胞株的IC₅₀值达到纳摩尔、介于0.0003–0.623 μM之间。 结论 筛选得到12株主产十字孢碱的海洋放线菌,从OUCMDZ-5380的发酵产物中鉴定了3个吲哚咔唑类化合物,化合物3具有广谱的肿瘤细胞毒活性(半数抑制浓度IC₅₀为0.0003–0.623 μM.)和对内部串联复制突变的人急性髓细胞性白血病细胞MV4-11的选择性(相对于人正常细胞株L-02和其它人肿瘤细胞株的选择指数分别为1120和50–2080)。     

海绵共附生疣孢菌FIM060022抑菌活性代谢产物的研究

目的 从海绵共附生疣孢菌FIM060022的发酵液中分离抑菌活性次级代谢产物.方法 采用多种色谱技术分离纯化获得活性化合物,并对化合物进行结构鉴定及活性测定.结果 从菌株FIM060022的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到6个化合物,根据化合物的光谱特征(ESI-MS、1D-NMR和2D-NMR)和理化性质分别鉴定为abyssomicin B(5)、C(1)、H(6),proximicin A(4),lumichrome(2)和腺嘌呤核苷(3).抗菌活性表明化合物1、3～6对藤黄微球菌的生长均有明显的抑制作用.化合物1还对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有较强的抑制作用,而对枯草芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌生长的抑制作用相对较弱.此外,化合物4和5对黑曲霉生长具有较弱的抑制作用.结论 本研究从海绵共附生疣孢菌FIM060022中同时分离得到抗菌活性物质abyssomicin和porximicin,化合物2和3为首次从该属菌的代谢产物中分离得到,为进一步开发利用海洋稀有放线菌资源奠定了一定的基础.     

耐碱放线菌Streptomyces sindenensis OUCMDZ-1368的次生代谢产物研究

目的研究碱胁迫对放线菌次生代谢产物的影响,寻找结构新颖并具有抗菌和肿瘤细胞毒活性的化合物。方法采用化学和生物活性相结合的集成筛选方法,从耐碱放线菌中筛选获得代谢产物丰富并具有生物活性的目标菌株;通过碱胁迫目标菌株,利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱等方法对发酵产物进行分离和纯化,运用波谱学和钼靶X-射线单晶衍射分析方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果筛选到一株高产吩嗪生物碱的耐碱放线菌OUCMDZ-1368,鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces sindenensis;该菌株在p H9的培养基中的次生代谢产物的产量最大,从其发酵产物中分离鉴定了11个化合物,其结构分别为phenazine-1-carboxamide(1,主产物)、phenazine-1-carboxylic acid(2,主产物)、(E)-2-non-1-en-1-yl-4(1H)quinolone(3)、2-methyl-4(1H)quinolone(4)、2-heptyl-4(1H)quinolone(5)、2-nonyl-4(1H)quinolone(6)、2-undecyl-4(1H)quinolone(7)、2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)quinolone(8)、2-nonyl-3-hydroxyl-4(1H)quinolone(9)、S-methyl-2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-6-isopropylbenzothioate(10)和N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acetamide(11);化合物1和2对A549细胞有中等程度抑制活性,IC50分别为4.9和5.0μmol/L,化合物1-10分别对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、铜绿假单孢菌、产气杆菌以及白念珠菌表现出不同程度的抑制作用(MIC 17~45μmol/L)。结论培养基的p H值影响放线菌的次生代谢产物,通过碱调节可以诱导微生物产生不同的活性代谢产物。     

