吡咯啉氮氧自由基及衍生物抗大鼠不同组织脂质过氧化损伤

目的　在体外研究新合成吡咯啉氮氧自由基及衍生物对大鼠肝细胞膜、线粒体、红细胞及卵黄磷脂脂质过氧化的保护作用 ,并探讨其作用机制。方法　采用Fenton反应法诱导大鼠肝细胞膜、肝线粒体、卵黄磷脂脂质过氧化 ,通过硫代巴比妥酸 (TBA)法测定丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ;415nm处测定H2 O2 诱导的红细胞溶血作用 ;邻苯三酚自氧化法检测其对超氧阴离子 (O·2 )清除作用。结果　带一个活性基团 (NO·)的化合物A、B可明显地抑制MDA的产生 (P <0 0 1) ,抗H2 O2 诱导的红细胞溶血作用 ,但并不影响O·2 的产生 ;具有两个活性基团 (NO·)的化合物C作用略为明显 ,IC50 <31 2 5mg·L-1;而不带活性基团 (NO·)的化合物D无抗氧化能力。结论　稳定性氮氧自由基化合物通过清除生物体系中羟基自由基 (·OH)发挥其抗脂质过氧化作用 ,而对·OH的捕捉可能是通过活性基团NO·实现的     

茶多酚对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及在体外抗脂质过氧化和清除自由基作用

目的 :研究茶多酚对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及抗脂质过氧化和清除自由基的作用。方法 :结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉及迷走神经后 ,再灌注 4 5min ,建立脑缺血再灌注模型。由自由基诱导的脑线粒体脂质过氧化 ,用硫代巴比妥酸法测定。由Xan XO诱导的O 2 and由Fe2 + H2 O2 诱导的·OH ,用紫外分光光度仪测定。结果 :在脑缺血再灌注损伤时 ,茶多酚能改善SOD、GSH Px、CAT活性 (P <0 0 1) ,同时降低脑水肿和MDA含量 (P <0 0 1和P <0 0 5 )。茶多酚具有明显的清除·OH和O 2 的作用 (IC50 分别为 2 2mmol·L-1和 1 9mmol·L-1) ,茶多酚明显抑制由·OH诱导脑线粒体脂质过氧化 ,并呈浓度依赖性。结论 :结果提示茶多酚能保护脑缺血再灌注损伤 ,与其清除自由基和抗脂质过氧化作用有关     

白藜芦醇苷对羟自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用

目的　研究白藜芦醇苷对氧自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用 ,探讨白藜芦醇苷治疗心脑血管疾病的机制。方法　利用Fe2 + +VitC系统产生·OH ,诱导大鼠脑线粒体损伤 ;测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂含量以显示线粒体膜功能 ,测定ATPase ,细胞色素C氧化酶活性以显示线粒体能量代谢能力 ,测定超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以显示线粒体抗氧化能力。结果　·OH造成线粒体显著损伤 ,白藜芦醇苷 (终浓度 10 0、2 0 0、4 0 0mg·L-1)明显抑制膜磷脂降解、线粒体肿胀 ,增加膜流动性 ,改善线粒体能量代谢状态 ,增强抗氧化能力。结论　白藜芦醇苷对氧自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤有明显保护作用 ,其机制与清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化有关     

楔形角叉菜的抗氧化及保护线粒体作用

目的观察楔形角叉菜水提液及多糖是否具有清除超氧阴离子(O2.-)、抗氧化、保护线粒体作用。方法以Fe2 -L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)体系体外诱发鼠肝、脑线粒体及匀浆脂质过氧化并导致线粒体肿胀。以还原型辅酶I-吩嗪硫酸甲酯-氮蓝四唑(NADH-PMS-NBT)系统产生O2.—,用分光光度法测定脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、线粒体肿胀度和O2.—的清除情况。结果楔形角叉菜水提液及多糖可明显抑制MDA生成及线粒体肿胀,并能明显清除O2.—,且呈剂量效应关系。结论楔形角叉菜水提液及多糖具有清除超氧阴离子、抗氧化及保护线粒体功能,多糖为楔形角叉菜抗氧化、保护线粒体的活性成分。     

落葵多糖体外抗氧化活性

目的探讨落葵多糖体外抗氧化活性作用。方法采用AP-TEMED体系和邻二氮菲-Fe~(2+)比色法测定落葵多糖对超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)和羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力;采用比色法和TBA法测定落葵多糖生物活性对过氧化氢(H_2O_2)诱导红细胞溶血的抑制效应以及对小鼠肝组织自发性氧化的影响。结果落葵多糖具有显著清除O_2~-·和·OH作用,能抑制H_2O_2诱导的小鼠红细胞溶血,减少小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的产生(均P<0.01)。结论落葵多糖具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

