原料药国际注册中基因毒性杂质的法规解读

遗传毒素是一类极富挑战性的杂质,并已被证明即便在低浓度条件下依然具有毒性。因此美国和欧盟的药品监管机构以及人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会（ICH）都特别指定了它们在原料药和成品药中的限量。通过解析原料药在美国和欧盟注册中涉及到的关于基因毒性杂质控制的法规,为中国制药企业提供相关技术指导以推动中国药品出口事业的增长。     

药物中基因毒性杂质检测方法研究进展

基因毒性杂质由于对DNA的破坏作用而具有一定的致癌性,危害极大。因其结构众多,患者在服药过程中有摄入该类杂质的风险。部分国家对基因毒性杂质的限度控制已成为药品上市时必须考察的指标。本文概述了基因毒性杂质的基本概念、相关法规标准、部分杂质检测方法限度等内容,以期为控制药品中基因毒性杂质的含量提供参考和依据,保证患者用药安全。     

化学药品中杂质的基因毒性评估策略以及相关分析方法研究进展

基因毒性杂质是受到药品监管机构和制药企业重点关注和控制的对象,由于其较一般杂质具有微量水平就存在潜在致突变性和致癌性风险的特点,需要严格控制其在药物中的含量以保证药物质量与临床应用的安全性。本文从识别警示结构、文献及数据库检索、量化构效关系软件预测、体内外遗传毒性试验、依照法规和指南要求制定合理限度等方面综述了评估杂质基因毒性的研究策略,并总结了目前为了应对其含量低,稳定性较差,结构多样等特点开发的各类前处理技术及分析方法,为基因毒性杂质的研究提供参考。     

盐酸西那卡塞潜在基因毒性杂质的合成、确证和检测

目的 合成盐酸西那卡塞原料药和制剂中的潜在基因毒性杂质间三氟甲基苯丙醛二聚体，完成结构确证，建立检测方法，并对盐酸西那卡塞原料药和制剂样品进行检测，提高对盐酸西那卡塞原料药和制剂的质量控制。方法 以间三氟甲基苯丙醛为起始原料，在碱性条件下制备间三氟甲基苯丙醛二聚体，通过高分辨质谱、氢谱进行结构确证，以气相色谱法对盐酸西那卡塞原料药和制剂中该杂质进行检测。结果与结论合成并确证了盐酸西那卡塞中潜在基因毒性杂质间三氟甲基苯丙醛二聚体，采用自行建立并验证的气相色谱法对盐酸西那卡塞原料药和制剂进行了该杂质的检测，结果表明原料药中未检出，制剂中有检出，但低于标准限度15×10^-6,安全风险可控。     

布洛芬中对甲苯磺酸乙酯检测方法的研究

<正>基因毒性杂质是指能直接或间接损伤细胞DNA,产生致突变和致癌作用的物质。近年来,美国食品药品管理局(FDA)和欧洲药品局(EMA)以及中国食品药品监督管理局(SFDA)都要求对原料药及其制剂在生产和储存运输过程中,产生或有可能产生基因毒性杂质进行严格的讨论和分析,根据     

N-亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质的研究进展

自“缬沙坦事件”之后，N-亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质引起了业界的广泛关注。本文概述了药物中N-亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质和相关检测方法的研究进展，以及近20年来国内外有关药物中基因毒性杂质监管指南的完善历程。N-亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质作为一类高反应活性的基因毒性杂质，主要来源于药物合成过程中发生的副反应，以及药物在储存或者运输过程中发生的氧化或还原等反应。所有的动物实验表明，N-亚硝胺类具有很强的致癌性。在理论上，所有药物都存在N-亚硝胺类杂质或被N-亚硝胺类杂质污染的风险，由于该类化合物在药物中常以痕量形式存在，在分析检测过程中药物基质干扰大，因此建立便捷、高效的分析方法是非常有必要的。     

基因毒性杂质的毒理学评估策略

基因毒性杂质的限度确定是药物安全研究的重要内容。有潜在基因毒性的杂质根据其结构特征和毒理学数据可分为5类:已知有致突变性及致癌性的杂质、有致突变性但致癌性未知的杂质、含有与药物活性成分结构无关的警示结构但无致突变性数据的杂质、含与药物活性成分相关警示结构的杂质以及致癌风险高的特殊杂质。本文以毒理学评价的方法,分类对基因毒性杂质的评估策略进行综述,并示例杂质限度确定的方法。     

异烟肼原料药的杂质分析和控制的探讨

以异烟肼原料药的杂质分析和控制为例,探讨原料药杂质分析和控制的思路与方法.     

