2020年赣州市白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性研究

目的 掌握赣州市白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,为合理使用杀虫剂提供依据.方法 采用世界卫生组织推荐接触筒法和浸渍法测定成蚊和幼虫的抗药性.结果 南康区和瑞金市白纹伊蚊成蚊对毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷、马拉硫磷、残杀威、噁虫威24h后死亡率均为100％,表现为敏感;对高效氟氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率分别为85.61％、93.33％,均表现为可疑抗性;对溴氰菊酯和0.08％高效氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率均低于80％,表现为抗性;另外,对氯菊酯和0.4％高效氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率,南康区白纹伊蚊分别为78.47％和69.01％,表现为抗性,而瑞金市白纹伊蚊分别为86.71％和96.00％,表现为可疑抗性.南康区和瑞金市白纹伊蚊幼虫对残杀威的LC50分别为0.4968mg/L和0.7890mg/L,抗性倍数分别为2.19倍和1.37倍,对双硫磷的LC50分别为0.0040mg/L和0.0030mg/L,抗性倍数分别为2.50倍和1.88倍,对两种药均表现为敏感.结论 赣州市两地白纹伊蚊成蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,应减少该类杀虫剂的使用,采取综合防治措施.     

福州地区白纹伊蚊越冬虫态观察

白纹伊蚊[Aedes(S.)albopictus]为我国登革热、乙型脑炎的媒介,研究越冬虫态对于掌握该蚊的生物学特性以及地域划分,以便制定防制措施都有明显意义。1984～1985年冬季,我们选择常年多有白纹伊蚊孳生的福州市区、郊区、远郊3个不同地点,对白纹伊蚊越冬虫态和生活环境作了连续观察,发现该蚊在福州兼有卵和幼虫两种越冬虫态,现报道如下。     

郴州市城区白纹伊蚊种群分布特征调查

目的:了解郴州市城区白纹伊蚊种群分布特点,为控制登革热媒介提供科学依据。方法:对郴州市城区8个地区进行蚊虫孳生容器类型、幼蚊和成蚊密度监测。白纹伊蚊幼虫种群密度采用容器法,成虫采用诱蚊诱卵器法和捕蚊灯法调查。结果:孳生容器类型调查各类储水容器173个,其中阳性容器数总共18个,容器指数(CI)为10.40;诱蚊指数为4.9%,诱卵指数为13.4%;共布放捕蚊灯64只,密度为1.56只/时。结论:郴州市城区有白纹伊蚊分布,需进行相应的蚊虫密度监测,以降低登革热流行的风险。     

开封市区淡色库蚊对常用卫生杀虫剂的敏感性测定

目的了解开封市区淡色库蚊对常用卫生杀虫剂的敏感性。方法采用淡色库蚊幼虫浸渍法,测定淡色库蚊幼虫对5种常用卫生杀虫剂的抗药性。结果开封市区淡色库蚊幼虫对双硫磷、仲丁威、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯相对抗性倍数分别为6.73倍0、.904倍、6.32倍、12.82倍和0.505倍,其中高效氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数最高。结论开封市区的淡色库蚊对仲丁威和氯菊酯保持相对敏感,对双硫磷、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯产生抗性。因此,应科学合理使用杀虫剂,延缓蚊虫抗药性的发生和发展。     

具氯菊酯抗性的淡色库蚊幼虫对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性

目的 为研究蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯的交互抗性,更合理地选用各种杀虫剂,延缓抗性的发展。方法 测定了人工选育的淡色库蚊的对氯菊酯具抗性幼虫对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性。结果 当其对氯菊酯的抗性倍数为62.0的时侯,对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为23.2和23.5。结论 此种库蚊幼虫对菊酯类杀虫剂存在着明显的交互抗性。     

