河豚鱼肝油中EPA、DHA的纯化与含量测定

目的:研究河豚鱼肝油中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的纯化方法,并建立EPA和DHA的含量测定方法。方法:河豚鱼肝油经精炼、盐析、低温-钾盐乙醇法和尿素包合法相结合纯化得不饱和脂肪酸;不饱和脂肪酸经甲脂化后,采用气相色谱法测定EPA和DHA的含量。结果:河豚鱼肝油经纯化可获得高纯度的不饱和脂肪酸;EPA和DHA的含量分别为0.2619g·g-1和0.4527g·g-1。EPA甲酯和DHA甲酯标准品浓度均在0.05～0.25mg·mL-1范围内同其与内标的峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系(r分别为0.9997、0.9998)。结论:河豚鱼肝油中EPA和DHA的纯化方法可行;检测方法操作简单、结果准确、重复性良好,是一种可行的含量测定方法。     

药用大海马的养殖与野生类群脂肪酸组成与差异性分析

摘要：目的 研究药用大海马的皮层与骨粉、雌雄性别、养殖与野生、生长年龄这4个因素对脂肪酸药效成分的影响,为海马营养学、养殖方式等相关研究提供依据。方法 采用CO2超临界流体萃取技术提取海马中的脂肪酸,GC-MS分析检测脂肪酸的组成及分布,并探究DHA与EPA的最优比。结果 大海马不同类群的脂肪酸组成相同,但含量不同,总脂肪酸含量占体重的1.88%～4.37%,其中不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的相对含量为41.39 %～44.10 %。结论 以脂肪酸作为药效的参考依据时,养殖海马可以代替野生海马,缓解海马市场药源紧张;海马的最佳养殖年龄为1年,此时不饱和脂肪酸富集最多,且DHA/EPA最接近最佳比例;雄性海马优于雌性,皮层优于骨粉。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析鹰嘴豆脂肪酸成分

目的分析鹰嘴豆中脂肪酸成分。方法采用气相色谱（GC）、气相色谱质谱法（GC/MS）对鹰嘴豆中脂肪酸的组成及相对含量进行研究。结果鉴定了棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸等13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸达83.5%,其中油酸为23.39%,亚油酸为58.53%。结论该法可用于鹰嘴豆中脂肪酸类成分的分析。     

海鞘脂肪含量及其脂肪酸组成

对烟台渤海湾的柄海鞘和玻璃海鞘的脂肪含量及其脂肪改组成进行了分析，并对其提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，海鞘中的脂肪以乙醚为溶剂，提取3h较为理想。脂肪总含量，玻璃海鞘为干重的6．16％；柄海鞘的含量为干重的5．02％，其中内囊的含量占10．68％、海鞘皮中的含量为1．14％。气相色谱及色--质谱分析的结果表明，柄海鞘内囊中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)占脂肪酸总量的56．44％，其中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为37．57％，EPA DHA占18．98％；玻璃海鞘中UFA占脂肪酸总量的36．68％，其中PUFA为23．34％，EPA DHA占9．8％。     

哈蟆油和哈蟆皮脂肪酸成分的比较分析

目的：比较分析哈蟆油和哈蟆皮脂肪酸成分。方法：分别用不同的方法处理哈蟆油和哈蟆皮，并采用气相色谱技术对其进行分析。结果：共检出25种脂肪酸。其中7种饱和脂肪酸，11种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），7种单不饱和脂肪酸。对于哈蟆皮主要以棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸、油酸、亚油酸、次亚油酸、花生四烯酸（AA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）为主，哈蟆油主要以棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、次亚油酸、AA、EPA为主。结论：哈蟆皮中的多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高于哈蟆油。     

服用鱼油多不饱和脂肪酸对血液中脂肪酸组成的影响

高脂血症患者摄食含DHA33％、EPA10％的鱼油脂肪酸制剂,可增加全血脂肪酸组成中DHA的相对含量,降低EPA、AA的含量;可增加血小板膜脂肪组成中DHA、EPA的相对含量,增加DHA/AA、EPA/AA的比值;也可增加HDL_2、HDL_3的脂肪组成中EPA的相对含量。     

