高等医药院校建立新型实验教学体系的探索

在总结传统实验教学体系存在的弊端的基础上，根据21世纪对人才培养的新要求，在更新实验内容、改革实验教学方式，制定实验教学目标化管理体系，改革考核方式，强化操作技能，注重学生综合能力培养等方面对实验课教学进行了有益探索，旨在提高实验教学质量和教学效果。     

某校生药学课程教学改革初探

生药学是一门具有很强理论性、实践性和直观性的学科.对生药学目前教学现状予以分析,根据特定教学对象优化精简理论教学内容;实验教学改革中在内容上减少验证性实验、增加综合性、设计性实验以提高学生综合操作技能,方式上突出学生的自主性、探索性并建立开放实验室以培养其创新意识;大胆改革课程考核评价体系,注重平时教学过程的形成性评价与实验考核评价相结合.经过一系列初步的探索和试点,收到了良好的教学效果.     

利用现代科学技术强化人体解剖学实验报告书写

人体解剖学实验报告书写,不仅要注重学生对人体结构的辨认和理解,还要注重对学生学习兴趣、团队合作、实验新方法等的培养。该文以人体解剖学实验报告书写为例,利用现代科学技术,在学生书写人体解剖学实验报告方面进行了一些探索。     

中药制药专业虚拟仿真教学平台建设的探索

虚拟仿真实验技术的发展给传统实验教学方式带来了挑战。为提升中药制药专业综合实验教学效果,基于“基础型-专业型-科研教学交互型”的虚拟仿真实验平台建设思路,围绕虚拟仿真实验教学体系、资源建设、教学与研究队伍建设、实验平台管理等方面进行探讨,通过“以虚促实、虚实结合”的虚拟教学平台建设,优化实验教学资源配置,提升实验教学质量,推动实验教学改革和创新。     

中药资源生产与开发利用综合实验教学体会

通过中药资源生产与开发利用综合实验教学实践,对科研与教学关系进行思考,并对教学方法探索分析。综合设计性实验注重将科研成果融入教学,同时发挥学生自主创新能力,结合各种教学手段,能够更好的培养中药资源专业学生综合素质。     

论开设“微创性”生理综合实验

生理综合实验是培养学生的动手能力、综合分析问题能力和创新精神的重要课程,可以使学生初步掌握一些科研的方法、手段和基本操作技能,培养学生基本的科研素质,帮助学生验证已知规律,探索未知规律。但实验难度比较大,容易出现许多问题,本文针对学生在做“呼吸-血压-泌尿调节“这一综合实验时遇到的难点问题提出几点探索性改进的方法。     

药理学的实验教学及其改革的一些探索

<正> 药理学的实验教学是教学计划中的一个极其重要的组成部分,它不仅是为了配合讲课,巩固和验证所学的专业理论知识,更重要的是使学生受到基本实验技能的训练和培养学生进行科学实验的能力,其中包括实验设计、实验操作技能、实验态度和作风以及综合分析能力的培养。因此实验教学在提高教学质量、培养既有理论水平又能掌握近代实验技术的人才方面起着非常重要的作用。1978年以来,我们为了搞好药理学的实验教学,在实验室建设、实验教材的编写和实验教学计划的实施等方面做了些工作和探索。     

浅谈药剂学教学改革

目的:为提高药剂学教学水平提供参考。方法:针对目前药剂学教学的局限性,从药剂学教材内容、理论教学方法和实验教学方法等方面提出改革措施。结果:药剂学教材编写应注重与学科发展前沿相结合;理论教学中应尽可能运用多媒体教学手段,并引入案例教学法等方法,提高学生学习兴趣,提高课堂教学效果;实验教学中应注重实验前引导、规范学生实验报告书写并摸索创新实验方法。同时应注重理论与实践相结合,多途径培养出优秀的药学人才。     

加强化学实验,培养学生的综合能力

本文从加强专业思想教育,注重实验前的准备工作,加强化学基本操作的训练,精心设计实验考核内容与方式等方面来阐述如何搞好化学实验教学,培养学生的综合能力。     

探讨提高中医药院校生物化学教学效果方法

生物化学是一门重要的基础生命科学学科，在遵循教学规律、教学大纲、教学目的进行教学活动的同时，积极开展教学方法的改进和创新，积极有效地探索多种教学方法的结合，注重多媒体授课和传统授课方式的结合，注重实验，同时不断提高自身的专业知识水平，理论联系科研，引导学生积极参与教学过程，才能有效地提高课堂教学质量。     