贵州省部分县市健康人群登革热感染情况调查

登革热是一种被蚊虫叮咬后引起的急性传染病,广泛流行于热带和亚热带地区,是一种分布广、危害大的虫媒病毒性疾病。在我国传播媒介主要为埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊。目前在我国的广东、海南、广西、福建等省均有报告病例,并且在一些未出现登革热流行的省份,例如云南省的白纹伊蚊中已分离出登革热病毒。我国登革热病例流行集中在3～11月     

β-氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性

目的以斑马鱼胚胎为模型,探讨一种高效氯氰菊酯β-氯氰菊酯对胚胎发育的影响。方法 丙酮为助溶剂,配制β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1,采用换水式每12 h更换一半β-氯氰菊酯溶液,对斑马鱼胚胎进行96 h暴露处理,采用显微镜观察β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1对斑马鱼胚胎发育形态,测定受精后24 h(24 hpf)自主抽动次数、48 hpf心率及孵化率、72和96 hpf体轴弯曲个体比例等。结果 与正常对照组比较,β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1组斑马鱼胚胎在24 hpf前形态上未出现明显异常,48 hpf以后表现出体轴弯曲、心包囊肿等不同程度的毒性反应症状,β-氯氰菊酯0.2 mg.L-1组幼鱼胸鳍发育即受到严重抑制且黑色素减少体色偏黄;随着β-氯氰菊酯浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎在24 hpf时每分钟自主抽动次数由正常对照组的(0.72±0.19)次增加至(3.83±1.07)次(P<0.05);48 hpf孵化率由对照组的(15.5±4.3)%升高至(98.9±1.2)%(P<0.05)。β-氯氰菊酯0.05 mg.L-1组72 hpf和96 hpf体轴弯曲个体比例分别为6.6%和10%,β-氯氰菊酯1 mg.L-1组分别为97.8%和100%。结论 β-氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼胚胎的神经及形态发育均有明显抑制作用,并且呈现一定的时间剂量依赖性。     

头孢噻肟及其代谢产物的药代动力学研究

本文报道头孢噻肟的药代动力学研究结果。8名健康志愿者分别肌注、静注和静滴头孢噻肟后,平均高峰血药浓度为26.2±6.8mg/L、130.7±19.4mg/L和74.5±14.2mg/L;平均消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为1.35±0.33h、0.98± 0.21h和0.90±0.05h。平均高峰尿药分别2461±1947mg/L(im)、3079±1767mg/L(iv)和2505±1266mg/L(iv gtt);50％以上的给药量于24h内自尿中排出。肌注后的绝对生物利用度为100％。本文同时还建立了头孢噻肟及其代谢产物去乙酰头孢噻肟血浓度的高效液相色谱测定法,并对二者体内过程进行了研究。     

二相厌氧—生物接触氧化工艺处理四环素废水的研究

本文以二相厌氧-生物接触氧化工艺对四环素废水的处理进行了试验研究,并考察了各反应器的运行特性。在进水COD浓度≤3500mg/L,四环素浓度≤230mg/L,二相厌氧中产酸相、产甲烷相及后续生物接触氧化反应器的水力停留时间分别为3、24h和10h时,COD去除率93％,四环素去除率96％,出水COD<230mg/L,生物接触氧化对氨氮的去除率为75％。试验结果表明二相厌氧-生物接触氧化工艺用于处理四环素废水是可行的。     

伯氏疟原虫K173株对喹哌抗药性的实验研究

用小剂量递增法培育伯氏疟原虫对喹哌的抗药性,起始剂量7 mg/kg×1,每传三代递增3.5 mg/kg,至20代,历时5个多月,培育出对喹哌有110倍以上抗性的虫系。抗喹哌伯氏疟原虫系对羟基喹哌、甲氟喹、青蒿酯、青蒿素都有明显的交叉抗性,对咯萘啶、氯喹和伯喹仅有微弱交叉抗性;对乙胺嘧啶和硝喹显示高敏效应。但该虫系的抗性尚不稳定,停药后连续血传12代,抗性水平由110多倍降至8倍.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.