大海马和刁海龙氨基酸与脂肪酸的组成分析与评价

目的 研究野生大海马、养殖大海马以及刁海龙三者间氨基酸与脂肪酸的组成和含量差异,旨在为野生海马的高效利用及其适宜替代生物的探寻提供依据。方法 氨基酸自动分析仪测定氨基酸含量,气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定脂肪酸组成与含量。结果 野生与养殖大海马和刁海龙均含有测定的17种氨基酸,含量范围在43.207～74.827 g/100g DW之间,其中养殖大海马的含量最高,刁海龙次之,野生大海马最低;大海马皮膜的氨基酸含量要高于骨粉,而刁海龙则相反;三者限制性氨基酸中均包含亮氨酸,必需氨基酸指数均较高。刁海龙的不饱和脂肪酸含量高于大海马,尤其是EPA和DHA,占总脂肪酸含量的25.41%和32.74%,远高于后者的2.55%和3.87%;其余脂肪酸相近;养殖大海马与野生大海马间的差异不大。结论 野生大海马的皮膜与骨粉中氨基酸和脂肪酸组成与含量相近,可合理开发;养殖大海马在营养评价方面略优于刁海龙,可优先选择作为野生大海马的替代,刁海龙氨基酸与脂肪酸的营养品质也高于野生大海马,尤其是EPA和DHA含量显著高于野生大海马,可合理选择作为替代。     

广西北海方格星虫脂肪酸的提取及组成分析

目的：比较分析方格星虫不同部位和极性层中的脂肪酸组成和含量。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法测定方格星虫(广西北海西村)不同部位和极性层的脂肪酸组成和含量。结果 方格星虫不同部位和极性层的脂肪酸含量和组成有差异,除了体腔液未鉴定出多不饱和脂肪酸和正丁醇层的单不饱和脂肪酸含量偏低以外,饱和脂肪酸都占总各自脂肪酸总量的一半左右,主要由 C14：0、C16：0 和 C18：0 所组成,单不饱和脂肪酸都占各自脂肪酸总量的 21.5-29.8 ％,其中 C18：1n9 和 C20：1n9 为主要成分,多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的相对含量为 21.2-34.6 ％,其中 C20:4n6 的贡献最大,并且还含有一定量的 C20：5n3 (二十碳五烯酸 EPA)。结论 方格星虫体壁和石油醚层的脂肪酸提取率和鉴定出的脂肪酸比例最高,方格星虫脂肪酸不仅种类多样,还有具多种重要活性作用的不饱和脂肪酸。     

鱼肝油中脂肪酸的气相色谱及气相色谱-质谱分析

目的 采用气相色谱法（GC）结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术,对3种不同来源共26批鱼肝油样品中的脂肪酸成分进行测定。方法 通过氢氧化钾-甲醇碱催化法对鱼肝油样品进行甲基衍生化预处理,选用极性毛细管柱对样品中的衍生化产物脂肪酸甲酯进行分离,后经气相色谱仪-氢火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用仪进行分析检测。利用对照品定位法结合NIST谱库检索准确鉴定出棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）等14种脂肪酸,并通过面积归一化法对这14种脂肪酸进行定量分析。结果 这14种脂肪酸在国内鱼肝油中的含量与模拟天然鱼肝油和进口鱼肝油样品中的含量存在较大差异。其中,EPA和DHA等脂肪酸在模拟天然鱼肝油和进口鱼肝油样品中的含量远高于其在国内鱼肝油样品中的含量,而亚油酸在国内鱼肝油样品中的含量却高达44%以上,10倍于其在另外2种鱼肝油样品中的含量。结论 不同来源的鱼肝油样品中的脂肪酸成分不尽相同,可根据脂肪酸的组成区别鱼肝油样品中是否添加天然鱼肝油成分。     

羚羊角中脂肪酸类成分的GC-MSD分析

目的：阐明羚羊角中脂肪酸类成分。方法：溶剂法提取脂类成分,经甲酯化,采用气相色谱一质谱．计算机联用技术分离鉴定,归一化法计算相对百分含量。结果：从羚羊角中鉴定出9种脂肪酸类成分,占总脂的85．14％,其中不饱和脂肪酸3种,占17．92％。结论：羚羊角中主要脂肪酸类成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸,占80．31％。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.