海洋放线菌Streptomyces sp.（No.30701）次生代谢产物研究

目的 研究一株海洋放线菌Streptomyces sp.（No.30701）的化学成分。方法 采用硅胶开放柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及高效液相色谱等分离手段进行化合物的分离、纯化;利用理化性质和波谱学分析对单体化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 从海洋放线菌Streptomyces sp.（No.30701）发酵物中分离得到9个环二肽类化合物,分别鉴定为环(L-脯-L-缬)二肽（1）、环(D-脯-L-缬)二肽（2）、环(L-脯-L-亮)二肽（3）、环(4-羟基-脯-亮)二肽（4）、环(L-脯-L-异亮)二肽（5）、环(L-脯-L-酪)二肽（6）、环(L-亮-L-缬)二肽（7）、环(D-苯丙-甘)二肽（8）、环(L-苯丙-L-缬)二肽（9）。结论 以上化合物均为海洋放线菌常见的次生代谢产物,但化合物2、8含有天然界中不多见的D型氨基酸,并且化合物2是从链霉菌属放线菌中首次分离得到。     

仿刺参共附生放线菌Kytococcus sp.中的环二肽成分

目的对仿刺参共附生放线菌Kytococcus sp.化学成分进行研究。方法用硅胶柱色谱,Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱,反向高效液相柱层析(RP-HPLC)等分离手段对放线菌(Kytococcus sp.)乙酸乙酯提取物进行分离纯化,并利用1 H NMR、13 C NMR、质谱(MS)等手段并与文献对照相结合,鉴定化合物的结构。结果分离得到9个已知的环二肽类化合物,其结构分别为:环(L-脯-L-缬)二肽(1),环(L-脯-L-丙)二肽(2),环(L-脯-L-酪)二肽(3),环(L-脯-L-异亮)二肽(4),环(L-脯-L-亮)二肽(5),环(L-脯-L-苯丙)二肽(6),环(L-缬-L-亮)二肽(7),(L-亮-L-异亮)二肽(8),环(L-亮-L-亮)二肽(9)。结论这是首次从仿刺参中分离得到放线菌Kytococ-cus sp.,9个化合物均为首次从该属放线菌中分离得到。     

海洋放线菌Micromonospora sp.(No.69)抗MRSA活性成分研究

目的对一株小单孢菌属放线菌Micromonospora sp.(No.69)的抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)活性成分进行研究。方法采用活性追踪分离的方法,通过硅胶开放柱色谱、Sephadex LH 20柱色谱、ODS开放柱色谱、反相高效液相色谱等手段对Micromonospora sp.(No.69)发酵液的甲醇提取物进行分离和纯化,利用ESI-MS、~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR等波谱技术对单体化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从Micromonosporasp.(No.69)发酵液的甲醇提取物中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为:环(L-缬-L-脯)二肽(1)、环(L-异亮-L-脯)二肽(2)、环(L-亮-L-脯)二肽(3)、环(甘-L-脯)二肽(4)、环(苏-L-脯)二肽(5)、环(L-丙-L-脯)二肽(6)、环(L-酪-L-脯)二肽(7)、环(L-苯丙-L-脯)二肽(8)。抗MRSA活性测试结果表明化合物1和2对MRSA具有抑制作用,IC_(50)分别为3.2 mmol·L~(-1)和6.5 mmol·L~(-1)。结论以上化合物均为首次从该属菌株中分离得到,其中化合物1和2显示出抗MRSA活性。     

海洋放线菌Micromonospora sp.(M2DG17)细胞毒活性成分研究

目的对海洋放线菌Micromonospora sp.(M2DG17)中的活性次生代谢产物进行研究。方法在活性追踪分离思路的指导下,综合利用硅胶开放柱色谱、ODS中低压柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及高效液相色谱等分离技术进行化合物的分离、纯化;利用化合物理化性质和波谱学分析对单体化合物进行结构鉴定,并对其进行活性评价。结果从海洋放线菌Micromonospora sp.(M2DG17)发酵物中分离得到了7个化合物,分别鉴定为3-羟甲基-β-卡巴林(3-hydroxymethyl-β-carboline,1)、3-甲基-β-卡巴林(3-methyl-β-carbo-line,2)、β-卡巴林(β-carboline,3)、环(L-脯-L-苯丙)二肽[Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe),4]、环(L-脯-L-缬)二肽[Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val),5]、环(L-脯-L-亮)二肽[Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Leu),6]以及环(L-脯-L-异亮)二肽[Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile),7],并对单体化合物进行了HCT116细胞生长抑制活性测试。结论化合物1~4、6为首次从该菌中分离得到,化合物2显示出弱的HCT116细胞生长抑制活性(IC50为65.0μmol.L-1)。     

