极大螺旋藻多糖对5种人肿瘤细胞株生长的影响

目的：观察极大螺旋藻多糖对人回盲肠癌HCT-8、神经胶质瘤U251、宫颈癌HeLa、肝癌SMMC7721、肺癌A549细胞株生长的影响。方法：体外培养条件下用不同浓度的极大螺旋藻胞内、胞外多糖处理这5种癌细胞，同时处理人正常胚肝LO-2细胞，并用SRB检测法测定。结果：极大螺旋藻胞内、胞外多糖对离体培养的宫颈癌HeLa、肝癌SMMC772l、肺癌A549等肿瘤细胞均有明显的生长抑制作用，并存在浓度剂量效应，高浓度抑制作用强；而对离体培养的人正常胚肝LO-2细胞的生长影响较弱。结论：极大螺旋藻多糖能选择性地识别并杀伤癌细胞，值得进一步研究。     

杂色云芝的研究 Ⅱ.某些影响云芝胞内及胞外多糖产量的因素

本文研究培养基的营养条件及培养条件对杂色云芝胞内及胞外多糖产生的影响。胞内多糖的产生受培养基的培养条件、培养温度、摇瓶中培养液的装量以及搅拌速度的影响。然而除搅拌速度外,其它条件都不能左右胞外多糖的产生。只有在增加搅拌速度的情况下才能有效地提高胞外多糖的产量。     

杂色云芝的研究——Ⅰ.杂色云芝产生的胞内及胞外多糖

研究了杂色云芝在深层培养条件下多糖的产生情况,发现当发酵终了时,不但在菌体内积累了胞内多糖,同时还向培养液中分泌胞外多糖,通过高压电泳及纸上层析的分析,证明两者在化学构造上是有区别的:胞内多糖是一个葡聚糖,而胞外多糖则是由多种单糖组成的杂多糖,两者在生理活性上也有区别。     

硒化紫球藻胞外多糖体外诱导BEL-7402肿瘤细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的研究硒化紫球藻胞外多糖对BEL-7402等肿瘤细胞系的生长及凋亡的影响。方法采用在培养液中添加亚硒酸,制备硒化紫球藻(Porphyridiumsp.)胞外多糖(Se-PSP);在体外培养条件下,用不同浓度的紫球藻胞外多糖(PSP)及硒多糖(Se-PSP)处理肿瘤细胞,并用MTT,DNA ladder,Focus等方法测定。结果与结论Se-PSP(80mg.L-1)对BEL-7402肿瘤细胞系有极为显著的抑制作用,且能诱导BEL-7402细胞凋亡。     

紫球藻胞外多糖的分离及体外抗乙肝病毒活性的初步研究

目的 研究紫球藻胞外多糖的分离及体外抗乙肝病毒活性。方法 紫球藻培养液通过离心、浓缩、透析、醇析、脱蛋白、冷冻干燥等步骤从中分离出胞外多糖；采用ELISA和MTT法测定紫球藻胞外多糖对2215细胞分泌e抗原（HBeAg）的影响。结果 元素分析表明，胞外多糖舍N：0．82％、C：32．91％、H：6．19％；氨基酸分析表明，含有17种氨基酸，含量为2．49％。红外光谱和紫外光谱分析表明，所分离的胞外多糖具有多糖的特征吸收峰，糖环为吡喃环，舍有硫酸酯基团。该胞外多糖对2215细胞分泌的HBeAg有不同程度的抑制作用，其治疗指数（TI）大于2。结论 紫球藻胞外多糖在体外具有抗乙肝病毒作用。     

灰树花胞内多糖抗辐射作用的初步研究

利用深层培养方法获得菌丝体，经热水提取后获得灰树花的菌丝体胞内多糖。以之为材料，研究了其对^60Co-γ辐照小鼠白细胞数目以及存活率的影响，发现灰树花胞内多糖具有明显的促进辐照小鼠白细胞数目恢复以及提高存活率和存活时间的作用，此结果说明灰树花胞内多糖具有一定的抗辐射作用。     

