气候暖湿变化对黑河流域绿洲农业生产的影响--测试文章

利用黑河流域上中游6个气象台站1959—2009年气象资料,黑河50年流量资料及张掖市30年小麦、玉米生育资料,探讨流域气候变暖、增湿背景下农业气候条件、水文特征变化对农作物种植结构、作物布局、生育期进程和产量的影响。研究表明：近50年黑河流域增温趋势明显,中、上游地区增温趋势尤为显著,其上游地区倾向率最大,达0.53 ℃·10a^-1,中游地区达0.35 ℃·10a^-1;热量条件好转,≥0℃积温,上游、中游、中下游分别比60年代增加151.1℃、387.6℃、247.3℃;降水趋势中游地区变化平缓,中、上游地区秋、冬两季明显增加,其倾向率中游地区达3.38 mm·10a^-1,上游地区达13.87 mm·10a^-1;气候变暖、增湿有利于农业生产发展,使农业生产潜力增大,但水、热不同季,时空差异大,使易受春旱和春末夏初干旱威胁的高耗水、喜温凉气候的春小麦、水稻等作物产量增长趋势变缓,生育进程加快,发育期缩短,近10年春小麦发育期比20世纪80年代平均缩短了4 d,适宜种植区面积减小,品质下降;而品质好,经济效益高且喜温的玉米、棉花适宜种植区面积扩大,种植海拔上限提升,玉米中晚熟品种种植适宜区上限高度已由海拔1 500 m提升到海拔1 800 m左右,作物发育期延长,近10年发育期比20世纪80年代延长了13 d,产量提高;气候湿润指数呈周期性波动性变化,20世纪80年代中期以前呈波动性上升趋势,以后由于流域内增温幅度大于增湿幅度,水、热增长趋势失衡,使得气候湿润指数缓慢下降。导致高山冰川、积雪融化速度加快,河流来水量增加,水资源过度消耗,对流域内绿洲农业可持续发展影响巨大。     

甘肃省春油菜生育及产量形成对气候变化的响应--测试文章

利用甘肃省春油菜种植区甘肃民乐县1987—2006年、合作市1987—1999年油菜生育期、产量资料及光温水气象资料，分析了气候变化特征及与油菜生长发育、产量形成之间的相互关系。结果表明：气候变暖背景下，甘肃油菜产区气温呈升高趋势，气温倾向率在0.28～0.31℃·10a^-1，河西民乐产区气温增幅大于甘南合作产区。降水基本稳定，两地增（民乐）、减（合作）幅较小。关键生育期——苔花期降水民乐呈减少趋势，合作呈增加趋势；气候变暖使油菜生育进程加快，民乐现蕾—开花、开花—绿熟间隔日数减少趋势明显，1997—2006年平均日数较1986—1996年分别减少13 d和4 d；单位气候要素变化导致气候产量敏感程度不一，民乐产区降水影响以正效应为主，水分不足是产量提高的主要限制因子，最大影响时段出现在苔花期。合作产区光温影响以正效应为主，光温条件不足是主要限制因子，其次是现蕾—开花期降水呈正效应。总体而言，气候变化对高寒阴湿区油菜产量增加和品质形成更为有利，不利于温带草原气候区油菜生产，温带草原气候区应积极采取抗旱保墒、播种期提前等应对措施。     

北疆春播、麦后复播青贮玉米物质生产和温光生态效应利用的比较--测试文章

以新玉15号为供试品种，研究了春播和麦后复播青贮玉米（复播1期，6月30日播种；复播2期，7月10日播种）在产量、干物质积累和光温气候资源利用等方面的差异。结果表明：春播、复播1期、复播2期的群体干物质产量分别为15 615、17 615、14 671 kg·hm^-2，春播、复播1期、复播2期鲜重产量53 988、67 251、68 327 kg·hm^-2；复播青贮玉米生育期明显缩短，光合有效辐射和≥10℃积温较春播少；复播1期苗期、穗期、灌浆期均处于最适温度范围之内；春播、复播1期、复播2期的LAI峰值为5.01、5.72、6.36，总光合势分别为2.45×10⁶、2.84×10⁶、3.37×10⁶ m²·d^-1·hm^-2。复播青贮玉米的产量潜力主要在于大口期之前生育期优越的光温资源条件，且大口期之前干物质积累速率较春播快。     