国家药品抽检药品质量风险排查处置机制分析与探讨

药品抽检是中国以及欧美等发达国家和地区重要的药品监管手段之一。我国药品监管部门颁布了一系列政策,建立了药品质量风险排查处置机制,对探索性研究中发现严重药品质量风险进行控制,取得了良好的成效。通过对国家药品抽检探索性研究概况、药品质量风险排查处置机制基本情况、政策法规、发挥的作用等方面的介绍,对国家药品抽检药品质量风险排查处置机制进行分析与探讨,建议在今后的工作中进一步提高探索性研究的科学性,加强探索性研究方法的转化,提高现场检查的针对性,提高该机制的法律效力。     

采用"导师个性化引导,学生自主性学习"模式培养药理学研究生

应用"导师个性化引导,学生自主性学习"的培养模式,引导研究生制定个性化学习规划,优化专业课程体系,强化专业英语,注重培养自主创新的科研素质和教学能力,使他们实现学业与就业的双丰收,成为德才兼备的综合素质较高的医学人才。     

A curriculum development simulation in a graduate program

Objective. To implement and evaluate a curriculum development seminar in which graduate students experienced circumstances that occur when faculty members develop and attempt to secure colleague approval for a curriculum.Design. Learning activities for the graduate seminar included classroom lectures, active learning, and a group project in which simulated faculty committees created new curriculums for the pharmacy practice department''s 3 research areas.Assessment. Responses on pre- and post-seminar surveys indicated that graduate students’ self-confidence in their ability to conduct key curriculum development activities increased (p < 0.05). In a post-seminar focus group, graduate students stated that they valued participating in the faculty simulation, learning about curriculum development and research programs other than their own, and collaborating with their peers.Conclusion. A curriculum development faculty simulation was an effective tool for preparing graduate students for curriculum development responsibilities and generated valuable documents that the department could use in the revision of the 3 pharmacy practice graduate school curricula.     

"When you're using gear you put HIV to the back of your mind and forget about it": constructs of risk

This article presents findings from a qualitative study concerning drug injectors' constructs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior. Analysis of data obtained from in-depth interviews (some with a vignette) of drug injectors found that when individuals needed an injection of drugs and were experiencing drug withdrawal they were more likely to take drug injecting risks. This was often discussed within an overall preoccupation with drug use. The substantive focus of the analysis goes on to explore drug injectors' desire to think about the consequences of HIV risk behavior at a later point in time. These exploratory findings highlight how further research needs to be undertaken in order to improve understanding of the temporal issues concerning drug injecting HIV risk behavior.     

药品注册专员岗位胜任力评价指标体系的构建

目的:构建科学客观的药品注册专员岗位胜任力评价指标体系。方法:通过查找药品注册胜任力模型文献、注册相关法规性文件,结合Spencer胜任力辞典和Hay胜任力辞典,初步拟定药品注册专员岗位胜任力评价指标体系。通过两轮德尔菲专家咨询法对药品注册相关领域专家进行函询,筛选与修正评价指标,并运用优序图法对指标进行权重计算;基于问卷调查法,以232名药品注册工作的相关人员为研究对象,再运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和信度分析对构建的评价指标体系进行检验。结果:构建的药品注册专员岗位胜任力评价体系涵盖4个核心维度(注册专业能力、关系管理能力、专业发展能力、个人综合素质)、11个子维度、41个测量条目,并确定了各维度指标权重。该评价体系建立过程中专家积极性高、协调性好,探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析证明了该指标体系的科学合理性。结论:所建药品注册专员岗位胜任力评价指标体系具有全面性、综合性、科学性,可为药品注册专员的评价和管理提供依据。     

Regulatory perspectives on multiplicity in adaptive design clinical trials throughout a drug development program