原料药杂质研究与控制浅析

原料药质量优劣是药品质量控制的关键和源头。原料药杂质研究及控制又是原料药质量保证的关键要素之一,也是保证药品安全性和可控性的重要评价指标。本文从原料药的杂质分类、杂质分析方法、国内外原料药杂质研究现状等方面阐述了原料药中杂质检查与控制的重要性,对于药物研究、药物生产、储存、运输等环节确保药品安全有效具有一定的实用价值。     

化学合成原料药上市后生产变更评估思考

目的：为化学合成原料药上市后变更的评估提供思路。方法：通过美国和我国原料药监管要求、 原料药变更影响因素分析原料药变更评估中的关注点。结果：化学合成原料药生产工艺更具有特异性, 所以原料药上市后变更更需要结合品种特点,对变更的风险及研究验证工作进行全面的评估。结论：化学合成原料药变更需从品种特点、人员素质、设施设备、杂质情况、物理性质等五个主要方面进行全面的分析、研究和验证,从而确定变更对原料药和制剂产生的影响。     

Analytical control of genotoxic impurities in the pazopanib hydrochloride manufacturing process

Pharmaceutical regulatory agencies are increasingly concerned with trace-level genotoxic impurities in drug substances, requiring manufacturers to deliver innovative approaches for their analysis and control. The need to control most genotoxic impurities in the low ppm level relative to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), combined with the often reactive and labile nature of genotoxic impurities, poses significant analytical challenges. Therefore, sophisticated analytical methodologies are often developed to test and control genotoxic impurities in drug substances. From a quality-by-design perspective, product quality (genotoxic impurity levels in this case) should be built into the manufacturing process. This necessitates a practical analysis and control strategy derived on the premise of in-depth process understanding. General guidance on how to develop strategies for the analysis and control of genotoxic impurities is currently lacking in the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we demonstrate practical examples for the analytical control of five genotoxic impurities in the manufacturing process of pazopanib hydrochloride, an anticancer drug currently in Phase III clinical development, which may serve as a model for the other products in development. Through detailed process understanding, we implemented an analysis and control strategy that enables the control of the five genotoxic impurities upstream in the manufacturing process at the starting materials or intermediates rather than at the final API. This allows the control limits to be set at percent levels rather than ppm levels, thereby simplifying the analytical testing and the analytical toolkits to be used in quality control laboratories.     

药品中遗传毒性杂质的评估和控制

目的 综述药品遗传毒性杂质控制相关指南和法规,为制药企业执行国际标准和准则提供一些建议和思路。方法 通过查找数据库如Pubmed、Medline及欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)、美国食品药品监督管理局(US Food and Drug Administratio,U.S.FDA)、人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会议(ICH)等网站,比较各指南法规关于遗传毒性控制限度和控制措施的异同点,为遗传毒性杂质的控制提供一个可行性步骤。结果 通过比较发现,EMA、U.S.FDA和即将出版的ICH M7指南在关键原则的应用方面如毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)、风险评估步骤、杂质5分类法等基本相同,但现行EMA和U.S.FDA法规存在分歧,不利于其有效执行,而ICH M7将为遗传毒性杂质的控制提供一个可行框架。结论 目前还缺乏完善有效的遗传毒性控制指南,ICH M7将解决U.S.FDA 和EMA 指南间分歧,更好地指导制药企业遗传毒性杂质的控制。     

Curcumin supplementation protects from genotoxic effects of arsenic and fluoride

The present study was aimed to evaluate curcumin as a potential natural antioxidant to mitigate the genotoxic effects of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The study was divided into nine groups consisting of negative control, positive control treated with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS; 1.93 mM) and curcumin control with only curcumin (1.7 μM) in blood culture. As (1.4 μM) and F (34 μM) were added alone as well as in combination, to the cultures, with and without curcumin. Cultures were analysed for chromosomal aberrations (both structural and numerical) and primary DNA damage via comet assay as the genotoxic parameters after an exposure duration of 24 h. Results revealed that curcumin efficiently ameliorates the toxic effect of As and F by reducing the frequency of structural aberrations (>60%), hypoploidy (>50%) and primary DNA damage. In conclusion, curcumin mitigates the genotoxic effects of the two well known water contaminants (As and F) effectively and efficiently at the given concentration in vitro.     

The tumor-promoting activity of 2-acetylaminofluorene is associated with disruption of the p53 signaling pathway and the balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation

The aromatic amine 2-acetylaminofluore (2-AAF) is a powerful complete genotoxic rat liver carcinogen that induces tumors without any additional interventions. While the tumor-initiating genotoxic activity of 2-AAF is well established, its tumor-promotion activity is far less understood. It is believed that the tumor-promoting property of 2-AAF is associated with selective enhancement of cell replication and sustained suppression of apoptosis in initiated cells. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of tumor-promoting events induced by 2-AAF-exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed NIH-31 diet containing 0.02% of 2-AAF for 12 and 24 weeks, and the expression pattern of genes associated with the p53-signaling pathway and microRNA genes was determined in the livers of control and 2-AAF-fed rats. The results indicate that the tumor-promoting property of 2-AAF during hepatocarcinogenesis is associated predominantly with the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic growth-related genes and down-regulation of expression of pro-apoptotic genes. This disrupts the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, which leads to consequential unrestricted cell proliferation, especially of initiated cells. Also, the long-term-administration of 2-AAF resulted in disruption of regulatory miR-34a-p53 feed-back loop that mediates apoptosis. This was evidenced by an increased expression of miR-34a in response to genotoxic effects of 2-AAF in the absence of p53 up-regulation, and loss of regulatory control of mir-34a on SIRT1 function. Additionally, the livers of 2-AAF-exposed rats were characterized by the substantial deregulation of expression of miR-18, miR-21, miR-182, and miR-200 family, microRNAs involved in control of apoptosis/cell proliferation and cell-cell contact pathways, two major pathways disrupted during the promotion stage of hepatocarcinogenesis.     