红榄李内生真菌Aspergillus terreus HT-1二酮哌嗪类次级代谢产物研究

目的 研究红榄李Lumnitzera littorea内生真菌Aspergillus terreus HT-1的次级代谢产物。方法 对从红榄李中分离得到的内生真菌A. terreus HT-1进行大规模发酵,并采用多种色谱技术对其发酵产物进行分离纯化。通过多种波谱方法鉴定单体化合物结构。结果 从A. terreus HT-1发酵产物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到了15个二酮哌嗪类化合物,分别鉴定为bis(dethio)bis(methylsulfanyl) gliotoxin（1）,环(D-4-羟基-脯氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸)二肽（2）,环(L-4-羟基-脯氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸)二肽（3）,环(L-4-羟基-脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸)二肽（4）,环(L-4-羟基-脯氨酸-L-亮氨酸)二肽（5）,环(L-丙氨酸-L-4-羟基-脯氨酸)二肽（6）,环(D-4-羟基-脯氨酸-D-异亮氨酸)二肽（7）,环(D-脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸)二肽（8）,环(L-亮氨酸-L-脯氨酸)二肽（9）,环(L-脯氨酸-L-苏氨酸)二肽（10）,环(L-脯氨酸-L-丙氨酸)二肽（11）,环(L-脯氨酸-甘氨酸)二肽（12）,环(L-苯丙氨酸-甘氨酸)二肽（13）,环(谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)二肽（14）,terezine D（15）,并采用MTT法检测全部化合物的神经保护活性。结论 在200 μmol/L浓度下,化合物1和5显示出较好的神经保护活性,使H2O2诱导氧化损伤的神经细胞（HT22）的细胞存活率从44.06%分别提高到69.51%和76.75%。本研究为红榄李及其内生真菌的开发利用研究提供了理论基础。     

海洋来源放线菌Demequina litorisediminis SCSIO 53428的化学成分研究

目的对南海深海沉积物来源的放线菌Demequina litorisediminis SCSIO 53428的发酵物化学成分进行研究。方法利用各种色谱技术,包括硅胶柱色谱、ODS反相柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱、高效液相色谱等分离手段对放线菌Demequina litorisediminis发酵物的乙酸乙酯提取物进行分离纯化,通过波谱学数据分析并结合文献比较鉴定了化合物的结构。结果分离得到13个化合物,其结构分别为:环(L-酪-L-脯)二肽(1)、环(L-苯丙-L-脯)二肽(2)、环(L-缬-L-脯)二肽(3)、环(L-亮-L-脯)二肽(4)、环(反式-4-羟基-L-脯-L-亮)二肽(5)、环(甘-L-脯)二肽(6)、环(L-丙-L-脯)二肽(7)、环(缬-酪)二肽(8)、环(异亮-脯)二肽(9)、对羟基苯甲醛(10)、苯甲酸(11)、N-(2-羟基苯基)-乙酰胺(12)、2-乙酰氨基苯甲酸(13)。结论对海洋来源放线菌Demequina litorisediminis SCSIO53428的化学成分做了初步研究,化合物1～13均为首次从该属放线菌中分离得到。     