A clinical research program for drug development often consists of a sequence of clinical trials that may begin with uncontrolled and nonrandomized trials, followed by randomized trials or randomized controlled trials. Adaptive designs are not infrequently proposed for use. In the regulatory setting, the success of a drug development program can be defined to be that the experimental treatment at a specific dose level including regimen and frequency is approved based on replicated evidence from at least two confirmatory trials. In the early stage of clinical research, multiplicity issues are very broad. What is the maximum tolerable dose in an adaptive dose escalation trial? What should the dose range be to consider in an adaptive dose-ranging trial? What is the minimum effective dose in an adaptive dose-response study given the tolerability and the toxicity observable in short term or premarketing trials? Is establishing the dose-response relationship important or the ability to select a superior treatment with high probability more important? In the later stage of clinical research, multiplicity problems can be formulated with better focus, depending on whether the study is for exploration to estimate or select design elements or for labeling consideration. What is the study objective for an early-phase versus a later phase adaptive clinical trial? How many doses are to be studied in the early exploratory adaptive trial versus in the confirmatory adaptive trial? Is the intended patient population well defined or is the applicable patient population yet to be adaptively selected in the trial due to the potential patient and/or disease heterogeneity? Is the primary efficacy endpoint well defined or still under discussion providing room for adaptation? What are the potential treatment indications that may adaptively lead to an intended-to-treat patient population and the primary efficacy endpoint? In this work we stipulate the multiplicity issues with adaptive designs encountered in regulatory applications. For confirmatory adaptive design clinical trials, controlling studywise type I error and type II error is of paramount importance. For exploratory adaptive trials, we define the probability of correct selection of design features, e.g., dose, effect size, and the probability of correct decision for drug development. We assert that maximizing these probabilities would be critical to determine whether the drug development program continues or how to plan the confirmatory trials if the development continues.     

Sulfa drugs as model cocrystal formers

A review of several aspects of cocrystallization involving sulfonamide drugs is presented, with a focus on other drug molecules as cocrystallization partners. Some earlier exploratory studies outlined here led to more recent systematic investigation of processes such as cocrystal preparation by solid-state cogrinding of individual components, selective cocrystal formation in competition experiments, and exchange reactions. These are discussed with reference to the drug sulfadimidine, which featured prominently as a model cocrystal former. Apart from their potential as medicinal agents, cocrystals and salts of sulfa drugs frequently display multiple related physicochemical phenomena including polymorphism, crystal isostructurality, and solvate formation, justifying past and current interest in their solid-state chemistry.     

The subcellular distribution of small molecules: from pharmacokinetics to synthetic biology

The systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of small molecules are determined by subcellular transport phenomena. Although approaches used to study the subcellular distribution of small molecules have gradually evolved over the past several decades, experimental analysis and prediction of cellular pharmacokinetics remains a challenge. In this review, we survey the progress of subcellular distribution research since the 1960s, with a focus on the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the various experimental techniques. Critical review of the existing body of knowledge points to many opportunities to advance the rational design of organelle-targeted chemical agents. These opportunities include (1) development of quantitative, non-fluorescence-based, whole cell methods and techniques to measure the subcellular distribution of chemical agents in multiple compartments; (2) exploratory experimentation with nonspecific transport probes that have not been enriched with putative, organelle-targeting features; (3) elaboration of hypothesis-driven, mechanistic and modeling-based approaches to guide experiments aimed at elucidating subcellular distribution and transport; and (4) introduction of revolutionary conceptual approaches borrowed from the field of synthetic biology combined with cutting edge experimental strategies. In our laboratory, state-of-the-art subcellular transport studies are now being aimed at understanding the formation of new intracellular membrane structures in response to drug therapy, exploring the function of drug-membrane complexes as intracellular drug depots, and synthesizing new organelles with extraordinary physical and chemical properties.     

Application of two-photon microscopy to the study of cellular pharmacology of central neurons

Two-photon microscopy is an especially powerful tool for combining anatomical and physiological experiments in the central nervous system: the possibility of simultaneously studying physiological phenomena in well-defined anatomical compartments allows fluorescence imaging of neurons in deeper layers of the brain. In this review we summarize the most commonly used brain preparation techniques together with the methods of loading neurons with fluorescent indicators. We will focus primarily on issues of drug delivery specifically related to two-photon experiments highlighting the different ways of drug administration. Methods of chemical stimulation via caged neurotransmitters are also discussed. Finally a few specific areas of two-photon applications in drug research on neuronal tissue are highlighted.     

Virola: A Promising Genus for Enthnopharmacological Investigation

Abstract

This article presents findings from a qualitative study concerning drug injectors' constructs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior. Analysis of data obtained from in-depth interviews (some with a vignette) of drug injectors found that when individuals needed an injection of drugs and were experiencing drug withdrawal they were more likely to take drug injecting risks. This was often discussed within an overall preoccupation with drug use. The substantive focus of the analysis goes on to explore drug injectors' desire to think about the consequences of HIV risk behavior at a later point in time. These exploratory findings highlight how further research needs to be undertaken in order to improve understanding of the temporal issues concerning drug injecting HIV risk behavior.