Rp-HPLC法测定人血浆中吡嗪酰胺的浓度

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中吡嗪酰胺血药浓度的方法。方法:采用Diamonsil C₁₈（250 mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为0.05 mol·L^-1乙酸铵-乙腈（91:9）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为268 nm,柱温为25℃,采用蛋白沉淀法处理血浆样品。结果:吡嗪酰胺血浆浓度在1.645～105.28μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 5）范围内线形关系良好,低、中、高三种浓度的平均相对回收率分别为（85.70±0.75）%,（99.53±2.82）%,（98.93±0.62）%,日内、日间RSD均小于10%。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于吡嗪酰胺血药浓度测定和人体药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中甲氨蝶呤浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱测定人血浆中甲氨蝶呤（MTX）浓度的方法。方法:以茶碱（Theophyline）为内标,色谱柱为Nova-pak C₁₈柱（150 mm×3.9 mm,4μm）,流动相:乙腈-甲醇-0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液pH 6.5（6:2:92）,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长303 nm及254 nm,柱温25℃。结果:甲氨蝶呤浓度在0.05～10.0 mg·L^-1范围内线性良好,r=0.999 6。绝对回收率为66.72%,相对回收率为98.35%,日内、日间RSD均<10%。结论:该法快速,简便,灵敏度高,适用于临床常规血药浓度监测。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中多潘立酮的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中多潘立酮浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:以普萘洛尔为内标,取血浆样品用0.1 mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液碱化后乙醚提取,再用0.2 mol·L^-1盐酸溶液提取乙醚中药物,取20μl进行HPLC测定。色谱柱:Diamonsil C₁₈（200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相:乙腈-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 3.5）（25:75）,荧光检测器激发波长:282nm;发射波长:326nm,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温:25℃。结果:标准曲线的线性范围为1.0～100.0μg·L^-1（r=0.999 2）,相对回收率在99.1%～108.8%之间,日内和日间RSD均小于10%。结论:该方法具有操作简便可靠,准确,稳定性高等特点,适用于多潘立酮血药浓度的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中间氯苯哌嗪的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中间氯苯哌嗪浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:以Diamonsil C₁₈反相柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为色谱柱,流动相为0.085 mol·L^-1磷酸缓冲液-乙腈-甲醇（82:8:10）;流速1 ml·min^-1;柱温40℃;检测波长250 nm。以乙酸乙酯为提取剂。结果:间氯苯哌嗪线性范围为0.033 6～3.360 0μg·ml^-1。间氯苯哌嗪低、中、高(0.077 2,0.252 0,2.240 0μg·ml^-1)3种浓度平均回收率分别为96.9%,101.9%和97.2%;日内、日间RSD均<7%（n=5）。结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法检查氯诺昔康中的有关物质及2-氨基吡啶

目的：建立高效液相色谱法检查氯诺昔康的有关物质及有害物质2-氨基吡啶。方法：采用十八烷基键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.025mol·L-1磷酸二氢铵溶液（三乙胺调pH值至7.3）-甲醇（58：42）为流动相,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为290nm,柱温：30℃。结果：2-氨基吡啶、氯诺昔康主峰及各有关物质能够达到有效分离,方法耐用性良好,氯诺昔康检测限为2.006ng,2-氨基吡啶检测限为0.5045ng、定量限为1.009ng,2-氨基吡啶浓度在0.1009μg·mL-1～1.009μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997）,2-氨基吡啶的平均回收率为106.5%（RSD=3.2%）。结论：本方法简便、稳定、专属性强,可用氯诺昔康有关物质及2-氨基吡啶的检查。     

紫外分光光度法测定注射用氯诺昔康中氯诺昔康的含量

目的：建立紫外分光光度法,测定注射用氯诺昔康中氯诺昔康的含量。方法：采用紫外分光光度法,检测波长为376nm。结果：氯诺昔康在8.4μg/ml～15.6μg/ml的范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.76%,RSD为0.13%。结论：本方法可用于注射用氯诺昔康中氯诺昔康的含量测定,简单快捷,结果准确。     

HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中大豆苷元的浓度

目的:建立测定大鼠血浆中大豆苷元浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:用乙酸乙酯提取血浆样品中大豆苷元,采用高效液相色谱法进行测定。色谱柱:Hypersil ODS C₁₈柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相:甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液（60:40）,检测波长:260nm,柱温:30℃,流速:1ml·min^-1,进样量:20μl。结果:大豆苷元的线性范围为0.01～1.00μg·ml^-1（r=0.9998）;日内和日间精密度RSD均<4.1%;相对回收率97.11%～101.82%,绝对回收率>90.0%。结论:本法专属性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于大豆苷元的药物动力学研究。     

HPLC法快速测定万古霉素和去甲万古霉素的血药浓度

目的建立快速测定人血清中万古霉素和去甲万古霉素浓度的HPLC法。方法以Hypersil BDS-C₁₈（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱为分析柱,流动相:磷酸二氢钾缓冲液（pH 3.2）-甲醇（86:14,V/V）,流速1 mL·min^-1,检测波长236nm,柱温35℃,进样量20μL,万古霉素和去甲万古霉素互为内标;血清样品经10%三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白离心后进行色谱分析。结果本法万古霉素和去甲万古霉素均在2～100 mg·L^-1间线性关系良好,两者平均回收率均为95%～105%,日内及日间RSD均<5%。结论本法操作简便、快速、准确,适用于临床血药浓度测定及人体药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中伏立康唑的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中伏立康唑浓度的方法学。方法色谱柱:ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈,柱温:40℃,流速:1 mL·min^-1,流动相:甲醇-水=55∶45,检测波长:254 nm,内标:对氯苯乙酰胺。考察该方法的专属性、标准曲线与定量下限、精密度与回收率、稳定性。结果血浆中内源性杂质对样品测定无干扰,血浆中伏立康唑在0.1~10.0μg·mL^-1内线性良好(r=0.999 2),最低检测浓度为0.1μg·mL^-1。血浆中伏立康唑日内、日间RSD均<10%,提取回收率为89%~92%。结论本方法简便、灵敏、准确、高效,适用于人体内伏立康唑的浓度监测。     

复方替米沙坦片中主成分的血药浓度测定及体内药动学特征

目的建立用于测定人血浆中复方替米沙坦片中两种成分替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法,并用于研究健康志愿者口服复方替米沙坦片的药动学特征。方法 12名健康志愿者口服试验片剂,于规定时间点取血,分别用高效液相-荧光法和高效液相-二级质谱联用测定人血浆中替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪浓度。用梯形法计算AUC,以实测值计算t_max和ρ_max,采用药动学统计软件DAS2.0计算其他药动学参数。结果替米沙坦的线性范围为2.5～500μg·L^-1,r=0.999 9,方法回收率99.42%～108.69%,RSD均≤2.62%,最低检测浓度为1.25μg·L^-1;氢氯噻嗪的线性范围为1～200μg·L^-1（r=0.999 4）,方法回收率95.58%～112.15%,RSD均≤4.86%,最低检测浓度为0.5μg·L^-1。12名受试者口服复方替米沙坦后,替米沙坦的主要药动学参数为:AUC_0→t（1 800±859）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（1 967±858）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（181±68）μg·L^-1,t_max（1.7±0.9）h,t_1/2（22.15±10.64）h。氢氯噻嗪的主要药动学参数为AUC_0→t（519±151）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（542±149）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（72.3±25.1）μg·L^-1,t_max（2.3±0.9）h,t_1/2（7.44±2.50）h。结论建立的替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法灵敏、准确、专属,适合于复方制剂两成分的血药浓度测定。体内药动学研究表明该复方制剂两成分没有改变各自体内的药动学行为。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.