羟丙基-β-环糊精包合双氯芬酸钠注射液的制备

目的 制备符合临床用浓度和稳定性的双氯芬酸钠注射液。方法 采用羟丙基-β-环糊精对双氯芬酸钠进行包合,通过相溶解度图确定包合比例,并对抗氧剂种类以及灭菌条件进行筛选。结果 当羟丙基-β-环糊精浓度大于0.0677 mol?L-1时,可以实现对双氯芬酸钠的完全包合;以硫代甘油作为抗氧剂,注射液性质稳定;终端灭菌宜采用过滤除菌法。结论 羟丙基-β-环糊精可以增加双氯芬酸钠在水中的溶解度,使其达到有效治疗浓度。制备得到的注射液性质稳定,满足临床用药要求。     

蓝萼甲素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备

目的:制备蓝萼甲素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,提高药物体外溶解性能。方法:以羟丙基-β-环糊精为包合材料,制备蓝萼甲素包合物。使用差示热分析法对包合物进行鉴定,紫外分光光度法进行含量测定,并进行相溶解度、溶解度、体外溶出速率实验研究。结果:蓝萼甲素经羟丙基-β-环糊精包合后,溶解度、体外溶出速率均有显著提高。结论:用羟丙基-β-环糊精制备蓝萼甲素包合物,能显著改善蓝萼甲素体外溶解性能。     

过程分析比较不同剂型头孢羟氨苄溶出度

目的制备并评价利福平-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物。方法采用研磨法制备利福平-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,以差示扫描量热法、红外分光光度法对包合物进行鉴定,采用紫外分光光度法、相溶解度法验证利福平β-环糊精包合物的形成。体外肉汤稀释试验测定包合物对金葡菌和大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。结果利福平能够与羟丙基-β-环糊精形成物质的量比为1∶1的包合物,包合物改善了药物的溶解性能。包合物对金葡菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.125μg.mL-1和32.0μg.mL-1。结论羟丙基-β-环糊精可以包合利福平并改善其溶解性能。包合物对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有明显的抑制作用。     

伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒的制备与质量控制

目的制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒，并对其进行质量控制。方法采用加热搅拌法，在酸性条件下将伊曲康唑制备成羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物，采用制备颗粒一般方法制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒。采用紫外分光光度法对其进行质量控制。 结果伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒制备工艺简单，增加伊曲康唑的溶出度，质量控制方法简单易行。结论该制备工艺简便，增加了伊曲康唑的溶出度。     

桉叶油羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物-原位凝胶复合系统的制备与评价

目的制备桉叶油羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物原位凝胶复合给药系统,提高桉叶油的水溶解度,同时达到滞留病灶部位且缓慢释放的效果。方法采用水溶液搅拌法制备桉叶油羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,以海藻酸钠制备空白离子敏感型原位凝胶,将两者结合后对复合给药系统的体外溶蚀及体内滞留性进行评价。结果桉叶油羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的含油率为(6.45±0.16)%,包合率(77.42±1.78)%。体外溶蚀实验表明,包合物原位凝胶复合系统的平均溶蚀率为(44.62±2.07)mg.cm 2.h 1。体外溶蚀实验结果表明,复合系统在24 h溶蚀完全;荧光活体成像系统检测体内滞留性实验结果表明,复合系统可在裸鼠肺部滞留12 h以上。结论桉叶油羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物原位凝胶复合系统可达到局部滞留并缓慢释放药物的目的。     

氟比洛芬羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的研制

目的：制备氟比洛芬羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物。方法：采用溶液搅拌法制备氟比洛芬羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物，利用正交试验设计优化包合物的制备工艺，采用相溶解度法测定包合物的组成比例和包合稳定常数，采用差示扫描量热法和X_射线衍射法对包合物进行鉴定。结果：通过正交试验筛选的最优处方为氟比洛芬与羟丙基-β-环糊精的投料摩尔比为1：2，包合温度60℃，包合时间6h。结论：氟比洛芬与羟丙基-β-环糊精可形成稳定的包合物。     

原花青素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物制备工艺的研究

目的:优化原花青素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的最佳制备工艺。方法:以包合率为指标,采用正交试验方法,对包合物的制备工艺进行优化。结果:确定最佳制备工艺投料质量比(原花青素和羟丙基-β-环糊精的质量比1:4)、羟丙基-β-环糊精质量分数30%、包合温度20℃、包合时间2.5h。结论:用溶液搅拌法对原花青素进行包合方法可行,包合率为24.5%。     