南极细菌胞外多糖体外抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型的实验研究

目的探讨一种南极细菌胞外多糖体外抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-Ⅰ)活性。方法采用CPE观察与MTT比色法测定南极细菌胞外多糖对人角膜上皮细胞(HCEC)的毒性作用和抗HSV-Ⅰ作用,计算细胞存活率、病毒抑制率及病毒滴度。结果南极细菌胞外多糖对HCEC细胞毒性小,在低浓度下明显促进细胞生长,12.5μg·mL~(-1)浓度下存活细胞量是细胞对照组的146.88%;对HSV-Ⅰ有明显的抑制作用,实验最佳病毒抑制浓度为200μg·mL~(-1)。结论此南极细菌胞外多糖具有显著的低毒、促进细胞生长和抗HSV-Ⅰ活性。     

猴头多糖提取方法的研究

食用菌多糖主要分为细胞内多糖和细胞外多糖两部分。在液体培养猴头菌丝体的过程中,胞内糖留在菌丝体内,胞外糖则由菌体分泌到培养基中,我们将培养的猴头菌丝体发酵液收集起来,检测了其细胞内和细胞外多糖含量,结果为胞内糖占总多糖的73.14%,胞外糖占总多糖的26.85%,针对这一现象,我们在提取胞内糖和胞外糖时分别采用了不同     

极大螺旋藻胞外多糖EPⅡ的分离、纯化及免疫学研究

极大螺旋藻培养液经浓缩,脱盐,醇沉得胞外粗多糖（ＥＰＩ）,ＥＰ依次ＤＥ－５２和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００纯化得纯品多糖（ＥＰⅡ）。经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００检测,ＥＰⅡ为均一组分,Ｍｒ为６００００。薄层层析,气相层析,红外光谱分析表明,ＥＰⅡ是由Ｌ－岩藻糖,Ｄ－甘露醇,Ｄ－半乳糖,Ｄ－葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成的酸性杂多糖,糖苷键为β型,免疫调节活性试验表明,ＥＰⅡ有提高小鼠的ＮＫ细胞杀伤活力,促进     

硒化紫球藻胞外多糖毒性及抗氧化活性的研究

目的 研究硒化紫球藻胞外多糖的毒性及抗氧化活性.方法 采用在培养液中添加亚硒酸,制备硒化紫球藻胞外多糖(Se-PSP);在体外培养条件下,测量其对细胞代谢活力的抑制率;建立小鼠动物模型,测量各项抗氧化功能指标.结果 Se-PSP对LO-2的半抑制浓度为80ìg·mL-1;Se-PSP(80,160 mg·kg-1)对小鼠不仅无毒性,而且还有促进其生长、抗氧化等保健功能.结论 Se-PSP在80,160 mg·kg-1低浓度范围内,可以发挥硒多糖的抗氧化等活性.     

A comparative assessment of the potential of polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition within Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.)P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)

Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom species in which polysaccharides are one of the major sources of biological activity. The species was considered as a species-complex due to significant variations in morphological, biochemical, and genetic features among populations with a worldwide distribution. This fact was the basis for setting the aim of this research: to study intraspecific diversity in polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition among selected G. lucidum strains. The presence ofintraspecific diversity among 10 G. lucidum strains, from different areas worldwide, was noted. Values of produced mycelia biomass and intracellular polysaccharides were found in wide ranges (3.1 - 28.2 g L(-1) and 20.0 - 53.3 mg g(-1), respectively), while differences in extracellular polysaccharide amounts were minor (0.2 - 1.5 mg mL(-1)). The significant quantitative and qualitative differences in intracellular sugar composition were noted. Glucose was the predominant sugar in almost all strains except one (HAI 447), where sucrose was dominant. The potential of polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition could be one more taxonomic criterion for strain characterization within G. lucidum. The differences in intracellular sugar composition and proportions could be reflected in features of produced polysaccharides and also in their biological activities.     