气候变暖对阿勒泰地区春玉米播种期和种植布局的影响--测试文章

采用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温资料，使用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验并基于Kriging插值法，分析近50年日平均气温稳定通过≥10℃的初日、终日、持续日数和积温的时空变化特征，揭示春玉米播种期及种植布局的变化规律。结果表明，阿勒泰地区近50年≥10℃积温呈现初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的现象，其倾向率分别为0.3、1.3、1.6 d·10a^-1和57.1℃·10a^-1，且突变年份均发生在20世纪90年代中期。各县市春玉米播种期提前3～8 d，生长季延长6～11 d。突变前青河东部不能种植春玉米，晚熟品种不能种植或种植风险较大。随着气候不断变暖，春玉米不同熟性品种可种植区逐渐东扩，各县市春玉米在品种熟性上均发生了改变，表现为由不能种植到种植早熟、早熟向中（晚）熟、中晚熟向晚熟品种的变化。     

喹诺酮类药物对茶碱药代动力学的影响

目的探讨喹诺酮类药物对茶碱药代动力学是否存在显著影响,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法采用自身对照法,测定家兔iv 10mg·kg^-1茶碱及每天1次灌服喹诺酮类药物,连续6d,再iv 10mg·kg^-1茶碱后血浆中茶碱浓度,计算药动学参数。结果合用氟罗沙星前后茶碱在家兔体内按一室模型处理。合用前后茶碱的的药动学参数分别为,K:0.154±0.035h^-1,0.151±0.044 h^-1;T_1/2:4.70±1.12 h,4.90±1.38 h;V:0.562±0.180 L·kg^-1,0.556±0.166 L·kg^-1;AUC_0～10:93.70±32.87 mg·h·L^-1,100.20±43.11 mg·h·L^-1;AUC_0～∞:147.87±68.08 mg·h·L^-1,157.16±80.69 mg·h·L^-1;CL:0.090±0.046 L·kg^-1·h^-1,0.091±0.052 L·kg^-1·h^-1;Cmax:19.91±5.25 mg·L^-1,20.12±5.24 mg·L^-1。以上合参数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。合用氟罗沙星后茶碱的血浆浓度有一定波动,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。合用芦氟沙星前后茶碱在家兔体内呈一室模型。茶碱的药动学参数分别为,K:0.147±0.017 h^-1,0.148±0.018 h^-1;T_1/2:4.76±0.54 h,4.74±0.56 h;V:0.581±0.089 L·kg^-1,0.555±0.075 L·kg^-1;AUC_0～10:91.42±11.14 mg·h·L^-1,94.97±10.20mg·h·L^-1;AUC_0～∞:119.48±14.96 mg·h·L^-1,124.05±14.76 mg·h·L^-1;CL:0.085±0.011 L·kg^-1·h^-1,0.082±0.010L·kg^-1·h^-1;Cmax:18.48±2.53 mg·L^-1,19.16±2.34mg·L^-1。合用芦氟沙星前后茶碱各参数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。合用芦氟沙星后茶碱的血浆浓度有升高趋势,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。合用培氟沙星前后茶碱在家兔体内呈一室模型。茶碱的药动学参数分别为,K:0.150±0.038 h^-1,0.110±0.018 h^-1,P<0.01;T_1/2:4.95±1.67 h,6.69±2.01 h,P<0.01;V:0.584±0.149 L·kg^-1,0.511±0.126 L·kg^-1,P<0.05;AΜC_0～10:97.71±40.09 mg·h·L^-1,126.11±42.72 mg·h·L^-1,P<0.01;AΜC_0～∞:136.05±83.40 mg·h·L^-1,202.10±99.81 mg·h·L^-1,P<0.01;CL:0.091±0.038 L·kg^-1·h^-1,0.056±0.018 L·kg^-1·h^-1,P<0.01;Cmax:18.94±4.89 mg·L^-1,21.82±5.40 mg·L^-1,P<0.05。合用加替沙星前后茶碱在家兔体内按一室模型处理。合用前后茶碱的药动学参数分别为,K:0.147±0.035 h^-1,0.127±0.026 h^-1;T_1/2:4.89±0.98 h,5.62±1.09h;V:0.541±0.162 L·kg^-1,0.538±0.154 L·kg^-1;AΜC_0～10:97.81±29.87 mg·h·L^-1,107.27±39.54mg·h·L^-1;AΜC_0～∞:153.32±65.64 mg·h·L^-1,174.01±71.03 mg·h·L^-1;CL:0.081±0.034 mg·h·L^-1,0.074±0.033 L·kg^-1·h^-1;Cmax:20.51±5.12 mg·L^-1,20.60±5.05 mg·L^-1。合用加替沙星前后茶碱各参数除T_1/2(P<0.05)外无显著差异。结论氟罗沙星、芦氟沙星对茶碱的血药浓度及药代动学参数没有显著影响;培氟沙星对茶碱的血药浓度及药代动学参数有显著影响;加替沙星对茶碱的血药浓度及除T_1/2的药代动学参数没有显著影响。     

