海藻多糖UH3的结构特征、抗凝和溶栓活性研究

目的 对海藻多糖UH3的结构特征、抗凝血和溶栓活性进行研究。方法 通过热水提取法，从海藻中提取硫酸多糖，采用强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱对多糖进行分离纯化；采用高效液相色谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱（HPGPC）、红外光谱及甲基化方法对多糖的结构进行表征；通过活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）及血凝块溶解法研究多糖体外抗凝血和溶栓活性。结果 多糖UH3在HPGPC色谱图上呈单一对称峰，分子量为50.3 kDa，硫酸根和糖醛酸含量分别为12.27和12.85%；UH3主要由鼠李糖组成，含有少量葡萄糖醛酸和木糖；UH3糖链中鼠李糖主要以→4)-Rhap-(1→、 →3,4)-Rhap-(1→及少量的T-Rhap形式存在，木糖以→4)-Xylp-(1→和T-Xylp存在形式，糖醛酸以→4)-GlcAp-(1→和T-GlcAp形式存在；硫酸根主要位于→4)-Rhap-(1→的C-3位。多糖UH3对APTT和TT有显著延长作用，并能明显提高溶栓率。结论 海藻多糖UH3是一种结构新颖的具有抗凝和溶栓活性的硫酸多糖。     

绿藻硫酸多糖UCS2的结构及抗凝血活性研究

目的 对绿藻多糖UCS2的结构特征和抗凝血活性进行研究。方法 通过冷水提取、强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱,从绿藻花石莼中提取分离得到硫酸多糖UCS2;采用高效凝胶渗透色谱（HPGPC）、高效液相色谱、红外光谱和气质联用色谱对多糖UCS2的结构进行表征;通过活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间对多糖UCS2体外抗凝血活性进行研究。结果 绿藻多糖UCS2分子量为39.55kDa,硫酸根和糖醛酸含量分别为19.74%和18.66%;UCS2主要由鼠李糖组成,含有少量葡糖醛酸和木糖。糖链中含有→3,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→和→4)-β-D-GlcAp-(1→,硫酸基位于→4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→的C-3位。多糖UCS2对APTT有显著延长作用,具有较高的抗凝活性。结论 绿藻多糖UCS2是1种抗凝活性的葡萄糖醛酸-木糖-鼠李糖型硫酸多糖。     

扁玉螺多糖的提取、分离和结构分析

目的从扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构组成进行分析。方法依次采用水提和碱提方法从扁玉螺中提取粗多糖,采用DEAE Sepharose FF阴离子交换和Sephacryl S-300凝胶柱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化,并对其总糖、蛋白、氨基糖、糖醛酸和硫酸根含量,相对分子质量和单糖组成进行分析。对多糖纯化组分采用甲基化、气质联用(GC-MS)、红外光谱(IR)、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和核磁共振波谱(NMR)对其化学结构进行分析。结果扁玉螺水提粗多糖(BYL-S)中不含有糖醛酸和硫酸基,其单糖组成只含Glc,进一步分离得到了4种水溶性多糖组分。碱提粗多糖(BYL-J)单糖组成相对复杂,除含有Glc外,还含有Man、GlcN、GalN、Gal和Fuc,其摩尔比为Glc∶Man∶GlcN∶GalN∶Gal∶Fuc=78.9∶1.7∶3.4∶2.2∶5.2∶5.6,进一步分离得到了3种多糖组分。对水提多糖纯化组分BYL-S2的结构分析表明其是以α-(1→4)为主链,含有少量β-(1→3,4)和β-(1→3)分支的D-吡喃型葡聚糖。结论从扁玉螺中提取分离得到了7种多糖组分,并确定了一种水溶性葡聚糖的结构,为扁玉螺多糖结构和活性的深入研究提供了基础。     

海洋硫酸多糖PAE的结构和抗病毒活性研究

目的 对肠浒苔来源的硫酸多糖的结构和抗病毒活性进行研究。 方法 通过稀碱提取法,从肠浒苔中提取硫酸多糖,采用强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱对多糖进行分离纯化;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(IR)以及气质联用色谱(GC-MS)方法对多糖的结构进行表征;采用细胞病变效应测定PAE对不同病毒的抑制率。 结果 从肠浒苔中分离得到多糖PAE,其分子量为13.98 kDa,主要由鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸和木糖构成,糖链主要由(1→4)-Rhap,(1→3,4)-Rhap,(1→2,4)-Rhap,Xylp(1→和(1→4)-Glcp组成,硫酸根主要位于(1→4)-Rhap 的C-2或C-3位以及Xylp(1→的C-4位上,PAE具有良好的抗病毒活性,特别是对呼吸道合胞体病毒的抑制率较高。 结论 海洋多糖PAE是一种结构新颖的由鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸和木糖组成的硫酸多糖,具有良好的抗病毒活性。     

猪软骨中硫酸软骨素的分离纯化

目的从猪鼻软骨中提纯硫酸软骨素。方法猪软骨经稀碱 酶解法提取 ,SephadexG 1 0凝胶过滤法、D0 6 1离子交换色谱法纯化。结果提纯的硫酸软骨素经电泳、色谱检查不含蛋白质、肽类、氨基酸及其他酸性黏多糖 ,经红外光谱检查与Sigma公司硫酸软骨素A一致 ,经高效液相离子色谱鉴定纯度已达 99.7%。结论纯化的硫酸软骨素已达色谱纯     