褪黑素拮抗鼠肝线粒体自由基产生的实验研究

目的观察褪黑素拮抗氧自由基和对膜脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用。方法用电子自旋共振技术，以ＤＭＰＯ和４－ＰＯＢＮ为捕集剂，捕集Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生的羟自由基和Ｆｅ２＋启动的鼠肝线粒体膜脂质过氧化产生的脂类自由基，以脂肪酸自旋标记物５－Ｄｏｘｙｌ和１６－Ｄｏｘｙｌ标记线粒体膜，研究脂质过氧化损伤后膜流动性的变化。结果褪黑素对羟自由基和脂类自由基有良好的清除作用，５０％清除浓度分别为１８６μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和４５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，而且在５００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１浓度范围内能防止脂质过氧化引起的线粒体膜流动性降低。结论褪黑素是一个有效的抗氧化剂，能防止生物膜的脂质过氧化损伤。     

款冬花多糖硫酸化修饰条件的优化

目的对款冬花多糖（T FPs ）进行硫酸酯化修饰最优化工艺的研究,并初步探讨其抗氧化活性。方法采用氯磺酸-吡啶法,制备款冬花硫酸酯化多糖（T FPsS ）;以取代度为指标,采用响应面法对制备工艺条件进行优化;并进行 T FPsS清除自由基DPPH ·实验,研究其体外抗氧化活性。结果最佳酯化条件为：酯化试剂体积比为3．6,反应温度为95℃,时间为2．4 h。T FPsS具有较好的清除能力;与T FPs相比,清除羟自由基的能力显著提高。结论氯磺酸-吡啶法适用于款冬花多糖的硫酸酯化修饰,对其进行硫酸酯化修饰有助于提高抗氧化能力。     

箬叶多糖及其衍生物对小鼠艾滋病作用的研究

目的　研究箬叶多糖及其衍生物硫酸酯多糖和硒酸酯多糖对小鼠艾滋病的治疗作用。方法　采用 Ｌ Ｐ Ｂ Ｍ５ 鼠白血病病毒（ Ｍｕ Ｌ Ｖ） 感染 Ｃ５７ Ｂ Ｌ／６ Ｊ 小鼠的方法建立艾滋病模型。结果　硫酸酯多糖５０ ｍｇ·ｋｇ － １·ｄ － １（ｉｐ） 具有较好地抑制小鼠脾肿大、血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 增高的作用,硒酸酯多糖在两种给药方式中有一定的保护作用。此外,还首次发现感染小鼠出现 Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ Ｐｘ 活力下降,脂质过氧化产物升高,这与 Ｈ Ｉ Ｖ感染的病人的症状是一致的,硒多糖对提高机体的抗氧化功能有较好的作用。多糖经硫酸酯化、硒酸酯化等化学修饰后,活性有不同程度的提高。结论　作为抗氧化剂和免疫增强剂的微量元素硒和多糖类可能对 Ｈ Ｉ Ｖ 感染的病人有一定的治疗作用     

硫酸酯化海洋真菌多糖制备及其体外抗氧化作用研究

对碱提海洋真菌(Keissleriella sp.YC4108)多糖YCC进行硫酸酯化产物制备并研究其体外抗氧化作用.利用碱提法从海洋真菌(YC4108)的发酵菌丝体中获得一种结构全新多糖YCC,通过氯磺酸-吡啶法对YCC进行硫酸酯化修饰,并体外观察硫酸酯化多糖对超氧化物自由基清除作用、羟基自由基清除作用、丙二醛(MDA)清除作用以及总抗氧化活性.结果:通过碱提得到一种重均相对分子质量为66 k的海洋真菌多糖YCC,硫酸酯化后得到3种不同取代度的硫酸酯化产物YCC-SL,YCC-SM和YCC-SH.YCC-SM和YCC-SH对超氧阴离子、羟自由基和MDA具有明显的清除作用,在总抗氧化能力实验中也表现出较强的活性.结论:随着硫酸基团含量的增加,抗氧化活性大大提高.     

复方免疫散多糖及其拆方的体外抗氧化作用

目的 研究复方免疫散多糖及其拆方的体外抗氧化作用.方法 测定3种多糖对·OH、DPPH·、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,用硫代巴比妥酸法测定其对脂质过氧化的抑制作用以及金属离子的螯合,评价复方免疫散多糖及其拆方的抗氧化活性.结果 复方免疫散多糖及其拆方呈剂量依赖性地清除·OH、DPPH、超氧阴离子自由基,抑制脂质过氧化及螫合金属离子.结论 复方免疫散多糖及其拆方在体外具有抗氧化能力.     

