pH梯度结合逆向蒸发法制备槐定碱纳米脂质体及体外释放度研究

目的:采用pH梯度结合逆向蒸发法制备槐定碱纳米脂质体,对影响包封率和粒径的因素进行考察,并对其体外释放进行评价。方法:以正交设计及单因素实验考察影响脂质体包封率及粒径的主要因素,同时对优化后的脂质体进行了质量评价及体外释放度研究。结果:磷脂的浓度为5 mg.mL-1,药脂比为1∶15,胆脂比为1∶4,内水相的pH值为2.0,均质压力为100 bar时,制备的脂质体包封率可达(90.30±0.63)%,脂质体外观圆整均匀,平均粒径为(117±6)nm。结论:pH梯度结合逆向蒸发法制备的槐定碱纳米脂质体包封率高,粒径均匀,稳定性好,具有一定的缓释作用。     

紫杉醇磁性脂质体的制备与抗肿瘤作用研究

目的制备紫杉醇磁性纳米脂质体,并研究其对3种肿瘤细胞的抑制效果。方法应用超声薄膜分散法制备紫杉醇磁性纳米脂质体,通过正交设计来优化制备工艺,噻唑蓝（MTT）法研究其对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果。结果最佳处方和工艺条件为：磷脂酰胆碱：胆固醇为4：1,紫杉醇：（磷脂酰胆碱+胆固醇）为1：30,超声处理时间30 min,磁粉：紫杉醇为1：1,聚山梨酯 80：紫杉醇为4：1,聚乙二醇1 000：紫杉醇为8：1;制备的紫杉醇磁性纳米脂质体包封率约85.8%,平均粒径约150 nm;对3种肿瘤细胞均有良好的抑制效果,并呈现一定的缓释作用。结论该方法制备的紫杉醇磁性纳米脂质体包封率较高,分布均匀,对3种肿瘤细胞抑制效果较好,符合靶向制剂的要求。     

甘草次酸固体脂质纳米凝胶的制备及体外透皮效应

目的制备甘草次酸固体脂质纳米凝胶并考察其体外透皮效应。方法采用微乳液法制备甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒并考察其包封率、粒径与表面电位,以研和法制备固体脂质纳米粒凝胶;采用改良Franz立式扩散池法进行体外透皮实验,HPLC法测定甘草次酸含量,评价甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶的经皮渗透结果。结果甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒外观为圆球形或椭球形;甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒的包封率为64.75%±1.36%,粒径范围(46.13±20.10)nm,电位分布范围为(-53.4±7.11)mV。24h甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶较甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒的累积透过量提高66%。结论甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶能提高甘草次酸的透皮速率,有望成为甘草次酸透皮给药的新型制剂。     

去氢骆驼蓬碱长循环磁纳米脂质体的制备及体外性质的研究

目的制备去氢骆驼蓬碱长循环磁纳米脂质体并对其体外性质进行考察。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定去氢骆驼蓬碱的质量浓度;采用逆相蒸发法制备去氢骆驼蓬碱磁纳米脂质体,并用被动载药法包裹去氢骆驼蓬碱;测定脂质体的粒径、电位、包封率、Fe2+质量浓度、释放度并进行电镜观察。结果建立了紫外分光光度法测定去氢骆驼蓬碱质量浓度的方法,去氢骆驼蓬碱在2.0~12.0μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系较好(r=0.999 6),回收率为102.0%。去氢骆驼蓬碱磁纳米脂质体的粒径为297.7nm;药脂比1∶10和1∶20的包封率分别为69.22%和84.55%;Fe2+质量浓度为189.1μg·mL~(-1),体外释放度符合Wuibull方程。结论被动载药法制备的去氢骆驼蓬碱长循环磁纳米脂质体包封率较高,粒径较好,体外释放度符合Wuibull方程。     

槲皮素长循环纳米脂质体的制备与质量评价

目的 制备槲皮素长循环纳米脂质体,并进行质量评价.方法 采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备槲皮素长循环纳米脂质体;以形态、粒径、包封率和载药量等作为纳米脂质体质量评价指标.结果 采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备的槲皮素长循环纳米脂质体平均粒径为172.63 nm,包封率为85.90%,载药量为23.55%.结论 该试验制备的槲皮...     

