广州市白云区空巢老人抑郁症的调查研究

目的 了解白云区空巢老人抑郁症发生情况及影响因素.方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取广州市白云区为研究地区,采用抑郁症自评量表（SDS）对该区空巢老人抑郁症发生情况进行调查.对222名老年人所调查结果的数据进行统计分析.结果 空巢老人抑郁症发生率为45.%;不同年龄阶段空巢老人抑郁症发生率差异无显著性（P＞0.05）：不同婚姻状况空巢老人抑郁症发生率差异有极显著性（P＜0.01）;空巢老人与非空巢老人抑郁症发生率进行比较,差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论 不同婚姻状况是空巢老人患抑郁症的影响因素.     

慢性病毒性肝炎患者216例心理状况分析及护理对策

以216例慢性乙型肝炎及其肝硬化患者与中国常模为研究对象,采用艾森克个性问卷(E P Q)、症状自评量表(S C L90)和慢性肝病医学应对方式问卷(M C M Q)等心理测试法测定病人的个性特征、心身症状和应对方式.结果 患者组躯体化、强迫、焦虑、抑郁、恐怖、偏执及精神病性显著高于中国常模(P＜0.01),人际敏感差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);且患者组MCMQ中的面对、回避、放弃应对量分高于对照组.结论 慢性乙型肝炎及其肝硬化病人在心身症状、个性特征及应对方式上差异均有显著性意义,消极应对方式是影响其心理健康状况的重要因素,不良的心理健康状况是导致疾病恶化甚致死亡的重要原因之一.     

肛肠科日间手术患者术前心理状况调查研究

目的:探讨肛肠科患者行日间手术术前心理状况及应对方式的相关性,为肛肠手术患者采取有针对性的心理护理及积极有效的应对方式提供理论依据。方法:采用方便抽样,运用状态焦虑问卷(S-AI)医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)和自制基本信息调查问卷对100例在日间手术室行肛肠科手术的患者术前心理状况进行调查研究。结果:日间手术室肛肠科患者术前焦虑状态高于国内常模;焦虑的影响因素有多个方面,主要表现在不同婚姻状况、收入、家庭关系。医学应对方式中"回避"和"屈服"的评分高于国内常模,差异有统计学意义(P=0.00);患者SAS评分与"面对"(P0.05)和"屈服"(P0.05)呈显著正相关,与"回避"(P0.05)无相关性。结论:肛肠科手术患者术前心理状况需要得到更多的关注,护理人员应从多方面评估术前患者生理心理状况及应对方式,采取有效措施引导患者采取积极的应对方式。     

广州白云区空巢老人焦虑症状的相关因素调查

目的了解城市空巢老人焦虑症状的发生情况及相关因素。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）及一般情况问卷对广州市白云区的10个社区中符合条件的60岁及以上的空巢老人（研究对象）和非空巢老人（对照）进行人户问卷调查,共调查186例,分析焦虑症状发生率及其相关因素。结果调查的186名老年人中,102名有焦虑症状,患病率为54．83％。其中空巢老人与非空巢老人焦虑症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经Logistic多元回归分析,影响空巢老人（含独居老人）焦虑症的单因素有躯体疾病（P〈0．01）、锻炼和娱乐活动、子女探望间隔时间（P〈0．05）。结论空巢老人焦虑发生率明显高于非空巢老人,其中躯体疾病、缺乏锻炼和娱乐活动、子女探望间隔时间是引发焦虑症的主要原因。     

129例肺结核患者医学应对方式的调查研究

目的探讨肺结核患者的医学应对能力水平。方法应用医学应对问卷(MCMQ),采用随机抽样的方法对129例肺结核患者进行调查,并将调查结果与常模进行t检验。结果肺结核患者的"回避"和"屈服"因子得分显著高于常模(P<0.05),而"面对"因子得分与常模相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论肺结核患者的"回避"是积极的应对方式;而"屈服"却是消极的应对策略,不利于疾病的治疗。     