Antioxidative activity of natural isorhapontigenin.

Isorhapontigenin (ISOR), isolated from Belamcanda chinensis, is a derivative of stilbene. Its chemical structure is very similar to that of resveratrol, with a potent antioxidative effect. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative activity of ISOR in vitro. Oxidative damage of rat liver microsomes, brain mitochondria and synaptosomes was induced by Fe2+-Cys, VitC-ADP-Fe2+ and H2O2, respectively. The formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increase of ultra-weak chemiluminescence during the lipid peroxidation process were determined. In addition, the characteristic ultra-weak chemiluminescence of oxidative DNA damage induced by CuSO4-Phen-VitC-H2O2 system was studied. The results showed that ISOR significantly inhibited MDA formation in liver microsomes, brain mitochondria and synaptosomes induced by Fe2+-Cys. Also, ISOR markedly prevented the decrease of GSH in mitochondria and synaptosomes induced by H2O2 and the increase of ultra-weak chemiluminescence during lipid peroxidation induced by VitC-ADP-Fe2+ as well as oxidative DNA damage induced by CuSO4-Phen-VitC-H2O2. The effects of ISOR at 10(-5) and 10(-6) mol/L on the MDA formation and decrease of GSH were similar to that of the classical antioxidant vitamin E (10(-4) mol/L). It may be concluded that ISOR possessed potent antioxidative activity and was much more potent than vitamin E.     

羟苯氨酮对离体鼠心停灌-复灌损伤的保护作用

目的研究羟苯氨酮对全心停灌-复灌损伤的影响。方法采用离体大鼠心脏停灌40 min-复灌30 min模型，从心脏功能、心肌能量代谢、抗氧化、线粒体钙超载及超微结构等方面观察药物作用。结果停灌前和复灌时给予羟苯氨酮(1~10 μmol·L^-1)明显增加复灌时心肌收缩力与冠脉流量，降低冠脉流出液的肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)活性，对抗损伤所致的心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)与磷酸肌酸(PCr)含量降低，增强心肌抗氧化能力，对抗线粒体钙超载，使线粒体超微结构保持得比较完整。结论羟苯氨酮明显对抗停灌-复灌致心肌损伤，为该药保护再灌注损伤提出有力依据。     

Autoxidation and toxicant-induced oxidation of lipid and DNA in monkey liver: reduction of molecular damage by melatonin

Melatonin, the main secretory product of the pineal gland, is a free radical scavenger and antioxidant which protects against oxidative damage due to a variety of toxicants. However, there is little information regarding melatonin's antioxidative capacity in tissues of primates. In this study we examined the protective effects of melatonin in monkey liver homogenates against lipid damage that occurred as a result of autoxidation or that induced by exogenous addition of H202 and ferrous iron (Fe2+). Additionally, we tested melatonin's protective effect against oxidative damage to DNA induced by chromium(III) (CrIII) plus H202. The levels of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals were assayed as an index of lipid peroxidation, and the concentrations of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as an endpoint of oxidative DNA damage. The increases in malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals concentrations as a consequence of autoxidation or after the addition of H202 plus Fe2+ to the homogenates were time-dependent. The accumulation of these damaged products due to either auto-oxidative processes or induced by H202 and Fe2+ were significantly reduced by melatonin in a concentration-dependent-manner. The levels of 8-OHdG were elevated in purified monkey liver DNA incubated with a combination of CrCl3 plus H2O2. This rise in oxidatively damaged DNA was prevented by 10 microM concentration of melatonin. Also, melatonin reduced the damage to DNA that was caused by auto-oxidative processes. These findings in monkey liver tissue document the ability of melatonin to protect against oxidative damage to both lipid and DNA in primate tissue, as observed previously in rodent tissue. The findings provide support for the use of melatonin as suitable agent to reduce damage inflicted by free radical species in primates.     