阿奇霉素在中国健康人体血浆中的药动学研究

目的研究阿奇霉素在健康中国人体中的血浆药动学,为临床用药提供参考。方法10名健康志愿者单剂量口服阿奇霉素500mg后,高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定血浆药物浓度。采用F检验结合AIC法判别房室模型,DAS药动学程序计算药动学参数。结果最佳房室模型为二室模型(W_i=1/C²,AIC_min=-7.4821),主要的药动学参数:α为(0.29±0.13)h^-1,β为(0.02±0.003)h^-1,K_a为(0.72±0.22)h^-1,t_1/2β为(38.93±7.74)h,t_max为(2.60±0.49)h,c_max为(434.74±47.65)μg·L^-1,AUC_0～144和AUC_0～∞分别为(12179.42±3001.11)μg.h·L^-1和(13338.35±3062.56)μg·h·L^-1。结论阿奇霉素片在中国健康人体中的血浆药动学参数与国内外文献报道基本一致。     

基于净初级生产力的春小麦生产潜力及估产研究——以甘肃省白银区为例--测试文章

利用2010年白银区春小麦生长季（4—7月）空间分辨率为250 m的MODIS影像和气象站点的气象数据，通过CASA模型建立了基于MODIS数据的春小麦净初级生产力遥感估算模型，估算出白银区春小麦生长季的净初级生产力（NPP），通过春小麦NPP与干物质转换关系计算出春小麦生产潜力。结果表明：白银区南部春小麦的NPP和生产潜力均大于北部地区，其NPP最小值为42 gC·m^-2·a^-1，最大值为402 gC·m^-2·a^-1，且春小麦的生产潜力有明显的季节性规律。根据春小麦生产潜力与实际产量的拟合关系建立了产量估测模型，并对该模型做了精度验证与实用性评价，结果显示该估产模型均方根误差RMSE为76.33 g·m^-2，相对均方根误差RMSEr为23.51%。     

维生素C粉末分解动力学研究

在有氧避光条件下,用恒温恒湿加速试验法,研究了在相对湿度小于临界相对湿度时,维生素C粉末的表观变色速率常数k_c与温度、湿度的关系为:k_c=k′exp(-E_a/RT)exp(m′RH),k′与m′为常数,RH为相对湿度,E_a为活化能。RH<70%时的E_a=104.33 kJ·mol^-1。还研究了在各种相对湿度下维生素C粉末含量变化的曲线方程为:C=N/(1+Btⁿ),速率方程为:k_d为分解反应的表现速率常数,N为原始百分含量,C为时间t的含量,B与n为常数。RH为97,93与79.5%时的E_a分别为86.87,88.22与202.64 kJ·mol^-1。     

中度盐碱地氮、磷肥对蓖麻生育特性和产量的影响

以淄蓖8号为试验品种,研究了中度盐碱地蓖麻在不同施氮量和施磷量条件下的生长特性、干物质积累、产量构成和产量。结果表明,氮肥、磷肥和两者互作对各时期主茎真叶数的影响不显著,氮肥、磷肥和两者互作从蕾期开始对株高和地上部干重的影响达显著或极显著水平,从苗期开始对叶干重和茎干重的影响达显著或极显著水平,对花序干重的影响达显著或极显著水平;氮肥对每株穗数的影响达到显著水平,磷肥及二者互作的影响未达到显著水平;氮肥、磷肥及二者互作对每穗粒数、百粒重和籽粒产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平;开花期、花后和灌浆成熟期群体地上部干物质积累与籽粒产量均呈显著线性正相关关系,提高开花后干物质的积累有利于籽粒产量的提高。在本试验条件下,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、施磷量90 kg·hm^-2,苗期和蕾期各施用氮、磷肥的50%获得的籽粒产量最高,达3　568.4 kg·hm^-2。     