阿霉素磁纳米脂质体的制备研究

目的采用超小超顺磁纳米粒(USPIOs)作为内部磁性物质,制备阿霉素磁纳米脂质体,并探讨如何得到高效磁包封和药物包封的阿霉素磁纳米脂质体。方法采用逆相蒸发法,以USPIOs为磁核,制备阿霉素磁纳米脂质体,以透射电镜观察到的形态、磁纳米脂质体的粒径、其中包裹的铁含量、药物包封率为指标,考察阿霉素磁纳米脂质体制备时最佳的脂质和磁纳米粒比例。结果当USPIOs用量为1 mg·m L-1时,磷脂用量在6.5 mg·m L-1时,可形成包裹较完全的磁纳米脂质体。得到的磁纳米脂质体粒径为274.3 nm,包裹的铁含量可达(51.43±2.69)%,药物包封率可达(63.38±15.29)%。在4℃条件下放置1个月以内,形态仍较稳定。结论阿霉素磁纳米脂质体的形成与脂质体浓度和磁纳米粒浓度有很大关系,通过摸索条件,可得到最佳磁纳米粒包封率和药物包封率的磁纳米脂质体,这为下一步阿霉素磁纳米脂质体的性质考察奠定基础。     

响应曲面法优化原花青素柔性纳米脂质体的制备

目的采用薄膜分散-超声法制备原花青素柔性纳米脂质体。方法以包封率为指标,采用响应面分析法设计试验,优化原花青素柔性纳米脂质体的制备工艺。结果原花青素柔性纳米脂质体最佳工艺参数为超声时间9 min,大豆卵磷脂与Tween 80的质量比10:1、大豆卵磷脂与药物的质量比17:1,在此优化条件下,测得的包封率为80.93%,平均粒径为(150.6±11)nm,zeta电位为(-23.76±2.3)m V,具有较好的体外缓释作用和较高的体外透皮性。结论响应曲面优选的原花青素柔性纳米脂质体的制备工艺实用可行。     

槲皮素纳米脂质体冻干粉针的制备及其质量评价

目的:研究槲皮素纳米脂质体冻干粉针的制备方法,并对其进行初步的质量评价。方法:以乳化蒸发-低温固化法和冷冻干燥法制备含有不同冻干保护剂的槲皮素纳米脂质体(QUE-NL)冻干粉,以包封率为评价指标,对制备工艺和处方进行单因素考察,并考察其理化性质,筛选出最佳配方。并对冻于粉针进行稳定性影响因素试验。结果:该法制得的脂质体包封率较佳;制备过程中,槲皮素纳米脂质体的包封率受药脂比影响较大,受胆固醇磷脂比影响较小;采用5%甘露醇+5%麦芽糖作为冻干保护剂冻干效果更好;所得冻于粉针对温度、光照较为敏感,也易受湿度影响。结论:5%甘露醇+5%麦芽糖是槲皮素纳米脂质体较合适的冻干保护剂,初步的稳定性考察结果表明,槲皮素纳米脂质体冻干粉针宜低温、避光、密封保存。以本试验方法制备的槲皮素纳米脂质体冻干粉粒径较小,包封率高,稳定性好,制备工艺合理可行。     

甲氨蝶呤柔性纳米脂质体凝胶的构建及体外经皮渗透性研究

目的 制备甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)柔性纳米脂质体凝胶,并研究其体外经皮渗透行为.方法 采用逆向蒸发法制备MTX柔性纳米脂质体,以卡波姆940为基质制成脂质体凝胶,并考察其初步稳定性;Franz扩散池研究MTX柔性纳米脂质体凝胶与普通凝胶的经皮渗透规律.结果 脂质体凝胶4℃下稳定性良好;体外透皮试验表明,MTX柔性纳米脂质体凝胶的累积透过量明显＜MTX普通凝胶(P＜0.05),皮肤滞留量＞MTX普通凝胶(P＜0.05).结论 MTX柔性纳米脂质体凝胶可显著提高药物的皮肤滞留量,而不增加药物进入血液循环的量,能有效降低药物潜在的全身毒性,有望成为MTX局部治疗的新剂型.     

N-三甲基壳聚糖包覆司帕沙星纳米脂质体原位凝胶的研制及体外释药研究

摘 要 目的：制备眼用N-三甲基壳聚糖（TMC）包覆的司帕沙星（SL）纳米脂质体原位凝胶（ISG）,并考察其体外释放度。方法: 采用pH梯度法制备SL脂质体,经高压均质至纳米级,用TMC包衣。以胶凝温度为指标,优选ISG基质泊洛沙姆407的最佳浓度,采用冷法制备TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体ISG。对TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体ISG中脂质体的形态、粒径、Zeta电位及包封率进行考察;以TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体为对照,采用无膜溶出模型考察其体外释药特性。结果: 泊洛沙姆407的最佳浓度为25%,在人工泪液中的胶凝温度为23.6 ℃,稀释后的胶凝温度为33.5 ℃。TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体ISG中脂质体形态圆整,平均粒径为（96.8±1.5）nm,Zeta电位为（46.2±1.4）mV,包封率为（76.6±2.4）%,与TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体相比无明显变化。TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体ISG药物释放和凝胶溶蚀均为符合零级动力学特征,且与TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体相比,缓释性更为显著。结论:TMC包覆SL纳米脂质体ISG胶凝温度理想,并可延缓药物释放。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.