冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品及亚香棒虫草中氨基酸比较

目的：比较冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品与亚香棒虫草中水解和游离氨基酸的含量。方法：采用氨基酸分析仪测定冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品以及亚香棒虫草中17种氨基酸的含量。结果：冬虫夏草人工繁育品的水解氨基酸含量为16.776%~19.080%,野生冬虫夏草为14.857%~21.959%,亚香棒虫草为13.043%~14.933%。冬虫夏草人工繁育品的游离氨基酸含量为1.767%~2.373%,野生冬虫夏草为1.753%~2.521%,亚香棒虫草为2.856%~3.197%。结论：冬虫夏草人工繁育品和野生品中氨基酸含量基本一致,和亚香棒虫草有显著性差异。本研究为冬虫夏草的鉴别及人工繁育品的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

冬虫夏草人工繁育品与野生品基于甾醇特征图谱的比较研究

目的：对冬虫夏草人工繁育品与野生品进行比较研究,建立基于甾醇类成分的特征图谱,并比较麦角甾醇含量的差异,为该药材的质量监管提供参考。方法：以10批冬虫夏草人工繁育品、17批野生品以及5批凉山虫草为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱法,以麦角甾醇为对照品,选用XBridgeC18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6 μm）;流动相为甲醇-水（95：5）,检测波长282 nm,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,采用CHEMPATTERN化学计量学软件对野生品色谱图进行处理,生成特征图谱,并计算所有批次的相似度。结果：17批野生冬虫夏草、10批冬虫夏草人工繁育品与野生品对照图谱之间的相似度均大于0.9,相似度良好;而5批凉山虫草相似度均未超过0.8,相似度较低。10批人工繁育品的平均含量为0.121%±0.031%;17批野生品的平均含量为0.115%±0.045%;5批凉山虫草的平均含量为0.468%±0.038%。冬虫夏草人工繁育品和野生品基于甾醇的特征图谱以及麦角甾醇含量基本一致;与凉山虫草有显著性差异。结论：本研究有助于冬虫夏草的真伪鉴别,同时为冬虫夏草人工繁育资源开发以及合理使用提供科学依据。     

冬虫夏草与其他用品,伪品的鉴别

目的：鉴别冬虫夏草的真伪。方法：从来源、性状、显微和理化反应综合分析鉴别。结果：冬虫夏草正品、代用品及伪品在来源、性状、显微、理化反应方面各具有一定的特征。结论：４有碍中清楚鉴别冬虫夏草正品与其混淆品。     

冬虫夏草及其混淆品的鉴别

冬虫夏草在中国医学临床的应用已有数百年的历史．因为冬虫夏草有滋阴壮阳的作用,在《本草纲目拾遗》中有关冬虫夏草的记载是味甘温,益气,秘精,专补命门,功效似人参。早在《本草丛新》中就已记载,冬虫夏草具有保肺,益肾止血,祛痰,止喘之功效,而现代研究已报道冬虫夏草有增强免疫力,抑制肿瘤细胞生长,保护肝肾功能,促进心血管循环,降低血糖以及拮抗氧自由基等临床疗效。正是冬虫夏草的疗效已被广泛接受,近些年来,使其价格不断上涨,又促使冬虫夏草伪劣假冒品的不断涌现,为了加强药品的管理,现将冬虫夏草的真品和目前市场发现的几种混淆品的来源和鉴别总结如下：     

冬虫夏草与其混淆品的鉴别

冬虫夏草为麦角菌科真菌冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆虫幼虫上的子座及幼虫尸体的干燥复合体.由于冬虫夏草有较高的医疗价值和资源稀缺,其市场价格日益攀升,因此出现了以其混淆品代替冬虫夏草入药的情况,严重危害了人们的身体健康.笔者在多年的中药实践工作中发现有以下几类混淆品,通过查阅相关的文献,现将冬虫夏草与其混淆品的鉴别要点归纳总结如下:     

冬虫夏草与伪劣品的性状鉴别

由于冬虫夏草资源日渐衰竭,加上需求量猛增,致市场上以假乱真,出现伪劣品。本文对冬虫夏草常见混淆品及人造虫草等伪品从性状加以鉴别。     

冬虫夏草及其混伪品的鉴别

冬虫夏草为名贵的滋补药材,在国内外都享有极高的声誉.近年来市场需求增大,而其资源却十分缺乏,导致价格高昂,使得市场上掺杂品、混淆品、伪品增多.本文着重对冬虫夏草及其混伪品的来源、性状、显微等特征加以鉴别,提高人们对贵细药材冬虫夏草的认识水平.     