一株南海红树林底泥来源抗真菌放线菌No. 41-51发酵物的化学成分研究

目的 对一株来源于南海红树林底泥的抗真菌放线菌No. H 41-51发酵物中的化学成分进行研究。方法 对该菌株进行发酵培养,将发酵物进行离心分离成菌丝和菌液,菌液用乙酸乙酯萃取,并对具有活性的该乙酸乙酯部位进行成分分离和鉴定;发酵物菌丝体用95-80%乙醇提取,再用不同极性的溶剂萃取,对具有活性的石油醚部位进行成分分离和鉴定。整个提取和分离过程用纸碟片法进行活性追踪分离。通过硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱及HPLC制备方法分离纯化化合物样品,用NMR、MS等光谱方法,并结合文献数据比对鉴定化合物结构。 结果 分离得到14个化合物,并分别将其鉴定为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(1)、二(2-乙基己基)苯-1,2-二甲酸酯(2)、3,3-二吲哚-2-羟基-丙醇(3)、环(苯丙-丙)二肽(4)、环(R-脯-S-苯丙)二肽(5)、环(S-脯-S-苯丙)二肽(6)、环(D-苯丙-L-异亮)二肽(7)、dankasterone(8)、4-hydroxy-17R-methylincisterol(9)、Calvasterol B(10)、Calvasterol A(11)、抗霉素 A_1a(12)、抗霉素 A_1b(13)和甘油醇-1-单油酸酯(14)。体外活性实验表明：化合物8~11对MCF-7、SF-268和NCI-H460细胞株表现出程度不等的细胞毒活性,化合物12和13表现出抗白色念珠菌活性。结论 菌株H 41-51发酵可产生多种不同结构类型和生物活性的次生代谢产物。化合物8~11对MCF-7、NCI-H460和SF-268细胞株具有细胞毒活性,化合物12、13具有抗白色念珠菌活性。     

2株南极来源放线菌所产的二酮哌嗪类化合物研究

目的 对从南极潮间带沉积物样品中分离得到的两株具有抗菌活性的放线菌进行分类鉴定并进行次生代谢产物研究。方法 通过形态学分析及构建系统发育进化树鉴定菌株并对其发酵产物进行生物活性评价;利用硅胶、凝胶柱层析、semi-HPLC等色谱分离手段对两株菌的发酵产物进行分离纯化;采集所得化合物的质谱、NMR等数据并分析后鉴定其结构。结果 两株菌分别鉴定为Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40061和Nocardiopsis sp. SCSIO KS107;从相应的发酵产物中分离得到两个二酮哌嗪类化合物,结构分别鉴定为：(3Z,6E)-1-N-甲基-3-苯亚甲基-6-(2-甲基-3-羟基丙烷)-2,5-二酮哌嗪 (1) 以及(3Z,6Z)-3-(4-对甲氧苯亚甲基)-6-(2-甲基丙烷)-2,5-二酮哌嗪 (2) 。结论 发现了两株能产二酮哌嗪类化合物的南极来源放线菌。     

海洋放线菌Streptomyces sp.(No.172221)次生代谢产物研究

目的研究一株海洋放线菌Streptomyces sp.(No.172221)的次生代谢产物。方法采用各种色谱方法进行成分分离,综合运用多种波谱学手段确定单体化合物的结构。结果分离到8个化合物,鉴定其结构分别为麦角甾-3β,5α,6β-三醇(1);麦角甾-3β,5α,6β-三醇-3-Ο-β-D葡萄糖苷(2);N-苯甲基氨基甲酸(3);1,3-丙二醇苯乙酸酯(4);环(脯-亮)二肽(5);环(脯-缬)二肽(6);脯氨酸(7)和腺嘌呤核苷(8)。结论化合物1和2为甾体类化合物,其中化合物2为首次从放线菌中分离得到,化合物3、4为新天然产物,化合物5和6为常见的细菌代谢产物环二肽类。     

海洋放线菌Kocuria sp.次级代谢产物的研究

目的 研究海洋放线菌Kocuria sp.的次级代谢产物。方法 菌株摇瓶发酵,采用现代色谱学方法(硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、半制备HPLC),对发酵产物进行分离,利用现代波谱学技术对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 从海洋放线菌Kocuria sp.发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取部分分离得到16个单体化合物：环(L-苯丙氨酸-L-脯氨酸)2 (1)、环(L-色氨酸-L-脯氨酸) (2)、环(L-色氨酸-D-脯氨酸) (3)、环(L-苯丙氨酸-D-脯氨酸) (4)、环(L-羟脯氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸) (5)、环(D-羟脯氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸) (6)、环(L-羟脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸) (7)、环(L-异亮氨酸-D-脯氨酸) (8)、环(L-亮氨酸-D-脯氨酸) (9)、环(L-亮氨酸-L-脯氨酸) (10)、环(L-苯丙氨酸-L-酪氨酸) (11)、环(L-亮氨酸-D-酪氨酸) (12)、环(L-亮氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸) (13)、环(D-缬氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸) (14)、环(D-亮氨酸-甘氨酸) (15)、环(D-异亮氨酸-甘氨酸) (16)。结论 海洋放线菌Kocuria sp.可产生结构丰富多样的环肽类化合物,所有化合物均首次从Kocuria属放线菌中分离得到。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.