桦褐孔菌多糖的提取工艺优化

目的研究桦褐孔菌多糖提取工艺优化。方法以多糖含量为指标,在单因素研究基础上,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析法对桦褐孔菌多糖的提取工艺进行优化研究,并检测重金属砷的含量。结果桦褐孔菌多糖提取的优化工艺条件为：乙醇浓度30％、提取温度95℃、提取时间2．5h、液料比30：1。在该条件下,粗多糖得率为33．6％,样品中多糖含量为6．177％。桦褐孔菌多糖实际提取含量为5．993％,重金属含量降低。结论优化工艺提取率高,快速,重金属含量低,可用于桦褐孔菌的多糖提取。     

赶黄草水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响

目的 探究赶黄草水煎液在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜(MRSA)形成的影响。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法测定赶黄草水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),根据MIC和MBC绘制杀菌曲线,采用结晶紫染色法和激光共聚焦观察赶黄草水煎液对SA和MRSA生物膜形成的影响,并通过测定胞外多糖和胞外DNA的含量研究赶黄草水煎液破坏SA和MRSA生物膜的作用方式。结果 赶黄草水煎液对SA的MIC和MBC分别为1.36和2.71 mg/mL,对MRSA的MIC和MBC为2.71和5.73 mg/mL;赶黄草水煎液可使SA和MRSA均生长受到抑制,抑制生物膜的形成、减少胞外多糖和胞外DNA的释放。结论 赶黄草水煎液对SA和MRSA具有良好的抑菌作用,可通过抑制胞外多糖和DNA的分泌破坏生物膜的形成。     

The influence of external sodium and potassium on lithium uptake by primary brain cell cultures at ‘therapeutic’ lithium concentration

The ionic regulating of lithium homeostasis and steady-state intra: extracellular lithium distribution in the brain can be approached by experimental methods using intact nerve cells in vitro. Primary cultures prepared from chick embryonic brain were applied to study the effect of extracellular sodium and potassium on the lithium uptake of nerve cells at therapeutic lithium concentration (1.5 mM). Lithium influx and the level of steady-state intracellular lithium were significantly reduced by increasing the external sodium concentration. At physiological extracellular sodium level, the steady-state content of lithium in the brain cells was about half of that observed in the presence of 10 mM sodium in the incubation media and the value of the intra: extracellular lithium distribution ratio was below 1. External potassium (0.5–3 mM) strongly inhibited lithium uptake of the nerve cells. Ouabain (10^-4 M) had no effect on this potassiumsensitive lithium uptake in Tyrode media. Sodium influx studied by isotope tracer methodology was higher in cultures preloaded with lithium as compared to that of the controls. It can be concluded that sodium and potassium ions, at physiological concentrations, significantly influence lithium uptake as well as the intra: extracellular lithium distribution in brain cell cultures.     

Cell wall composition affects Cd2+ accumulation and intracellular thiol peptides in marine red algae

Two red macroalgae species, Gracilaria cornea and Chondrophycus poiteaui, were evaluated for their intra and extracellular Cd2+ accumulation capacity, photosynthetic response and thiol peptide production. Algae were exposed for 3 and 7 days to 0.1 and 1 microg CdCl2 ml(-1) (0.89 and 8.9 microM). Intracellular accumulation of Cd2+ by G. cornea was relatively low, only comprising 20% of total metal (intracellular+extracellular). In contrast, C. poiteaui accumulated intracellularly close to 100% of total Cd2+. In both species, metal uptake was dependent on the external Cd2+ concentration, metal exposure time and cell wall composition. In response to Cd2+ exposure, low amounts of thiol peptides were synthesized and the major difference between G. cornea and C. poiteaui was in the cell wall composition. The absence of insoluble polysaccharides in the cell wall of C. poiteaui suggested that this insoluble fraction might be involved in establishing an efficient barrier for the intracellular accumulation of Cd2+. This is the first study in which the cell wall composition, its influence on Cd2+ accumulation and intracellular responses in red macroalgae are evaluated.     

Effects of nitrate and nitrite, chemical intermediates of inhaled nitrogen dioxide, on membrane components of red blood cells of rats

Rat blood was incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min with either NaNO3 or NaNO2 to examine the relationship between the decrease in the hexose content and Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of red cell membranes, and NO3- and NO2-. The hexose content decreased depending on the NaNO2 concentration up to 100 microM reaching 76% (p less than 0.05) of the control value. NaNO3 had little effect on the hexose content. On the other hand, the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity decreased depending on the NaNO3 concentration up to 200 microM, where the activity reached 75% (p less than 0.01) of the control value. The effect of NaNO2 on this activity was smaller than that of NaNO3. The sialic acid content and the Na+,K+-ATPase activity did not show significant alterations by incubation with NaNO2 and NaNO3 at below 100 microM. To examine the in vivo effects of NO2- and NO3-, 50 mM NaNO3 was intravenously injected into rats five times at hourly intervals (dose: 1.0 ml/kg body weight), and blood was collected 1 hr after the last injection. The activities of Ca2+,Mg2+- and Na+,K+-ATPases of red cell membranes were decreased to 68% (p less than 0.05) and 80% of the control value, respectively. Reduction by injection of 50 mM NaNO2 was smaller than that by 50 mM NaNO3. The results show that the hexose content and the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of red cell membranes were decreased by NO-x that increased in the blood during short-term exposure of rats to NO2.     