冷泉来源诺卡氏菌OUCLQ19-35-1次级代谢产物的研究

目的 探究深海冷泉来源微生物的次级代谢产物产生能力,从中挖掘具有抗多重耐药(multi-drug resistant, MDR)菌活性的次级代谢产物,为新药研发提供化合物实体。方法 采用稀释涂布法分离纯化深海冷泉海泥样品中的放线菌,通过琼脂扩散法筛选具有抗MDR菌活性的放线菌;基于16S rRNA基因片段序列分析和系统进化树构建初步确定目标放线菌种属;对目标放线菌进行大规模发酵,采用有机溶剂萃取、反相硅胶柱层析、半制备高效液相等分离手段对发酵产物进行分离纯化,利用NMR、MS等波谱学技术并结合文献对化合物进行结构鉴定,然后对化合物进行抗MDR菌活性测试。结果 从深海冷泉中筛选到一株具有抗MDR菌Micrococcus luteus ML01和Staphylococcus aureus CCARM3090活性的放线菌OUCLQ19-35-1,16S rRNA序列及系统进化树分析初步确定其为Nocardiopsis synnemataformans;从其发酵产物中分离得到3个化合物,分别为questiomycin A(1)、1,6-dihydroxyphenazine(2)和5a,6,11a,12-tetrahydro-5a,11a-dimethyl[1,4]benzoxazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzoxazine(3);活性结果显示,化合物1-3均无抗MDR菌活性,但其所在的组分有抑菌活性。结论 从深海冷泉筛选得到一株诺卡氏菌OUCLQ19-35-1,其能够产生抗MDR菌的活性次级代谢产物,具有潜在的应用价值,但其活性成分待进一步的确定。     

海绵Hymeniacidon corticata共附生微生物代谢产物生物活性的初步研究

目的 采自东海的一种海绵 Hymeniacidon corticata 共附生微生物的分离及其次级代谢产物生物活性的筛选.方法 利用各种分离培养基从海绵中分离出共附生微生物,从中挑出代表性的共附生放线菌8株及真菌5株,发酵培养后提取粗提物检测其对人类痛原菌、植物病原真菌的抑茵作用以及对卤虫的毒性作用.结果 共附生真菌的发酵粗提物抑茵活性较低,而放线菌有较强的广谱抑茵作用.对植物病原真茵生长的抑制,共附生真菌具拮抗作用的菌株较多.一部分放线菌菌株代谢产物对卤虫的毒性作用和抑菌效果表现出负相关性.结论 海绵 H.corticata的部分共附生放线菌及真菌具有较好的生物活性,有进一步研究的潜力.     

深海链霉菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 04777中肠道菌素的分离鉴定

目的对从印度洋深海沉积物中分离的1株深海放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 04777进行鉴定并对其抗菌活性次级代谢产物进行研究。方法通过16SrDNA序列分析并构建系统发育进化树来鉴定菌株,利用有机溶剂萃取、正相和反相硅胶层析等分离手段对海洋放线菌SCSIO 04777的发酵产物进行分离纯化,通过波谱数据分析并参阅文献对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果该放线菌被鉴定为Streptomyces sp.SCSIO04777,并从其发酵产物中分离鉴定了芳香聚酮类化合物-肠道菌素。结论首次筛选得到了1株产生肠道菌素的深海链霉菌,为肠道菌素的开发利用提供了新的菌株资源。     

南极普里兹湾海绵共附生放线菌的分离及其次级代谢潜力评估

【目的】通过研究了解南极海域海绵共附生放线菌的多样性以及活性次级代谢产物的合成潜力。【方法】采用11种分离培养基对南极海绵进行放线菌的分离培养,对分离到的菌株进行抗菌及微藻克生活性的筛选,对活性菌株的进行基于聚酮合酶、非核糖体肽合成酶和卤化酶的基因筛选。【结果】共分离得到59株海绵共附生放线菌,分布于9个属中,以链霉菌最多。21株具有较好的抗菌活性;6株菌表现出明显的赤潮微藻克生活性;有7株活性菌株至少含2种关键的功能基因,菌株OAct311和408同时含有4种功能基因。【结论】研究结果揭示了南极海绵共附生放线菌物蕴含丰富的放线菌资源并且有较高的合成活性次级代谢物的潜力,具有深一步研究的价值。     

海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp. S598中抗菌活性产物的研究

目的 对海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp. S598固体发酵提取物的抗菌成分进行研究。方法 采用葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相柱色谱、硅胶柱层析及半制备HPLC等方法分离纯化该菌株的活性次级代谢产物,并通过ESI-MS、NMR等波谱技术结合文献对比鉴定其结构。结果 从10L固体发酵提取物中分离得到5个单体化合物,分别鉴定为缬氨霉素(1)、二活菌素(2)、亚油酸(3)、亚油酸甲酯(4)和油酸(5)。结论 海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp. S598能代谢产生具有多种生物活性的化合物。化合物1对MRSA 28300和白念珠菌(ATCC10231)的MIC为1μg/mL,化合物2具有较强的广谱抗细菌活性,对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血菌的MIC为0.125μg/mL,尤其具有显著的抗MRSA的活性,对MRSA     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.