Site-specific DNA damage induced by sulfite in the presence of cobalt(II) ion. Role of sulfate radical

The reactivities of sulfite (SO23-) with DNA in the presence of metal ions were investigated by a DNA sequencing technique using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene. Sulfite caused DNA damage in the presence of Co2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+, although sulfite alone or metal ion alone did not. The order of inducing effect on sulfite-dependent DNA damage (Co2+ much greater than Cu2+ greater than Mn2+ Fe3+) was consistent with that of accelerating effect on the initial oxygen consumption rate of sulfite autoxidation. The DNA damage induced by sulfite plus Co2+ was inhibited by 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate, primary and secondary alchols, whereas it was not inhibited by SOD, catalase and tert-butyl alcohol. Incubation of DNA with sulfite plus Co2+ followed by the piperidine treatment led to the predominant cleavage at the positions of guanine especially located 5' to guanine. Sulfite plus Cu2+ gave a DNA cleavage pattern different from that induced by sulfite plus Co2+. The photolysis of peroxydisulfate (S2O28-), which is known to produce SO-4 radicals, gave a DNA cleavage pattern similar to that induced by sulfite plus Co2+. ESR studies using spin-trapping reagent revealed the production of spin adduct possibly of SO-3 radical in a solution of sulfite plus Cu2+, whereas much less spin adduct was produced by sulfite plus Co2+. The results suggest that sulfite is rapidly autoxidized in the presence of Co2+ to produce SO4- radical causing site-specific DNA damage.     

Free radical production and site-specific DNA damage induced by hydralazine in the presence of metal ions or peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide.

Hydralazine caused site-specific DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II), Co(II), Fe(III), or peroxidase/H2O2. The order of inducing effect of metal ions on hydralazine-dependent DNA damage [Cu(II) greater than Co(II) greater than Fe(III)] was related to that of accelerating effect on the O2 consumption rate of hydralazine autoxidation. Catalase completely inhibited DNA damage by hydralazine plus Cu(II), but hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavengers and superoxide dismutase did not. On the other hand, DNA damage by hydralazine plus Fe(III) was inhibited by catalase and .OH scavengers. Hydralazine plus Cu(II) induced piperidine-labile sites predominantly at guanine and some adenine residues, whereas hydralazine plus Fe(III) caused cleavages at every nucleotide. Activation of hydralazine by peroxidase/H2O2 caused guanine-specific modification in DNA. ESR-spin trapping experiment showed that .OH and superoxide are generated during the Fe(III)- or Cu(II)-catalysed autoxidation of hydralazine, respectively, and that nitrogen-centered radical is generated during the Cu(II)- or peroxidase-catalysed oxidation. The generation of nitrogen-centered radical was also supported by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The results suggest that the guanine-specific modification by the enzymatic activation of hydralazine is due to the nitrogen-centered hydralazyl radical or derived active species, whereas .OH participates in DNA damage by hydralazine plus Fe(III). The mechanism of hydralazine plus Cu(II)-induced DNA damage is complex. The possible role of the DNA damage induced by hydralazine in the presence of Cu(II) or peroxidase/H2O2 is discussed in relation to hydralazine-induced lupus, mutation, and cancer.     

Ebselen对自由基诱发的皮层神经元和皮层线粒体脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用

观察了ebselen对超氧阴离子O^·-₂和羟自由基·OH诱发的体外培养大鼠皮层神经元乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)释放,和TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance)含量升高及制备的皮层线粒体TBARS含量升高的影响。结果表明:超氧阴离子和羟自由基引起了培养神经元和线粒体明显的损伤。浓度在5～50μmol·L^-1之间,ebselen能剂量依赖性地抑制LDH释放和TBARS含量的增加,对线粒体的TBARS含量升高也有显著的抑制作用。但浓度为0.2～50μmol·L^-1时,药物无直接清除超氧阴离子和羟自由基的活性。因此,ebselen对氧自由基诱发的神经元脂质过氧化损伤有拮抗作用,这种作用与直接清除自由基无关。     

五味子酚对氧自由基引起大鼠脑突触体和线粒体损伤的保护作用

以Fe²⁺-半胱氨酸(Cys)为氧自由基生成系统,在体外模仿脑出血或脑外伤引起的氧自由基损伤的模型,观察五味子酚是否对Fe²⁺-Cys引起的大鼠脑突触体和线粒体损伤有保护作用,以探讨Sal用于延缓衰老、防治某些神经系统疾病的可能性。结果显示,与Fe²⁺-Cys共温孵可使脑突触体和线粒体MDA生成量显著增加,线粒体ATPase活性下降。而预先加入Sal(10^{-6mol·L-1)可抑制MDA生成,防止线粒体ATPase活性降低。Sal对Fe2+-Cys引起的线粒体肿胀和膜流动性降低也有明显的保护作用,并能防止Fe2+-Cys所致线粒体和突触体形态的病理性损伤。结果提示,Sal对氧自由基引起的大鼠脑突触体和线粒体损伤有明显保护作用。}     

Melatonin attenuates brain mitochondria DNA damage induced by potassium cyanide in vivo and in vitro

