植物雌激素与脑保护作用

植物雌激素是一类具有类似动物雌激素生物活性的植物成分，它们对激素相关疾病有广泛作用，尤其对生殖系统癌症，心血管病和骨质疏松有一定的预防作用，机制也相对明确。近来对中枢神经系统方面的研究越来越受到重视，尤其是对中枢神经系统的保护作用。     

中华康益宝

项目简介：采用生物工程技术，从植物中提取植物雌激素及皂戒类有效成份。本品具有抗骨质疏松、抗癌、调节内分泌等广泛的药理作用和重要的药用价值。     

何首乌、骨碎补和淫羊藿的植物雌激素作用研究

目的:观察研究抗骨质疏松中药何首乌、骨碎补和淫羊藿三种中药的粗提物及其主要单体成分通过雌激素受体(estrogen receptor α/β,ERα/β)对靶基因的转录调节作用,发现这三种中药中植物雌激素作用的物质成分.方法:采用脂质体瞬时转染的方法,利用转染雌激素受体表达质粒的HeLa细胞,观察这三种中药的粗提物及其主要单体化合物对雌激素反应元件(estrogen response element,ERE)报告基因的转录激活作用.结果:这三种中药粗提物及其主要成分均可不同程度的通过ERα和/或ERβ激活ERE报告基因的转录.结论:抗骨质疏松中药何首乌主要活性成分大黄素、骨碎补中的柚皮苷和淫羊藿中的淫羊藿苷具有显著的植物雌激素作用,并且对ERβ的选择性更强.     

植物雌激素防治绝经后骨质疏松的研究进展

女性绝经后由于雌激素水平降低,极易发生骨质疏松,而临床上常用的抗骨质疏松药不良反应明显,因此将新药研发的重点转向天然来源的植物雌激素.植物雌激素化学结构与17β-雌二醇相似,主要包括异黄酮类、木脂素类、香豆素类化合物,具有多种生理活性;其在体内可与雌激素受体结合并产生双向调节作用,即在不同情况下表现出雌激素样或抗雌激素作用.植物雌激素可通过多种作用机制防治绝经后骨质疏松,实验研究和临床研究均表明当归、杜仲等中药含有的植物雌激素类物质,诸如染料木黄酮、大豆异黄酮及补骨脂对绝经后骨质疏松疗效确切,具有开发利用前景.     

雌激素的研究进展

雌激素是一种类固醇激素, 在体内雌激素主要由芳香化酶催化雄激素转化而来的, 外周雌激素主要由卵巢、睾丸产生, 脑内主要由下丘脑、边缘系统的神经元产生, 其主要成分为雌二醇. 大量研究表明, 雌激素除了对生殖系统具有调控作用以外, 还有其他生物效应, 如在治疗更年期综合征、抗骨质疏松作用、预防心血管疾病作用、及对中枢神经系统的保护作用等方面都有很高的研究价值.     

抗骨质疏松药物研究进展

检索Medline和中国药学文摘,对抗骨质疏松药物的研究情况进行介绍.雌激素是治疗骨质疏松的重要药物,但是由于其具有子宫内膜增生等不良反应,因此,临床应用受到限制.这类药物的开发主要是新剂型的研究.雌激素受体调节剂、植物雌激素、中药用于抗骨质疏松药物具有很好的前景.其他药物如双膦酸盐类、钙制剂等对骨质疏松的治疗和预防较为肯定,但这类药物的开发进展不大.     

芒柄花素对围绝经期女性的药用价值研究

针对女性围绝经期综合征，传统采用雌激素替代疗法(hormone replacement therapy，HRT)进行治疗，但长期采用HRT可增加发生阴道出血、乳腺癌及子宫内膜癌等疾病的风险。因此相对安全有效的植物雌激素越来越受到人们的关注。芒柄花素(formononetin，FMN)作为天然来源的异黄酮类植物雌激素，具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、调节免疫、雌激素样及调节肠道菌群等多种作用，能防治骨质疏松、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病，对于改善女性卵巢功能减退导致的围绝经期症状具有重要意义。本文针对FMN的药用价值对于改善围绝经期女性相关症状方面进行综述，为FMN的应用提供参考。     

植物雌激素对神经保护作用的研究进展

目的 阐明植物雌激素的主要生物学特性和神经保护作用.方法 阐述并探讨植物雌激素的化学结构、体内活性形式、生物学特性及其对中枢神经系统功能的影响和神经保护作用的可能机制.结果 植物雌激素具有拮抗Aβ的毒性作用、增强胆碱能种经细胞的表达、调控胺能神经以及调节氨基酸兴奋性的生物学特性,并能对神经系统起到保护作用.结论 植物雌激素为神经系统疾病的预防和治疗提供了新思路,有望成为雌激素的替代药物.     