2-羟丙基-β-环糊精对酮洛芬的包合作用研究

目的研究2-羟丙基-β-环糊精对酮洛芬的包合作用。方法用溶液-搅拌法制备酮洛芬-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,并经红外光谱测试、差热分析等方法对包合物进行确定。结果包合物中酮洛芬的平均载药量为(9.03±0.41)%,溶解度由原来的1.06g/L增至包合后的43.54g/L。结论制备酮洛芬-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的工艺简单易行、稳定性好。     

羟丙基-β-环糊精对桂利嗪的包合作用

目的:制备桂利嗪-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物并对其加以鉴定.方法:采用饱和溶液法制备桂利嗪-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,并通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、薄层色谱、熔点等方法对包合物进行鉴定.结果:桂利嗪与羟丙基-β-环糊精已形成包合物.包合物主、客分子之比为1:1.结论:羟丙基-β-环糊精可使桂利嗪在水中的溶解度增大22.4倍.     

阿魏酸-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的研制

目的 :研制阿魏酸 -羟丙基 -β-环糊精包合物 ,以增加其水溶性。方法 :采用研磨法制备阿魏酸 -羟丙基 -β-环糊精包合物。结果 :经紫外、红外、薄层色谱及相溶解度图法对包合物进行鉴定 ,表明阿魏酸 -羟丙基 -β-环糊精确已形成包合物 ,且包合物克分子比为1∶1。结论 :阿魏酸与羟丙基 -β-环糊精形成包合物后 ,其溶解度明显增大     

The influence of drug type on the release profiles from Surelease-coated pellets

The release of metoclopramide hydrochloride (a water-soluble cationic drug) and diclofenac sodium (a sparingly soluble anionic drug) from pellets coated with ethylcellulose from an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion (Surelease) at different coating loads was investigated. The release rates of each drug decreased as the coating load of Surelease increased. However, despite its lower water solubility, diclofenac sodium was released slightly faster than metoclopramide hydrochloride at equivalent coating loads. Changes in the release rates after curing were more pronounced for metoclopramide hydrochloride and the release rates of diclofenac sodium were lower than those of metoclopramide hydrochloride after curing. Differences between the release behaviour of the two drugs were probably due to an interaction between the cationic metoclopramide and the anionic ammonium oleate present in the Surelease. The slower release of metoclopramide hydrochloride may be due to an in situ formation of a poorly soluble complex of the drug and the ammonium oleate. This complex, because of its large molecular size, may diffuse more slowly through the film, causing a reduction in the release rate of metoclopramide hydrochloride. This interaction may also account for the differences in release characteristics of the drugs after curing. During curing the surfactant, due to its unstable nature in heat, may be converted to its constituent components. The interaction of drug with the surfactant was reduced as the residue of the ammonium oleate decreased during curing. However, a relatively low volume flow rate of air, and therefore, slower removal of ammonia in the modified side-vented Manesty Accela-cota 10 may also have affected the coating process of the pellets.     

Kinetics of degradation of diclofenac sodium in aqueous solution determined by a calorimetric method

An isothermal heat conduction microcalorimeter has been used to study the stability of diclofenac sodium both alone and its inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution. The rates of heat evolved during degradation of diclofenac sodium have been measured by a highly sensitive microcalorimetric technique as function of concentration, pH and temperature. The calorimetric accessible data have been incorporated in the equations for determination of rate constants, change in enthalpy and order of reaction. The decomposition of diclofenac sodium both alone and its inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin in solution corresponds to a pseudo-first order reaction. The values of rate constants, k's at 338.15 K, (calculated from the variation of heat evolution with the time) for the degradation of diclofenac sodium at pH 5, 6, 7, 8 and its inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin at pH 7 are found to be 4.71 x 10(-4), 5.69 x 10(-4), 6.12 x 10(-)4, 6.57 x 10(-4) and 4.26 x 10(-4) h(-1) respectively. There is good agreement between calorimetric determined t(0.5) and literature values. It has been found that beta-cyclodextrin retards the degradation of diclofenac sodium. The kinetic parameters have been calculated for the reaction. The negative entropy of activation suggests the formation of an ordered transition state.     