Ferric iron is genotoxic in non-transformed and preneoplastic human colon cells.

Iron could be a relevant risk factor for carcinogenesis since it catalyses the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage DNA. We previously demonstrated genotoxic effects by ferric iron using the human colon cancer cell line HT29. Here we investigated ferric iron in primary non-transformed colon cells and in a preneoplastic colon adenoma cell line (LT97), which both are suitable models to study effects of carcinogens during early stages of cell transformation. Genetic damage was determined using the Comet assay. Comet FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) was used to assess specific effects on TP53. Fe-NTA (0-1000 microM, 30 min, 37 degrees C) significantly induced single strand breaks in primary colon cells (500 microM Fe-NTA: Tail intensity [TI] 22.6%+/-5.0% versus RPMI control: TI 10.6%+/-3.9%, p<0.01) and in LT97 cells (1000 microM Fe-NTA: TI 26.8%+/-7.3% versus RPMI control: TI 11.1%+/-3.7%, p<0.01). With the Comet FISH protocol lower concentrations of Fe-NTA significantly increased DNA damage already at 100 and 250 microM Fe-NTA in primary colon and LT97 adenoma cells, respectively. This damage was detected as an enhanced migration of TP53 signals into the comet tail in both cell types, which indicates a high susceptibility of this tumor relevant gene towards Fe-NTA. In conclusion, Fe-NTA acts genotoxic in non-transformed and in preneoplastic human colon cells, in which it also enhances migration of TP53 at relatively low concentrations. Translated to the in vivo situation these results suggest that iron overload putatively contributes to a genotoxic risk during early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis on account of its genotoxic potential in non-tumorigenic human colon cells.     

药物杂质遗传毒性评价策略与监管研究

伴随大量创新及仿制药面世而来的是对遗传毒性杂质加强监管的迫切需求。一系列与国际接轨的指南性文件的出台，弥补了我国杂质监管的空白，但难点尚存。传统评价方法具有局限性，新方法与传统方法间缺乏一致性比较，药物特定合成路线实际产生的大量含警示结构杂质缺乏毒理学评价数据支持，毒性预测软件的预测效力不足等。本文就国内外杂质遗传毒性杂质监管科学现状、遗传毒性杂质控制策略、杂质遗传毒性评价方法进行论述，并提出充分结合计算机毒理学、毒性评价方法和符合我国国情的监管限度制定三个维度开展杂质监管工作。     

亚硝胺类遗传毒性杂质的监管策略及思考

如何对药品中存在致癌风险的亚硝胺类杂质进行控制,已成为企业和监管部门关注的热点。本文对亚硝胺类杂质的常见类型、来源、致癌性作用特点进行梳理,并结合EMA、FDA、ICH及我国相关遗传毒性杂质控制指导原则,对制定符合我国国情的亚硝胺类杂质的监管限度和监管工作提出建议。尽管国外已陆续出台了一系列针对药品中亚硝胺类杂质的含量限定的指南性文件,但众多亚硝胺类杂质的毒性剂量、人体暴露量尚不明确,且药物合成工艺存在差异,我国无法完全照搬欧美等国的监管方法。当前应深入研究亚硝胺类杂质的遗传毒性和致癌性,从而制定符合我国国情的监管限度值和药品中亚硝胺杂质监管策略;此外,本文从解决实际问题的角度出发,讨论如何根据已有指导原则,确定在已知毒理学数据、毒理学数据不足和短期使用药物不同情况下亚硝胺类杂质的监管限度。本文将为药物生产和杂质评价与研究和监管领域相关人员提供借鉴。     

Genotoxic effects of monocrotophos,an organophosphorous pesticide,on an estuarine bivalve, Meretrix ovum

Genotoxicity studies evaluate the effects of pollutants on organisms and consequently, their implications on human health. Meretrix ovum was exposed to different concentrations of monocrotophos, viz. 5.5, 11.0 and 16.5 mg/L continuously for four different time periods viz. 2, 3, 7 and 14 days. Gills of these animals were collected immediately after exposure at the above time intervals and analyzed for genotoxic effect employing micronucleus test and effect on somatic growth by estimating the total RNA/DNA ratio. Data were analyzed employing Student’s ‘t’ test and ANOVA. Significant increase of micronuclei observed in the present study in a dose dependant manner indicates the possible chromosomal damage induced by monocrotophos in this species and thereby reveals its genotoxic potency. Significant reduction of the total RNA/DNA ratio observed in a time dependant manner indicates a considerable retardation of somatic growth in monocrotophos treated mussels. Results of the present study indicate that monocrotophos is genotoxic on M. ovum and also induces a pollution stress related retardation of somatic growth of this mussel. Further, this study indicated the possibility of using MN test in bivalves as a marker for screening/monitoring the genotoxic potential of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.