几种具有抗骨质疏松活性的植物多酚

植物多酚是一类广泛存在于植物体内的次生代谢物,具有多元酚结构。近年来研究发现,氧化应激能导致骨质疏松。多酚类化合物如茶多酚、葡萄多酚和苹果多酚等均含有酚羟基结构,具有抗氧化作用;葡萄多酚中的白藜芦醇还具有类雌激素样作用,能够预防和治疗绝经所致骨质疏松。该文就几种常见的植物多酚在抗骨质疏松症方面的研究概况及其机制进行了介绍。     

蛇床子素抗骨质疏松作用研究进展

目的对近年来蛇床子素抗骨质疏松作用的实验研究进展进行综述,为蛇床子素的进一步研究提供理论参考。方法查阅国内外关于蛇床子素抗骨质疏松的文献,提炼并总结已有的研究成果和发展现状。结果蛇床子素具有抗骨质疏松的作用,其促骨形成作用机制可能与调节ALP活性、Ca~(2+)和OPG相关,而抑制骨吸收作用则可能与抑制TRAP有关。结论蛇床子素具有促骨形成、抗骨吸收的作用,而且具有性激素样作用,比雌激素替代疗法更安全,因此对蛇床子素抗骨质疏松作用的进一步研究很有意义。     

大孔吸附树脂富集纯化牛膝总皂苷研究

目的应用大孔吸附树脂富集纯化牛膝总皂苷。方法牛膝醇提液上大孔吸附树脂柱,以水及不同浓度乙醇依次洗脱,考察牛膝总皂苷的洗脱率和纯度。结果牛膝总皂苷富集于50%乙醇洗脱液部分,洗脱率在58.42%以上。结论采用大孔吸附树脂方法富集、纯化牛膝总皂苷可行。     

Saponins from Panax japonicus ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage in D-galactose-induced brain aging of mice

Aging is an inevitable process featured by intelligence decline,behavioral disorders and cognitive disability.Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a key role in the senescent development.Our previous study demonstrated that Saponins from Panax japonicus has a significant anti-oxidative effect in vitro.So the aim of the present study was to investigate the brain protective role of Saponins from Panax japonicus and its underlying mechanism.Mice were subcutaneously injected with D-galactose(D-gal,150 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 8 weeks and administered Saponins from Panax japonicus simultaneously.After 8 weeks of treatment,the animal behavior was observed in the open field test and water maze test,and the morphology of hippocampus was detected.The activities and mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes as well as the level of malondialdehyde(MDA) were evaluated.The extent of apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay.The results indicate that Saponins from Panax japonicus markedly ameliorates the D-gal induced learning and memory impairment in both open field test and Morris water maze.Biochemical examination and RT-PCR method revealed that Saponins from Panax japonicus significantly increases the decreased activities and mRNA expressions of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and decreases the raised malondialdehyde(MDA) content in the serum and brain of aging mice induced by D-gal.Furthermore,Saponins from Panax japonicus significantly attenuates the D-gal-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in the hippocampus.These results indicate that Saponins from Panax japonicus has a potential protect role on brain aging mice induced by D-gal and its mechanism,at least in part,via modification of the redox system in the organism.     

三七总皂苷对三种不同人肝癌细胞株增殖的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷在体外对三种不同的人肝癌细胞株增殖的影响。方法体外培养人肝癌细胞株HepG2、BEL-7402、SMMC-7721和正常人肝细胞株L-02,给予不同浓度（0、10、100、200、400和800μg．mL^-1）的三七总皂苷分别培养24、48和72h后,采用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖的情况。结果不同浓度三七总皂苷处理正常肝细胞L-02相同时间或相同浓度（800μg．mL^-1）三七总皂苷处理正常肝细胞L-02不同的时间时,其对细胞增殖的抑制率均较低。而不同浓度三七总皂苷处理HepG2、BEL-7402和SMMC-7721肝癌细胞株相同时间或相同浓度（800μg．mL^-1）三七总皂苷处理不同的时间时,其细胞增殖抑制效应随作用浓度的增加或作用时间的延长而升高。结论三七总皂苷可显著抑制体外培养的三种不同人肝癌细胞株的增殖,且呈浓度与时间依赖性。     