冬虫夏草与其代用品、伪品的鉴别

目的鉴别冬虫夏草的真伪。方法从来源、性状、显微和理化反应综合分析鉴别。结果科虫夏草正品、代用品及伪品在来源、性状、显微反应方面各具有一定的特征。结论4大鉴别方法可清楚鉴别冬虫夏草正品与其混淆品。     

冬虫夏草正品与伪品及混淆品的鉴别

目的鉴别冬虫夏草真伪,以利用药安全。方法通过药材性状、显微鉴别等方法进行鉴别。结果正品与伪品、混淆品在性状、显微等方面存在显著差异。结论冬虫夏草伪品及混淆品不能替代正品,使用时必须准确鉴别,以避免误用。     

冬虫夏草与其混淆品的鉴别

冬虫夏草是一种贵重中药材,由于其名贵价格比较高,因之在药材市场购买冬虫夏草药材时,常发现有一些冬虫夏草假药,有混淆品北虫草、亚香棒虫草、地蚕还有些竟用面粉、玉米粉、石膏等加工而成的伪品,较难识别真假.为了保证临床用药,安全,可靠,有效,现将药材冬虫夏草和其混淆品的性状鉴别简单介绍如下:     

发酵虫草菌粉指纹图谱研究

目的通过对发酵虫草菌粉指纹图谱的深入研究,为发酵虫草菌粉类产品的质量提高提供思路。方法液质联用确定发酵虫草菌粉类产品(百令胶囊)指纹图谱中6个主色谱峰的化学成分;采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统,比较天然虫草和不同厂家发酵虫草菌粉指纹图谱相似度及不同干燥方式对指纹图谱的影响。结果百令胶囊指纹图谱中的6个主色谱峰成分为尿苷5-单磷酸、鸟苷酸、5’-腺嘌呤核苷酸、尿苷、鸟苷、腺苷。发酵虫草菌粉的指纹图谱与天然虫草均存在差异,其中百令胶囊的指纹图谱与天然虫草最接近。干燥方式对指纹图谱影响较大,采用沸腾干燥方式对应的指纹图谱主色谱峰的面积比最接近天然虫草晒干方式。结论指纹图谱可准确反映发酵虫草菌粉质量及质量控制方式的有效性。     

Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine

Cordyceps sinensis, a well-known and valued traditional Chinese medicine, is also called DongChongXiaCao (winter worm summer grass) in Chinese. It is commonly used to replenish the kidney and soothe the lung for the treatment of fatigue, night sweating, hyposexualities, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, asthemia after severe illness, respiratory disease, renal dysfunction and renal failure, arrhythmias and other heart disease, and liver disease. As the rarity and upstanding curative effects of natural Cordyceps, several mycelial strains have been isolated from natural Cordyceps and manufactured in large quantities by fermentation technology, and they are commonly sold as health food products in Asia. In addition, some substitutes such as Cordyceps militaris also have been used and adulterants also confused the market. Therefore, quality control of C. sinensis and its products is very important to ensure their safety and efficacy. Herein, markers and analytical methods for quality control of Cordyceps were reviewed and discussed.     

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨冬虫夏草抗肿瘤的作用机制

目的 基于网络药理学方法和分子对接技术探究冬虫夏草抗肿瘤的作用机制。方法 利用TCMSP、CNKI、PubMed、Drugbank、Stitch和Swiss target prediction等平台检索冬虫夏草的化学成分和作用靶点;通过GeneCards、OMIM等数据库筛选肿瘤相关基因,运用Cytoscape 3.7.2构建冬虫夏草活性成分-靶点网络,通过String数据库对关键靶点构建网络互作(PPI)网络,并进行基因本体(GO)基因和京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,最后利用AutoDock Vina软件和Pymol软件对药物有效活性成分和关键靶点进行分子对接验证。结果 共得到冬虫夏草22个化合物,86个抗肿瘤共同靶点,主要包括环加氧酶(PTGS)2、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3(MAPK3)、过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ(PPARG)、胱天蛋白酶3(CASP3)、JUN基因等关键靶点。GO分析与KEGG通路结果显示,冬虫夏草抗肿瘤涉及到多种生物学过程以及PPAR、花生四烯代谢、5-羟色胺信号通路等多种信号通路。将关键化合物和靶点进行分子对接,提示冬虫夏草抗肿瘤可能的前5个主要活性成分11,14-二十碳二烯酸、花生四烯酸、黄豆黄素、胆甾醇和豆甾醇与关键靶点PTGS2、PTGS1、PGR、HMGCR和CNR1均能自发结合。结论 初步探讨了冬虫夏草抗肿瘤的主要活性成分、相关靶点及相关通路,发现冬虫夏草可以通过多成分、多靶点、多通路抗肿瘤,为后期实验验证提供了参考依据。     

冬虫夏草抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用的研究进展

冬虫夏草为我国传统名贵中药,具有抗肿瘤、降血脂、免疫调节、祛痰、平喘、抗心律失常、保护肝肾功能等多种药理学作用。随着对冬虫夏草免疫机制的深入研究,为其作为抗肿瘤药物提供了有力证据。综述了冬虫夏草及其活性成分对黑色素瘤、甲状腺癌、胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等多种肿瘤的抑制作用,主要从吞噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、B/T淋巴细胞以及促进细胞因子的分泌等几个方面探讨冬虫夏草对其免疫活性的影响。其免疫调节的作用机制主要通过T淋巴细胞介导的细胞免疫应答和B/T淋巴细胞介导的体液免疫应答。     

冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 研究冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物的体外抗肿瘤活性及其机制。方法 采用热水浸提-醇沉法得到水提物,高效液相色谱仪测定水提醇沉物中腺苷的量;采用MTT法测定其抗肿瘤活性,利用流式细胞仪结合碘化丙锭染色法检测其对细胞周期的抑制。结果 实验表明水提醇沉物能抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞株及大细胞肺癌NCI-H460细胞株的增殖,并呈浓度相关性;半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）值分别为（1.49±0.19）和（1.67±0.27）mg/mL。细胞周期分析表明,水提醇沉物分别阻滞HepG2及NCI-H460细胞周期于G₂/M期、S期,并可诱导上述两种细胞发生凋亡。结论 冬虫夏草水提醇沉物通过阻滞HepG2及NCI-H460细胞周期循环,诱导其凋亡,从而表现出良好的增殖抑制活性。为深入研究冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物抗肿瘤的机制提供了实验证据。     

Cordyceps fungi: natural products,pharmacological functions and developmental products

Objectives Parasitic Cordyceps fungi, such as Cordyceps sinensis, is a parasitic complex of fungus and caterpillar, which has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries particularly in China, Japan and other Asian countries. This article gives a general idea of the latest developments in C. sinensis research, with regard to the active chemical components, the pharmacological effects and the research and development of products in recent years. Key findings The common names for preparations include DongChongXiaCao in Chinese, winter worm summer grass in English. It has many bioactive components, such as 3′‐deoxyadenosine, cordycepic acid and Cordyceps polysaccharides. It is commonly used to replenish the kidney and soothe the lung, and for the treatment of fatigue. It also can be used to treat conditions such as night sweating, hyposexuality, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, asthenia after severe illness, respiratory disease, renal dysfunction, renal failure, arrhythmias and other heart disease and liver disease. Because of its rarity and outstanding curative effects, several mycelia strains have been isolated from natural Cordyceps and manufactured by fermentation technology, and are commonly sold as health food products. In addition, some substitutes such as C. militaris and adulterants also have been used; therefore, quality control of C. sinensis and its products is very important to ensure their safety and efficacy. Summary Recent research advances in the study of Cordyceps, including Cordyceps mushrooms, chemical components, pharmacological functions and developmental products, has been reviewed and discussed. Developing trends in the field have also been appraised.     

Analysis of sterols and fatty acids in natural and cultured Cordyceps by one-step derivatization followed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Ten free fatty acids namely lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, docosanoic acid and lignoceric acid and four free sterols including ergosterol, cholesterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol in natural (wild) Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps liangshanensis and Cordyceps gunnii, as well as cultured C. sinensis and Cordyceps militaris were first determined using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization and GC–MS analysis. The conditions such as the amount of reagent, temperature and time for TMS derivatization of analytes were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, all calibration curves showed good linearity within the tested ranges. The intra- and inter-day variations for 14 investigated compounds were less than 3.4% and 5.2%, respectively. The results showed that palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and ergosterol are main components in natural and cultured Cordyceps which could be discriminated by hierarchical clustering analysis based on the contents of 14 investigated compounds or the 4 fatty acids, where the contents of palmitic acid and oleic acid in natural Cordyceps are significantly higher than those in the cultured ones.     

Morphological and microscopic identification studies of Cordyceps and its counterfeits

Macroscopic and microscopic studies were applied to distinguish Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its 5 common counterfeits. Transverse sections of stroma and larvae and surface sections of stroma of C. sinensis, Cordyceps gunnii, Cordyceps barnesii, Cordyceps gracilis, Cordyceps liangshanensis and Cordyceps militaris were examined and their morphological and microscopic features photographed. The main morphological and microscopic features of the 6 species of Cordyceps were basically similar except for certain diagnostic differences. These included macroscopic differences from C. sinensis as follows: the stroma of C. gunnii is stout and rough with sterile bulgy or branched apex; the larvae of C. barnesii has a pair of teeth on the head; the stroma of C. liangshanensi is thread-like; C. gracilis is without stroma; and C. militaris is without larvae. There were also microscopic differences: from C. sinensis as follows: the stroma of C. barnesii is without perithecia; C. gunnii, C. liangshanensis and C. gracilis are without bristles on the larva body. These differences allow C. sinensis and its counterfeits to be easily distinguished.     

虫草多糖对庆大霉素诱发的急性肾衰的预防作用

目的：探讨虫草多糖对庆大霉素诱发的急性肾衰的防治作用。方法：将实验动物分为阳性地塞米松磷酸钠组，虫草多糖高、中、低剂量组以及正常对照组、模型组；采用腹腔注射庆大霉素的方法复制大鼠急性肾衰（ARF）模型，造模过程中预防给药。观察大鼠的血液生化指标、肾功能、肾病理、肾指数等指标的变化。结果：预防给药后，阳性对照组和虫草多糖3个剂量组大鼠的血清尿素氮、肌酐的含量，以及尿蛋白和尿量降低，与模型组比较有显著差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），高剂量和中剂量虫草多糖的作用优于阳性对照组。病理切片可见阳性对照组和虫草多糖高剂量组大鼠肾脏病理损伤明显好转，优于中、低剂量组。结论：虫草多糖能够预防大鼠庆大霉素诱发的急性肾衰，改善肾功能。