The effect of potassium cyanide on mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) in mouse brain was investigated in vivo and in vitro. When potassium cyanide (0, 0.1, 1.0 or 2.0 mM) was incubated with a crude mitochondria fraction prepared from mouse brain at 37 degrees C for 60 min, the damage of mtDNA was observed in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the mtDNA damage was prevented by a co-treatment with melatonin (1.5 mM), a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals (*OH). Furthermore, a subcutaneous injection of potassium cyanide (7mg/kg) caused both brain mtDNA damage and severe seizures in mouse. The damage of mtDNA and seizures induced by potassium cyanide were abolished by the pre-injection of melatonin (20 mg/kg). Hydrogen peroxide (1.5 mM) inflicted damage to brain mtDNA in the presence of Fe(2+) (3.0 microM). The damage was abolished by the co-treatment with melatonin. Furthermore, when cyanide (0, 0.1 or 1.0 mM) was incubated with the crude mitochondria fraction prepared from mouse brain, the lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The increased lipid peroxidation was completely inhibited by the co-treatment with melatonin (1.0 mM). These results suggest that reactive oxygen species including the *OH may play a cardinal role for mtDNA damage induced by potassium cyanide. Hence, the present study concluded that melatonin protects against DNA damage induced by the *OH produced by cyanide or hydrogen peroxide.     

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate causes oxidative damage to isolated and cellular DNA

Green tea catechins, especially (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are believed to mediate much of the cancer chemopreventive effects of tea. However, it was reported that green tea catechins enhanced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Experiments using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human cancer-related genes showed that catechins induced DNA damage in the presence of metals such as Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes. In the presence of Fe(III)EDTA, the order of DNA damaging ability was EGCG approximately (-)-epigallocatechin>(-)-epicatechin gallate>catechin. Catechins plus Fe(III)EDTA caused DNA damage at every nucleotide, most likely due to *OH generation from H(2)O(2). In the presence of Cu(II), the order was (-)-epigallocatechin>catechin>EGCG>(-)-epicatechin gallate. Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage by EGCG occurred most frequently at T and G residues, especially of 5'-TG-3' and GG sequences. Catalase and bathocuproine inhibited the Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). In the presence of metal ions, increased amounts of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) were found in DNA treated with EGCG. Furthermore, EGCG increased amounts of 8-oxodG in HL-60 cells, but not in the H(2)O(2)-resistant clone HP100. When GSH was reduced by L-buthionine-[S, R]-sulfoximine, a low concentration of EGCG increased amounts of 8-oxodG in HL-60 cells, further supporting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in cellular DNA damage. It is concluded that EGCG can induce H(2)O(2) generation and subsequent damage to isolated and cellular DNA, and that oxidative DNA damage may mediate the potential carcinogenicity of EGCG.     

Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions

Carnosine has antioxidant properties and is efficient in the treatment of chemically-induced inflammatory lesions in animals. However, some studies question its biological significance as antioxidant and show lack of protection and even pro-oxidant effect of carnosine in systems containing nickel and iron ions. The ability of carnosine to: (1) reduce Fe(3+) into Fe(2+) ions; (2) protect deoxyribose from oxidation by Fe(2+)-, Fe(3+)-, and Cu(2+)-H(2)O(2)-EDTA systems; (3) protect DNA from damage caused by Cu(2+)-, and Fe(2+)-H(2)O(2)-ascorbate systems; (4) inhibit HClO- and H(2)O(2)-peroxidase-induced luminol dependent chemiluminescence was tested in vitro. At concentration 10 mM carnosine reduced 16.6+/-0.5 nmoles of Fe(3+) into Fe(2+) ions during 20 min. incubation and added to plasma significantly increased its ferric reducing ability. Inhibition of deoxyribose oxidation by 10 mM carnosine reached 56+/-5, 40+/-11 and 30+/-11% for systems containing Fe(2+), Fe(3+) and Cu(2+) ions, respectively. The damage to DNA was decreased by 84+/-9 and 61+/-14% when Cu(2+)-, and Fe(2+)-H(2)O(2)-ascorbate systems were applied. Combination of 10 mM histidine with alanine or histidine alone (but not alanine) enhanced 1.3 and 2.3 times (P<0.05) the DNA damage induced by Fe(2+)-H(2)O(2)-ascorbate. These amino acids added to 10 mM carnosine decreased 3.1-fold (P<0.05) its protective effect on DNA. Carnosine at 10 and 20 mM decreased by more than 90% light emission from both chemiluminescent systems. It is concluded that carnosine has significant antioxidant activity especially in the presence of transition metal ions. However, hydrolysis of carnosine with subsequent histidine release may be responsible for some pro-oxidant effects.