双氯芬酸钠缓释片临床观察

双氯芬酸钠缓释片用于治疗类风湿关节炎、骨关节炎、慢性腰腿痛及软组织损伤共106例,采用该药普通片为对照组共64例.结果缓释片治疗有效率类风湿关节炎为89.2%、骨关节炎为83.3%,慢性腰腿痛为79.3%,软组织损伤为87.5%,与对照组基本一致,但缓释片的不良反应较普通片小.     

Multiunit Controlled-Release Diclofenac Sodium Capsules Using Complex of Chitosan with Sodium Alginate or Pectin

This study explored the application of chitosan–alginate (CA) and chitosan–pectin (CP) complex films as drug release regulator for the preparation of multiunit controlled-release diclofenac sodium capsules. Pellets containing drug and microcrystalline cellulose, in a ratio of 3:5, were prepared in a fluidized rotary granulator. The pellets were coated with CA, CP, sodium alginate, pectin, and chitosan solutions. The pellets, equivalent to 75 mg drug, were filled into capsules. After 2 h of dissolution test in acidic medium, the amount of the drug released from any preparation was negligible. The pellets were further subject to pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. More than 80% drug release at 12 h was observed with the uncoated pellets and those coated with sodium alginate, pectin or chitosan. Both 1% CA and 3% CP coated pellets exhibited drug release profiles similar to that of Voltaren SR75. It was found that approximately 60% and 85% of the drug were released at 12 and 24 h, respectively. Both Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed complex formation between chitosan and these anionic polymers. It could be concluded that CA and CP complex film could be easily applied to diclofenac sodium pellets to control the release of the drug.     

Effect of temperature on drug release and drug absorption in mixed type diclofenac sodium suppositories

New types of diclofenac sodium suppositories known to control a drug release function for hospital preparations were developed based on a concept of the drug delivery system. Hard fat (Witepsol) used as a base of the suppository consists of a mixture of triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides, and each Witepsol is characterized by its physicochemical properties. Authors disclosed that the amount of drug release measured in the commercially available diclofenac sodium suppositories decreased at a low temperature (36 degrees C). Mixed types of diclofenac sodium suppositories consisting of Witepsol W35 and Witepsol E85 as a base were also prepared and their drug release functions investigated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro drug release properties changed with the mixing ratios of the two bases and with the temperature of the fluid tested. The amount of released diclofenac sodium increased with increases of both the ratio of Witepsol W35 in the suppository and the temperature of the test fluid. Moreover, several processes causing these phenomena were evidenced by the image analysis. The in vivo absorption of diclofenac sodium was found to be also influenced by these factors. Consequently, it is predicted that such factors as the ratio of Witepsol W35 in the suppository and the temperature will influence the drug absorption and the pharmacological effect of diclofenac sodium suppositories.     

Optimization of drug release from compressed multi unit particle system (MUPS) using generalized regression neural network (GRNN)

The purpose of this study was development of diclofenac sodium extended release compressed matrix pellets and optimization using Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN). According to Central Composite Design (CCD), ten formulations of diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were prepared. Extended release of diclofenac sodium was acomplished using Carbopol® 71G as matrix substance. The process of direct pelletisation and subsequently compression of the pellets into MUPS tablets was applied in order to investigate a different approach in formulation of matrix systems and to achieve more control of the process factors over the principal response — the release of the drug. The investigated factors were X₁ -the percentage of polymer Carbopol® 71 G and X₂- crushing strength of the MUPS tablet. In vitro dissolution time profiles at 5 different sampling times were chosen as responses. Results of drug release studies indicate that drug release rates vary between different formulations, with a range of 1 hour to 8 hours of dissolution. The most important impact on the drug release has factor X₁ -the percentage of polymer Carbopol® 71 G. The purpose of the applied GRNN was to model the effects of these two causal factors on the in vitro release profile of the diclofenac sodium from compressed matrix pellets. The aim of the study was to optimize drug release in manner wich enables following in vitro release of diclofenac sodium during 8 hours in phosphate buffer: 1 h: 15–40%, 2 h: 25–60%, 4 h: 35–75%, 8 h: >70%.     