大气CO2浓度升高与氮肥营养对滴灌棉田“棉花-土壤”系统氮分布的影响

通过半开顶式CO₂人工气候室,研究了CO₂浓度升高（360、540 μmol·mol^-1和720 μmol·mol^-1）与不同氮肥营养（0、150、300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2）相互作用对蕾铃期棉花-土壤氮含量变化及棉花氮素吸收的影响,结果显示：大气CO₂浓度增加,高氮肥处理下棉花叶片、蕾铃中氮含量显著降低,茎秆、根系中氮含量增加,棉花整株氮含量表现为下降;相同的CO₂浓度下,随着氮素营养的增加棉花各器官氮积累量呈增加趋势,其中蕾铃、叶片氮积累量较高,茎秆、根系氮积累量相对较少,说明CO₂浓度增加与增施氮肥促进了土壤氮素向植株叶片和生殖器官运输。通过对土壤无机氮含量的测定分析,CO₂浓度升高为540 μmol·mol^-1,各施氮水平下棉田土壤NO₃^--N含量显著降低,NH₄⁺-N含量在低氮水平下有少量增加,在高氮水平下表现为降低;CO₂浓度升高为720 μmol·mol^-1,土壤NO₃^--N含量表现为降低,NH₄⁺-N含量呈增加趋势。研究表明：大气CO₂浓度增加且浓度范围在500～720 μmol·mol^-1,增加氮肥施用量可有效促进棉花对氮素养分尤其是NO₃^--N的吸收利用。     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia prostrata gamble in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation

In this study, the aqueous (AQJP) and alcoholic (ALJP) extracts of the whole plant of Justicia prostrata Gamble (Acanthaceae) were screened for their acute and subacute anti-inflammatory activities using carrageenan-induced acute inflammation and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma (subacute inflammation), respectively, in rats. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model, both extracts were found to exhibit maximum reduction in paw volume at the first hour in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o., both extracts AQJP and ALJP showed maximum inhibition (51.39% and 62.5%, respectively) in rat paw oedema volume at the first hour of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In the cotton pellet granuloma assay, AQJP and ALJP at the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. suppressed the transudative, exudative and proliferative phases of chronic inflammation. These extracts were able to (i) reduce the lipid peroxide content of exudates and liver and (ii) normalize the increased activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in serum and liver of cotton pellet granulomatous rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of lignans, triterpenes and phenolic compounds in ALJP, whereas phenolic compounds and glycosides in AQJP. The anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts may possibly be due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The anti-inflammatory effects produced by the extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kg, p.o. was comparable with the reference drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg p.o.).     

脱脂棉白度的测量结果不确定度分析

目的：确定脱脂棉白度的不确定度。方法采用A类和B类测量不确定度的评定方法，对测量重复性、示值误差、零点漂移、示值稳定性引入的不确定度进行评定。结果脱脂棉白度测量结果的扩展不确定度U=0.256，k=2。结论此评价方法也适应于实验室同类产品的测量结果不确定度的评定。     

Evaluation of Hemorrheologic Parameters and Biliary Secretion in Ligaria cuneifolia (Argentine mistletoe) Extract-Treated Rats

Abstract

The anti-inflammatory effect of seed powder [SPP I (100 mg/kg) and II (200 mg/kg) p.o.] and aqueous extract [SPE I (100 mg/kg) and II (200 mg/kg) p.o.] of Strychnos potatorum. Linn (Loganiaceae) seeds was studied in carrageenin-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models. In carrageenin-induced rat paw edema model, both SPP (I and II) and SPE (I and II) exhibited mild inhibition at 1 h and maximum inhibition at 2.5 h in a dose-dependent manner. In the cotton pellet granuloma model, both wet and dry weights of the cotton pellets were significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by SPP and SPE at both dose levels, whereas a maximum (p < 0.001) inhibition of wet and dry weights was found at 200 mg/kg, p.o. Both SPP and SPE were found to normalize the increased alkaline, acid phosphatases, and lipid peroxide levels indicating their membrane stabilization and free radical scavenging properties, respectively. In conclusion, both SPP (I and II) and SPE (I and II) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in acute and subacute inflammatory models, whereas SPE-II was found to possess maximum activity and its effect was also comparable with the standard drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg, p.o.).     