分光光度法测定三七伤药胶囊中三七总皂苷的含量

目的：建立三七伤药胶囊中三七总皂苷含量测定的方法。方法：采用比色法,通过对实验条件、线性、空白、精密度、稳定性、重复性、回收率进行考察,从而建立三七伤药胶囊中三七总皂苷的含量测定方法。结果：建立了以水饱和正丁醇为溶剂,超声处理20分钟,碱洗,甲醇转溶,显色,用紫外-可见分光光度仪在550 nm处测定三七伤药胶囊中三七总皂苷含量的方法。结论：本方法简便,准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可作为该制剂中三七总皂苷含量测定的方法。     

Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Interventions in Prescribing Errors in Hospitalized Diabetic Patients with Major Polypharmacy

Background: While clinical pharmacists are expected to have a potential role in minimizing prescribing errors (PEs) in patients with diabetes, the effectiveness of their interventions on the incidence and clinical significance of PEs remains unclear. Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of clinical pharmacist interventions in correcting PEs in diabetic patients with major polypharmacy. Methods: This was a prospective pre-post study conducted in a secondary care hospital in Jordan over 4 months. There were 2 phases: Control, in which PEs were identified and categorized and active, in which clinical pharmacists intercepted and corrected PEs. Clinical severity of prescribing incidents was evaluated by an expert panel, comprising a senior clinical pharmacist, an internist, and cardiologist. SPSS V26 was used for data analysis. Results: Of 928 patients, 432 were followed and reviewed during the control phase and 496 during the active phase. Clinical pharmacist interventions reduced PEs by 89.5%; from 27.6% (control) to 2.9% (active). PEs per patient and PEs per medication orders were reduced from 2.1 to 0.2 and from 0.3 to 0.03, respectively. Electronic selection errors, wrong dose frequency, duplicate drugs, and allergy errors disappeared in the active phase. Significant, serious, and lethal errors were significantly reduced from 35.4%, 11.6%, and 0.2% (control) to 13.5%, 3.1%, and 0.0% (active), respectively. drugs related to CVS (OR = 5.2; 95% CI, 3.1-8.6; P < .05) versus drugs related to endocrine system was more likely to be associated with the occurrence of PEs versus no PEs. However, drug belonging to infectious (OR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9; P < .05) versus drugs related to endocrine system was less likely to be associated with the occurrence PEs versus no PEs. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacist interventions significantly reduced PEs in patients with diabetes by 89.5% and most of these interventions were clinically significant.     

The phytochemical,biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review

The phytoecdysteroids (PEs) comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids, which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones. PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects. When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals, they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction; the insects eventually die. Chemically, ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens. The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with a β-side chain at carbon-17. The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D. Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor; the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. So far, over 400 PEs have been identified and reported, and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed. In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019. We have also critically analyzed the biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.KEY WORDS: Phytoecdysteroids, Secondary metabolites, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Anticancer activity     

威灵仙总皂苷对大鼠佐剂性关节炎抗炎作用的研究

目的通过观察威灵仙总皂苷对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的影响,探讨其抗炎作用。方法利用Freund’s完全佐剂足趾皮内注射致大鼠关节炎,观察威灵仙总皂苷25、50、100 mg.kg-1三种剂量对佐剂性关节炎大鼠原发性病变和继发性足跖肿胀的影响,以及对细胞因子IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和炎症介质PGE2含量的影响。结果威灵仙总皂苷25、50、100 mg.kg-1对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的原发性和继发性足跖肿胀都有显著性作用,同时对IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和PGE2有抑制作用或趋势。结论威灵仙总皂苷对大鼠佐剂性关节炎具有较显著的抗炎作用。     

Peer Education from the Perspective of Peer Educators

Peer educators (PEs) have a significant role in providing education on various health issues like smoking, alcohol, and other substance use. This study aimed to determine the experiences and opinions of PEs regarding a peer education program. Using the qualitative research method, data were collected from the study sample, which consisted of 23 student PEs, via semi-structured focus group discussions. Three main themes were developed: the Perceived Efficacy of Peer Education, Suggestions Regarding a Peer Education Program, and Contribution of the Peer Education Program to PEs. This study showed that peer educators thought peer education to be a highly effective method for the prevention of substance abuse. To improve the effectiveness of the program, it was recommended that it be started during middle school instead of high school, that families and local institutions be involved in the program, and that the students be directed to participate in arts, sports, and social activities.     

人眼外肌栅栏氏感觉终端的光镜结构观察

目的 :观察人眼外肌栅栏氏本体感受终端光镜结构。方法 :标本取自眼球摘除者和共同性斜视患者的眼外肌 ,Holm e′s银染法光镜观察。结果 :位于眼外肌肌腱连接处的感受器神经纤维终止于邻近单个梭外肌纤维的起始处或肌纤维的上、下两侧。结论 :感受器神经终端与单个梭外肌纤维紧密接触 ,为“流入学说”提供了形态学依据