绿藻硫酸多糖SHW及其低分子量片段的结构及抗凝活性研究*

目的 对绿藻多糖SHW及其低分子量片段的结构及抗凝活性进行研究。方法 通过热水提取、强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱,从绿藻硬毛藻中提取分离得到硫酸多糖SHW;通过可控酸解方法制备SHW低分子量片段;采用高效凝胶渗透色谱、高效液相色谱、红外光谱及甲基化方法对多糖结构进行表征;通过活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间研究多糖SHW及其低分子量片段体外抗凝血活性。结果 多糖SHW及其低分子量片段主要由阿拉伯糖组成,含有少量半乳糖和氨基葡萄糖;糖链中阿拉伯糖主要以→4)-Arap-(1→和→3,4)Arap-(1→的形式存在,半乳糖以→4)-Galp-(1→存在形式,硫酸根主要位于→4)-Arap-(1→的C-3位。SHW及其低分子量片段A1～A6的分子量分别为492 kDa、200 kDa、170kDa、100kDa、26kDa、14kDa 和10 kDa。SHW 具有较高的抗凝血活性,且其抗凝活性随着其分子量的减少而降低。结论 海藻多糖SHW是一种具有抗凝活性的新颖硫酸多糖,其抗凝活性与分子量密切相关。     

一种鲍鱼脏器多糖的鉴定及活性研究

目的 对鲍鱼脏器中获得的一种多糖AHP-12进行纯度和组成的鉴定,并对其抗肿瘤活性进行分析.方法 高效液相色谱和琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定纯度;凝胶色谱法测定相对分子质量;明胶比浊法测定硫酸根含量;比色法测定氨基己糖含量;气相色谱测定单糖组成;MTT法检测其体外抗肿瘤活性.结果 鲍鱼脏器多糖AHP-12为一种均一的多糖组分;其相对分子质量约为3×105;硫酸根舍量为13.07%;氨基己糖含量为4.98%;单糖组成为鼠李糖、岩藻糖和半乳糖组成,其摩尔比为: Rha:Fuc : Gal=1:2.2 : 1.7;AHP-12对HeLa细胞增殖有一定的抑制作用.结论 从鲍鱼脏器中提取经分离纯化得到的多糖AHP-12是一种均一的多糖,且为硫酸酯多糖和氨基多糖,具有较弱的体外抗肿瘤活性.     

一种南海软珊瑚多糖的提取、分离及活性评价D

目的 从南海软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取、分离和纯化多糖,分析其基本理化性质,并对其生物活性进行初步评价。方法 采用酸性蛋白酶从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取粗多糖,利用碱性蛋白酶和732型阳离子交换树脂去除蛋白,利用Q Sepharose Fast Flow强阴离子交换柱层析对多糖进行分离纯化,并对多糖组分进行总糖含量、蛋白含量和单糖组成分析。将得到的多糖组分采用三氧化硫-吡啶法进行硫酸酯化修饰并对其进行抗病毒、抗凝血生物活性评价。结果 从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取分离得到3种多糖组分,单糖组成较复杂,主要含有Ara, Gal及Rha;软珊瑚多糖硫酸酯可以明显抑制HBsAg和HBeAg的表达量;体外抗凝实验中可延长APTT和PT值。结论 从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中得到了3种多糖组分,硫酸酯化修饰的软珊瑚多糖具有良好的抗病毒、抗凝血活性,为软珊瑚多糖的深入研究提供了基础。     

不同部位变黑雷松藻（Lessonia nigrescence)多糖的结构及其抗凝活性比较研究

目的 从变黑雷松藻（Lessonia nigrescence）的根部和茎部中分别提取分离得到2种褐藻胶(LNA1, LNA2)与2种褐藻糖胶(LNF1,LNF2),在对其进行理化性质和结构分析基础上,进一步对其抗凝活性进行评价。方法 运用纤维素膜电泳（CME）、高效凝胶渗透色谱（HPGPC）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）对4种多糖进行纯度、分子量和单糖组成分析;采用红外光谱（IR）和核磁共振氢谱（1H-NMR）对4种多糖进行结构分析;通过活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和凝血酶原时间（PT）评价4种多糖抗凝活性。结果 根部褐藻胶中甘露糖醛酸含量（73 %）明显高于颈部（61 %）,LNF1和LNF2均是以岩藻糖、木糖和半乳糖为主的硫酸岩藻聚糖,均能显著延长APTT,但对PT影响较小。结论 变黑雷松藻根部褐藻胶中甘露糖醛酸含量明显高于茎部,褐藻糖胶中的硫酸酯基主要存在于岩藻糖的C4和C2/C3位,且主要通过影响内源凝血途径发挥抗凝作用。     

北极海参硫酸软骨素及其低分子量糖抗血栓活性研究

摘要：目的 对北极海参硫酸软骨素（Holothuria mexicana）和低分子量糖的体内抗血栓活性和机制进行研究比较。方法 以海参硫酸软骨素（CS）和低分子量海参硫酸软骨素（LCS）为研究对象,使用电刺激颈动脉血栓模型,分析比较不同分子量海参硫酸软骨素对血栓形成时间、APTT、PT、TT、血栓烷（TXB2）、6-酮-前列腺素（6-keto-PGF1α）、组织途径抑制因子（TFPI）和血友病因子（VWF）含量的影响。结果 海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素均有较强的抗血栓活性。在有效抗栓浓度下,海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素体内抗栓作用机理为：海参硫酸软骨素能够作用于内源凝血途径,并且通过抑制血小板激活和调控VWF含量下降来抑制血栓生成,但是其对外源凝血途径和内皮细胞损伤无明显作用。同时,海参硫酸软骨素和低分子量硫酸软骨素的抗栓活性相比较得出,当硫酸软骨素分子量下降时,其抗血栓能力也会下降,但是其体内抗血栓作用机制不变。结论 北极海参硫酸软骨素及其低分子量糖具有较强的体内抗血栓活性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.