无毒棉花籽中黄酮苷的分离与结构鉴定

目的　研究无毒棉花籽(glandlesscottonseed)中的黄酮类化学成分。方法　利用大孔树脂、聚酰胺-6、硅胶和SephadexLH-20柱色谱进行分离纯化。用UV ,MS ,¹HNMR ,¹³CNMR ,¹H-¹HCOSY ,¹H-¹³CCOSY ,HMBC和TOCSY等光谱确定化合物结构。结果　从无毒棉花籽中分离得到5个黄酮苷,经光谱鉴定化合物结构为:山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芹菜糖( 1→2 )-[α-L-鼠李糖(1→6)]-β-D-葡糖苷(I)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-芹菜糖 ( 1→2)-[α-L-鼠李糖( 1→6)]-β-D-葡糖苷(II)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-芹菜糖 ( 1→2 )-β-D-葡糖苷(III)、芦丁(IV)和陆地棉苷(V)。结论　I是一个新化合物,II和III为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drug delivery properties on cotton fabric using betamethasone-loaded mesoporous silica particles stabilized with chitosan and silicone softener

In this study, mesoporous silica particles with a hexagonal structure (SBA-15) were synthesized and modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, and used as a carrier for anti-inflammatory drug, betamethasone sodium phosphate. Drug-loaded silica particles were grafted on the cotton fabric surface using chitosan and polysiloxane reactive softener as a soft and safe fixing agent to develop an antibacterial cotton fabric with drug delivery properties. Cytometry assays revealed that synthesized silica have no cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accordingly, the produced drug-loaded nanostructures can be applied via different routes, such as wound dressing. Drug delivery profile of the treated fabrics were investigated and compared. The drug release rate followed the conventional Higuchi model. The treated cotton fabrics were tested and evaluated using scanning electron microscope images, bending length, air permeability, washing durability and anti-bacterial properties. It was found that the chitosan-/softener-treated fabrics compounded with drug-loaded silica particles have a good drug delivery performance and exhibited a powerful antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus even after five washing cycles. The produced antibacterial cotton fabric with drug delivery properties could be proposed as a suitable material for many medical and hygienic applications.     

Synthesis and activity of NH2- and COOH-terminal elastase recognition sequences on cotton

Abstract: The application of peptide recognition sequences of elastase to fibers of wound dressings is a possible route to inhibiting high levels of destructive elastase in the chronic wound. For this reason we have synthesized the elastase recognition sequence Val-Pro-Val on both cotton cellulose, and carboxymethylated cellulose cotton (CMC) and prepared chromatography columns of these to examine elastase retention. The tripeptide was synthesized on cotton-based cellulose fibers both in sequence and as a tripeptide methyl ester. Glycine was employed as a linker of the recognition sequence to the cotton cellulose. Pre-treatment of cotton cellulose with cellulase improved the substitution level of glycine. The peptidocellulose conjugates were employed as a chromatographic stationary phase to assess elastase retention. The sequence Val-Pro-Val-OMe was amino-terminally anchored to carboxymethylated cotton and demonstrated retention of up to 58% of elastase when first applied to the column. Higher repetitive retention was demonstrated subsequently. Cotton gauze similarly modified with Val-Pro-Val-Gly cellulose was compared with untreated gauze for reduction of elastase activity in buffered saline. Solutions of elastase that were treated with Val-Pro-Val-Gly cellulose cotton gauze, demonstrated reduced elastase activity. This study demonstrates the use of elastase recognition sequences as sequestering agents of elastase when attached to cotton fibers and constitutes a model for the design of peptidocellulose analogs in dressing fibers for chronic wounds.     