Multiunit controlled-release diclofenac sodium capsules using complex of chitosan with sodium alginate or pectin

This study explored the application of chitosan-alginate (CA) and chitosan-pectin (CP) complex films as drug release regulator for the preparation of multiunit controlled-release diclofenac sodium capsules. Pellets containing drug and microcrystalline cellulose, in a ratio of 3:5, were prepared in a fluidized rotary granulator. The pellets were coated with CA, CP, sodium alginate, pectin, and chitosan solutions. The pellets, equivalent to 75 mg drug, were filled into capsules. After 2 h of dissolution test in acidic medium, the amount of the drug released from any preparation was negligible. The pellets were further subject to pH 6.8 phosphate buffer More than 80% drug release at 12 h was observed with the uncoated pellets and those coated with sodium alginate, pectin or chitosan. Both 1% CA and 3% CP coated pellets exhibited drug release profiles similar to that of Voltaren SR75. It was found that approximately 60% and 85% of the drug were released at 12 and 24 h, respectively. Both Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed complex formation between chitosan and these anionic polymers. It could be concluded that CA and CP complex film could be easily applied to diclofenac sodium pellets to control the release of the drug.     

Effect of sodium chloride on the release,absorption and safety of diclofenac sodium delivered by poloxamer gel

Poloxamer solutions prepared with poloxamers and sodium chloride were previously reported to undergo a phase transition to bioadhesive gels at body temperature. For the development of a thermosensitive diclofenac sodium-loaded poloxamer gel, here we investigated the effect of sodium chloride on the release, safety and rectal absorption in rats of diclofenac sodium delivered by the poloxamer gels. P 188 delayed the release rates of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gels. However, sodium chloride showed no significant effect on the release rates of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gels. Release mechanism analysis showed the release of diclofenac sodium was proportional to the time. The initial plasma concentrations of diclofenac sodium in the rectal formulation [diclofenac sodium/poloxamer 407 (P 407)/poloxamer 188 (P 188)/sodium chloride (2.5/15/17/0.8%)] were significantly higher compared with those in semi-solid suppository. Furthermore, it gave significantly faster Tmax of diclofenac sodium than did semi-solid suppository, indicating that the diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gel could be absorbed faster than that from semi-solid one in rats. It did not cause any morphological damage to the rectal tissues. These results suggested that poloxamer gel with sodium chloride could be a more effective and safe rectal delivery system of diclofenac sodium.     

Fabrication and Evaluation of Bi-layer Tablet Containing Conventional Paracetamol and Modified Release Diclofenac Sodium

The objectives of present investigation were to achieve immediate release of paracetamol and tailored release of diclofenac sodium from bi-layer tablets. A 2³ full factorial design was adopted using the amount of polyethylene glycol, microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone as independent variables for fabricating paracetamol tablets. Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a matrixing agent. The results of analysis of variance showed that the friability of paracetamol was distinctly influenced by the formulation variables. The in vitro drug release behaviour of diclofenac tablets was compared with a marketed formulation. The optimized formulations of paracetamol and diclofenac sodium were used for manufacturing of bi-layer tablets. The bi-layer tablets showed immediate release of paracetamol and modified release of diclofenac.     

The effect of polymer blends on release profiles of diclofenac sodium from matrices.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer blends on the in vitro release profile of diclofenac sodium. Several controlled release matrices of diclofenac sodium with different proportions of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; viscosity grade 60 and 500 mPa.s), carbopol 940 and lactose as a water soluble filler were prepared. The results showed that when HPMC (viscosity grade 60 mPa.s) alone was used as matrix former, diclofenac sodium was released fast but the release rate became slower with HPMC (viscosity grade 500 mPa.s) at higher polymer/drug ratios (more than 0.8:1). However in lower polymer/drug ratios (lower than 0.7:1) the release rate still was fast. The results showed that carbopol can extend the release time appreciably but the release profiles had considerable fluctuations, and drug release in first hours was slow but increased appreciably with time at the end of profiles. When an appropriate blend of HPMC (viscosity grade 60 or 500 mPa.s) and carbopol 940 was used, the drug release became more uniform and its kinetic approached to zero order and release fluctuations were diminished. The results with these polymer blends showed that it is possible to reduce the total amounts of polymer in each formulation. According to kinetic analysis data, drug release from these matrix tablets did not follow Fick's law of diffusion and the results were in agreement with the earlier reports.