拉米夫定联合复方甘草酸苷治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床分析

目的 研究拉米夫定联合复方甘草酸苷治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床疗效。方法用拉米夫定联合复方甘草酸苷治疗慢性乙型肝炎52例,观察治疗前后肝功能各项指标变化。结果拉米夫定联合复方甘草酸苷治疗后血清ALT、AST、GGT、TBiL较治疗前明显下降。结论拉米夫定联合复方甘草酸苷治疗慢性乙型肝炎是有效和安全的。     

复方甘草酸苷联合丹参抗肝纤维化疗效观察

目的 :观察复方甘草酸苷联合丹参抗慢性肝炎肝纤维化的疗效。方法 :将154例慢性肝炎患者随机分为治疗组(复方甘草酸苷联合丹参 )、复方甘草酸苷组、丹参组 ,比较其治疗前、后肝功能及肝纤维化血清学指标变化。结果 :治疗组治疗后肝纤维化指标下降 ,与治疗前及复方甘草酸苷组、丹参组比较均有显著性差异 (P<0 05)。结论 :复方甘草酸苷联合丹参有明显改善慢性肝炎肝功能和抗纤维化效果 ,且作用互补。     

复方甘草酸苷联合丹参抗肝纤维化疗效观察

目的:观察复方甘草酸苷联合丹参抗慢性肝炎肝纤维化的疗效。方法:将154例慢性肝炎患者随机分为治疗组(复方甘草酸苷联合丹参)、复方甘草酸苷组、丹参组,比较其治疗前、后肝功能及肝纤维化血清学指标变化。结果:治疗组治疗后肝纤维化指标下降,与治疗前及复方甘草酸苷组、丹参组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:复方甘草酸苷联合丹参有明显改善慢性肝炎肝功能和抗纤维化效果,且作用互补。     

复方甘草酸苷软肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化

目的观察复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的疗效。方法将120例慢性乙肝炎肝纤维化患者随机分为治疗组(复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊)复方甘草酸苷组和软肝胶囊组治疗。结果治疗组治疗后临床疗效、肝功能的改善、肝纤维化指标的下降与治疗组及复方甘草酸苷组、软肝胶囊组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊在改善肝功能抗肝纤维化方面能明显提高临床疗效,稳定、持久、用药安全。     

复方甘草酸苷 软肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化

目的观察复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的疗效。方法将120例慢性乙肝炎肝纤维化患者随机分为治疗组（复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊）复方甘草酸苷组和软肝胶囊组治疗。结果治疗组治疗后临床疗效、肝功能的改善、肝纤维化指标的下降与治疗组及复方甘草酸苷组、软肝胶囊组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论复方甘草酸苷联合软肝胶囊在改善肝功能抗肝纤维化方面能明显提高临床疗效,稳定、持久、用药安全。     

窄谱中波紫外线照射联合复方甘草酸苷治疗玫瑰糠疹疗效观察

目的探讨窄谱中波紫外线照射（UVB）联合复方甘草酸苷治疗玫瑰糠疹的临床疗效。方法复方甘草酸苷治疗组患者采用复方甘草酸苷注射液40ml,加入5%葡萄糖注射液250ml中,静脉滴注1次/d,2周为1个疗程。窄谱中波紫外线（NB-UVB）治疗组患者采用NB-UVB照射,隔日照射一次。联合治疗组患者采用NB-UVB照射与复方甘草酸苷注射液联合治疗。结果联合治疗组有效100%,基愈率78.9%,明显优于NB-UVB治疗组58.8%和复方甘草酸苷治疗组52.8%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论窄谱UVB联合复方甘草酸苷治疗玫瑰糠疹疗效高、疗程短、耐受性好,值得临床应用。     

复方甘草酸苷治疗泛发性湿疹的疗效评价

目的：观察复方甘草酸苷治疗泛发性湿疹的疗效。方法：将湿疹患者63例，随机分为复方甘草酸苷治疗组（42例）和传统抗组胺治疗组（21例）进行治疗。结果：湿疹面积、整体评估降低分值、瘙痒程度下降分值比较，复方甘草酸苷组优于传统抗组胺组（P〈0．05）。结论：复方甘草酸苷（美能）治疗湿疹疗效确切、可行。     

阿维A胶囊联合复方甘草酸苷、复方丹参注射液治疗红皮病型银屑病临床观察

目的 观察阿维A联合复方甘草酸苷、复方丹参治疗红皮病型银屑病的临床疗效.方法 采用简单随机单盲对照方法(1:1),将30例红皮病型银屑病患者随机分为两组,治疗组15例.以阿维A、复方甘草酸苷、复方丹参联合治疗;对照组15例,以复方甘草酸苷、复方丹参治疗;8周后观察疗效.结果 治疗组有效率为86.7%,对照组有效率为53.3%,两组有效率比较,治疗组明显高于对照组.结论 阿维A联合复方甘草酸苷、复方丹参治疗红皮病型银屑病疗效更好.     

复方甘草酸苷在皮肤科的临床应用

目的提高复方甘草酸苷在皮肤病治疗中的应用。方法收集近年来文献报道中有关复方甘草酸苷在皮肤科临床应用的病例共525例,进行归纳和总结。结果复方甘草酸苷在皮肤病治疗中,有效率较高,不良反应发生率低,复发少。结论复方甘草酸苷因疗效确切,不良反应少,在皮肤病治疗中具有一定的推广价值。     

复方甘草酸苷在皮肤疾病治疗中的应用

目的 探讨复方甘草酸苷在皮肤疾病治疗中的作用。方法 回顾分析相关文献。结果 复方甘草酸苷可用于治疗水痘、带状疱疹、渗出性多形性红斑、过敏性紫癜、银屑病、异位性皮炎、斑秃等。结论 复方甘草酸苷治疗某些皮肤疾病有一定疗效。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.