棉籽总黄酮抗抑郁作用的研究

目的探讨棉籽总黄酮(代号:CTN-T)抗抑郁活性。方法采用小鼠悬尾模型、大小鼠强迫游泳模型、5-羟色氨酸(5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan,5-HTP)诱导小鼠甩头模型、小鼠育亨宾毒性增强模型探讨CTN-T的抗抑郁活性及其可能作用环节。结果小鼠悬尾实验中,CTN-T单次灌胃160~320mg.kg-1或连续4 d(每天2次)灌胃60 mg.kg-1缩短悬尾不动时间;在小鼠强迫游泳实验中,CTN-T连续7 d灌胃给药(每天2次)在40~60 mg.kg-1缩短游泳不动时间;在大鼠强迫游泳实验中,CTN-T连续4 d灌胃(每天2次)20~60mg.kg-1缩短游泳不动时间;此外,小鼠单次灌胃CTN-T160 mg.kg-1或连续4 d(每天2次)灌胃80 mg.kg-1增强5-HTP诱导的甩头行为。而小鼠连续4 d灌胃CTN-T 60~180 mg.kg-1对育亨宾毒性均无影响。结论CTN-T有抗抑郁活性,可能与其增强脑内5-HT神经功能有关。     

Anti-inflammatory effect of petroleum ether extract of Vitex negundo leaves in rat models of acute and subacute inflammation

The anti-inflammatory effect of a petroleum ether extract of Vitex negundo Linn (Verbenaceae) leaves, (PEVNL) (250 and 500?mg/kg, p.o.), was evaluated in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug. The biochemical parameters were estimated in serum. In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model PEVNL exhibited significant (p?<?0.01) inhibition of edema volume at 4?h in a dose-dependent manner. In the cotton pellet granuloma model, dry weight of cotton pellets was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with maximum effect noticed at 500?mg/kg, p.o. Both doses of PEVNL were found to normalize the increased alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) and reversed the decreased serum albumin. In conclusion, PEVNL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in acute and subacute models. At a dose of 500?mg/kg, p.o., PEVNL was found to possess maximum activity, and this effect was comparable with reference drug diclofenac sodium (5?mg/kg, p.o.).     

Kinetic and isotherm studies on adsorptive removal of sulfates by cotton shell derived biochar: Recovery of sulfates from marcasite soil

This work illustrates the potential applications of the raw cotton shell (RCS) and cotton shell biochar (CSB) in the remediation of sulfate contaminants from aqueous solvents. Comprehensively, optimal batch and adsorption kinetics of sulfate by RCS and CSB were intensively analyzed and determined by varying the adsorption parameters. For RCS, the optimal series of parameters were at (pH-7, sulfate conc-150 mgL^?1, adsorbent dose- 0.5 g and time-150 min). While for CSB optimum conditions were at (pH-9.8, sulfate conc-100 mgL^?1, dosage- 0.1 g and time-90 min). The maximum adsorption efficiency for both RCS and CSB was achieved at 86.47% and 90.77%, respectively. Sulfate adsorption by RCS and CSB was examined by isotherm models and kinetic studies. The data are best suited to the Langmuir isotherm model with the highest RCS and CSB sulfate adsorption capability of 61.35 and 153.85 mg g^?1 and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Box-Behnken design (BBD) based response surface methodology (RSM) model-based analysis of variance test has demonstrated optimum conditions and sulfate adsorption by both RCS and CSB. The recovery studies on sulfates from marcasite soil were evaluated at different doses of RCS and CSB. This study provides insights into the usage of the developed process towards the circular economy of the sulfates.     

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia officinalis leaf aqueous and butanol extracts

Context: The leaf of sage Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is reputed in the folk medicine of Arabia, and Jordan in particular, to relieve pain associated with gastrointestinal disturbance.

Objectives: Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis leaf.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of the aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) were studied using the hot-plate test for mice and the formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The effects were compared to those of morphine and the influence of naloxone on these effects was also evaluated. The same concentrations of both extracts were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using the cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Results: The aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) caused analgesic effect in the hot-plate latency assay as well as in early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. These effects were reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (5?mg/kg). The same range of doses of both extracts caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats as well as inhibition of cotton pellet granuloma.

Discussion and conclusion: These observations suggest that the sage leaf aqueous and butanol extracts have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, confirming the traditional use of this plant for pain alleviation.