桑葚中多糖的提取及含量测定

目的研究桑葚中多糖的提取及含量测定方法。方法采用超声提取技术提取桑葚中的多糖,并以苯酚-硫酸法测定其含量。结果葡萄糖在0.01～0.06mg/mL范围内,其浓度与吸光度的线性关系良好,回归方程为A=7.2346C-0.0081(r=0.9997),平均回收率为98.92%(n=6,RSD=3.50%),桑葚中多糖含量为9.42%。结论该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,测定结果可靠,可用于桑葚中多糖含量的测定。     

Extraction of water-soluble polysaccharide and the antioxidant activity from Semen cassiae

Water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from Semen cassiae using water for extraction and ethanol for deposition. The optimized conditions for polysaccharide isolation by orthogonal experiments were a sample to liquid ratio of 1:30 at 80°C for 3.5 hours; the yield of polysaccharide from Semen cassiae under these conditions was 5.46%. Different polysaccharides (SCPW-1, SCPW-2, SCPW-3, SCPW-4, SCPW-5, SCPS-1, SCPS-2) were obtained from the extract (i.e., crude polysaccharide) by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The polysaccharides obtained showed different structures by Fourier transform infrared therein the five elected from the seven kinds separated. The antioxidant activities of the extract were evaluated. The scavenging rates of the present extract on hydroxyl and superoxide were 43.32% and 64.97%, respectively, at a concentration of polysaccharide of 94.03 μg/mL, which was better than vitamin C at the same concentration. The scavenging rate of the present extract on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl was 13.33% at a polysaccharide concentration of 94.03 μg/mL, which was less than vitamin C at the same concentration.     

首乌藤多糖酶法提取工艺研究

目的研究酶法提取首乌藤多糖的最佳工艺条件。方法利用酶解法提取首乌藤多糖,筛选出最佳适用酶,然后利用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,以多糖得率和多糖含量为综合评价指标,采用单因素试验对影响首乌藤多糖的提取工艺进行研究。结果首乌藤多糖的最佳适用酶为纤维素酶,由单因素试验确定的酶法提取首乌藤多糖的最佳工艺条件为pH 5.0,纤维素酶用量3%,酶解时间4 h,酶解温度55℃。结论纤维素酶可显著提高首乌藤多糖的提取率。     

Cadmium chelation by frustulins: a novel metal tolerance mechanism in Nitzschia palea (K��tzing) W. Smith

The ubiquity of diatom distribution, species richness, short generation time, and specific sensitivity to several environmental stressors such as metals, make diatoms particularly useful for scientific studies. Anthropogenic activities have increased the concentration of metals in air, soil and water. Due to their toxicity and persistent character, the effects of metals on organisms have been extensively studied. In this work, the association of cadmium to different extracellular molecules of Nitzschia palea cells was investigated. Cells were grown in the absence and presence (0.2 mg l^?1) of cadmium in Chu no. 10 medium. Extracellular polysaccharides were extracted, and subsamples were used for polysaccharide and Cd determination. The frustules were broken mechanically under liquid nitrogen and the intracellular and frustule fractions separated. Frustulins, a protein family found on the outmost frustule layer, constituting a protection coating to environmental stress, were extracted. In each fraction proteins were quantified by the BCA method and separated by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Cadmium associated to each fraction was quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Exposure of Nitzschia palea to cadmium decreased extracellular polysaccharides by 52.8 % and increased 6 times the amount of frustulins. Cadmium was mostly retained extracellularly: 85.4 % was bound to the frustulin fraction, and 11.1 % to polysaccharides. The ability of Nitzschia palea to increase the production of frustulins due to the presence of Cd, the extracellular location of this frustulin coating and the ability of these proteins to bind Cd, suggests a new cellular defense mechanism to metals unknown until now.