乳腺癌患者预感性悲伤与应对方式的相关性分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者预感性悲伤水平与应对方式的相关性，从而为乳腺癌患者制定针对性的干预方案提供参考。方法 本研究采用便利抽样法，选取2021年10月—2022年6月在周口市中医院乳腺外科住院并符合纳入排除标准的222名乳腺癌患者作为研究对象，采用患者一般资料调查表、癌症患者预感性悲伤量表及医学应对问卷进行调查。结果 乳腺癌患者的预感性悲伤总分为（51.12±5.70）分，其应对方式中面对维度得分（16.90±3.92）分，回避维度得分（17.33±3.60）分，屈服维度得分（12.54±2.30）分。Pearson相关性分析显示，预感性悲伤与面对呈负相关（P <0.01），与回避、屈服呈正相关（均P <0.05）。结论 不同的应对方式影响乳腺癌患者预感性悲伤水平。医护人员可为乳腺癌患者制定针对性的干预措施，帮助其建立积极的应对方式，从而改善预感性悲伤状况。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术后患者的应对方式及相关因素的研究

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）患者的应对方式及相关的影响因素,为提高患者的心理和生活质量采取干预措施提供依据。方法采用便利抽样法,对2012年6月至2012年12月到我院门诊复查和心内科住院的118例PCI患者采用基本情况调查表和医学应对方式问卷表（Medical Coping Mode Questionnaire）进行问卷调查。结果PCI患者的回避、屈服应对方式得分高于常模俨〈0．01）,而面对应对方式得分与常模比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。其应对方式受年龄、职业、文化程度、经济状况、冠心病年限、介入治疗次数等因素的影响俨〈0．01）。结论PCI患者对疾病多采取回避和屈服的应对方式,较少采取面对的应对方式,护理人员应关注这一特殊群体,针对影响患者应对方式的因素,制定干预措施,引导患者正确面对疾病,提高自信心。     

短暂性脑缺血患者应对方式与希望水平的相关性

目的:观察短暂性脑缺血(TIA)患者的应对方式及希望水平,并分析TIA患者应对方式及希望水平间的关系,为未来该类疾病干预方案的制定提供参考.方法:选取2018-03 ～2019-12医院就诊的61例TIA患者,全部患者均接受抗血小板聚集药物治疗,均治疗3个月.分别于治疗前、治疗3个月时使用医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)、Herth希望量表(HHI)评估患者应对方式及希望水平的变化情况;分析TIA患者应对方式与希望水平间的相关性.结果:治疗3个月时,面对评分及希望水平评分均较治疗前升高,回避及屈服评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);采用Pearson相关性分析发现,TIA患者面对评分与希望水平、回避与屈服呈正相关(r＞0,P＜0.05);面对评分、希望水平分别与回避、屈服间呈负相关(r＜0,P ＜0.05).结论:TIA患者的应对方式与希望水平有一定内在联系,考虑早期评估TIA患者的希望水平,并积极采取相关干预措施,可能对改善TIA患者应对方式有一定价值,对指导临床干预方案的制定有积极意义.     

慢性前列腺炎患者抑郁情绪与应对方式的相关分析

目的了解慢性前列腺炎患者抑郁情绪的发生情况,探讨抑郁情绪与应对方式之间的关系。方法以医学应对问卷、抑郁自评量表为主要工具分别对116例慢性前列腺炎患者进行问卷调查。结果抑郁发生率为46．49％,慢性前列腺炎患者中高中以上文化程度者的应对方式屈服分高于初中以下文化者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,自费治疗者的抑郁分值高于享受医疗保险者,且多采用回避的应对方式（P〈0．01）。慢性前列腺炎患者应对方式回避和屈服分值与抑郁情绪之间显著相关（r值分别为0．381、0．512,P〈0．01）。结论慢性前列腺炎患者抑郁的发生率高,且抑郁情绪与其文化程度、就医经济状况和应对方式有关。     

脑中风后遗症患者两种养老方式对照顾者生活质量的影响研究

目的：研究脑中风后遗症（CACS）患者两种养老方式对照顾者生活质量的影响。方法选取80例在机构养老CACS患者（机构组）和80例居家养老CACS患者（居家组）的照顾者作为研究对象,使用生活质量调查量表（ SF-36）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）和自行设计的调查表评价照顾者身体健康状况、精神健康状况及生活质量。结果机构组照顾者中有53例（66.3%）患有糖尿病、高血压、脑血管疾病、冠心病等较重疾病;居家组照顾者有17例患上述疾病（21.3%）,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;机构组照顾者的社会家庭支持满意度、社会职能评分高于居家组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组照顾者的其他各项SF-36评分及身体心理健康状况评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论机构组照顾者虽然在身体及心理健康状况方面与居家组比较无明显差异,但其社会职能、社会家庭支持满意度都比居家照顾者更好,由此可见机构养老是CACS患者较为理想的一种养老方式。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.