2020年赣州市白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性研究

目的 掌握赣州市白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,为合理使用杀虫剂提供依据.方法 采用世界卫生组织推荐接触筒法和浸渍法测定成蚊和幼虫的抗药性.结果 南康区和瑞金市白纹伊蚊成蚊对毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷、马拉硫磷、残杀威、噁虫威24h后死亡率均为100％,表现为敏感;对高效氟氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率分别为85.61％、93.33％,均表现为可疑抗性;对溴氰菊酯和0.08％高效氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率均低于80％,表现为抗性;另外,对氯菊酯和0.4％高效氯氰菊酯24h后死亡率,南康区白纹伊蚊分别为78.47％和69.01％,表现为抗性,而瑞金市白纹伊蚊分别为86.71％和96.00％,表现为可疑抗性.南康区和瑞金市白纹伊蚊幼虫对残杀威的LC50分别为0.4968mg/L和0.7890mg/L,抗性倍数分别为2.19倍和1.37倍,对双硫磷的LC50分别为0.0040mg/L和0.0030mg/L,抗性倍数分别为2.50倍和1.88倍,对两种药均表现为敏感.结论 赣州市两地白纹伊蚊成蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,应减少该类杀虫剂的使用,采取综合防治措施.     

福州地区白纹伊蚊越冬虫态观察

白纹伊蚊[Aedes(S.)albopictus]为我国登革热、乙型脑炎的媒介,研究越冬虫态对于掌握该蚊的生物学特性以及地域划分,以便制定防制措施都有明显意义。1984～1985年冬季,我们选择常年多有白纹伊蚊孳生的福州市区、郊区、远郊3个不同地点,对白纹伊蚊越冬虫态和生活环境作了连续观察,发现该蚊在福州兼有卵和幼虫两种越冬虫态,现报道如下。     

郴州市城区白纹伊蚊种群分布特征调查

目的:了解郴州市城区白纹伊蚊种群分布特点,为控制登革热媒介提供科学依据。方法:对郴州市城区8个地区进行蚊虫孳生容器类型、幼蚊和成蚊密度监测。白纹伊蚊幼虫种群密度采用容器法,成虫采用诱蚊诱卵器法和捕蚊灯法调查。结果:孳生容器类型调查各类储水容器173个,其中阳性容器数总共18个,容器指数(CI)为10.40;诱蚊指数为4.9%,诱卵指数为13.4%;共布放捕蚊灯64只,密度为1.56只/时。结论:郴州市城区有白纹伊蚊分布,需进行相应的蚊虫密度监测,以降低登革热流行的风险。     

开封市区淡色库蚊对常用卫生杀虫剂的敏感性测定

目的了解开封市区淡色库蚊对常用卫生杀虫剂的敏感性。方法采用淡色库蚊幼虫浸渍法,测定淡色库蚊幼虫对5种常用卫生杀虫剂的抗药性。结果开封市区淡色库蚊幼虫对双硫磷、仲丁威、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯相对抗性倍数分别为6.73倍0、.904倍、6.32倍、12.82倍和0.505倍,其中高效氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数最高。结论开封市区的淡色库蚊对仲丁威和氯菊酯保持相对敏感,对双硫磷、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯产生抗性。因此,应科学合理使用杀虫剂,延缓蚊虫抗药性的发生和发展。     

具氯菊酯抗性的淡色库蚊幼虫对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性

目的 为研究蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯的交互抗性,更合理地选用各种杀虫剂,延缓抗性的发展。方法 测定了人工选育的淡色库蚊的对氯菊酯具抗性幼虫对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性。结果 当其对氯菊酯的抗性倍数为62.0的时侯,对氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为23.2和23.5。结论 此种库蚊幼虫对菊酯类杀虫剂存在着明显的交互抗性。     

贵州省部分县市健康人群登革热感染情况调查

登革热是一种被蚊虫叮咬后引起的急性传染病,广泛流行于热带和亚热带地区,是一种分布广、危害大的虫媒病毒性疾病。在我国传播媒介主要为埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊。目前在我国的广东、海南、广西、福建等省均有报告病例,并且在一些未出现登革热流行的省份,例如云南省的白纹伊蚊中已分离出登革热病毒。我国登革热病例流行集中在3～11月     

β-氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性

目的以斑马鱼胚胎为模型,探讨一种高效氯氰菊酯β-氯氰菊酯对胚胎发育的影响。方法 丙酮为助溶剂,配制β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1,采用换水式每12 h更换一半β-氯氰菊酯溶液,对斑马鱼胚胎进行96 h暴露处理,采用显微镜观察β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1对斑马鱼胚胎发育形态,测定受精后24 h(24 hpf)自主抽动次数、48 hpf心率及孵化率、72和96 hpf体轴弯曲个体比例等。结果 与正常对照组比较,β-氯氰菊酯0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.6和1 mg.L-1组斑马鱼胚胎在24 hpf前形态上未出现明显异常,48 hpf以后表现出体轴弯曲、心包囊肿等不同程度的毒性反应症状,β-氯氰菊酯0.2 mg.L-1组幼鱼胸鳍发育即受到严重抑制且黑色素减少体色偏黄;随着β-氯氰菊酯浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎在24 hpf时每分钟自主抽动次数由正常对照组的(0.72±0.19)次增加至(3.83±1.07)次(P<0.05);48 hpf孵化率由对照组的(15.5±4.3)%升高至(98.9±1.2)%(P<0.05)。β-氯氰菊酯0.05 mg.L-1组72 hpf和96 hpf体轴弯曲个体比例分别为6.6%和10%,β-氯氰菊酯1 mg.L-1组分别为97.8%和100%。结论 β-氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼胚胎的神经及形态发育均有明显抑制作用,并且呈现一定的时间剂量依赖性。     

伯氏疟原虫对青蒿素抗药性的研究

仿Peters剂量递增法用伯氏疟原虫ANKA株及N株对QHS进行了抗药性的研究。经14个月的培育至第58代,QHS im注射“4日抑制性实验”的ED₅₀在RQ/ANKA系及RQ/N系分别为其亲代系的53.4及54.6倍,但经蚊传未获成功。在第40代(I₅₀=25)时,其50%的治愈剂量为其亲代系的5.4倍。停药传代其抗性会逐渐消失。该虫系对青蒿酯钠及蒿甲醚有明显的交叉抗性,其ED₅₀分别为其亲代系的13.1及11.7倍,对伯喹的抗性为2.9倍,对氯喹未见明显交叉抗性。     

克螨威毒性实验研究

克螨威是新型的杀虫剂农药,为安全使用提供依据,我们进行了有关毒性实验,结果如下: 1.克螨威纯品对Wistar大鼠急性经口LD_(50)雄、雌性均为1000mg/kg;经皮LD_(50)为1670mg/kg。35％制剂大鼠急性经口LD_(50)雄性为     

急性羰基镍染毒大鼠血清镍水平变化探讨

目的 探讨急性羰基镍染毒大鼠血清镍水平的变化规律,为临床救治急性羰基镍中毒患者提供实验室支持依据.方法 以羰基镍250 mg./in3、500 mg/m3两个剂量组给予SPF级大鼠各54只静态吸入30 min,分别于染毒后30 min、2h、4h、8h、12h、24 h、48 h、72 h、7d将大鼠以乙醚在15 s内麻醉,立即剖腹暴露腹主动脉,采集2 ～3 mL血液,分离0.5 ～1 mL血清,用美国PE公司AA800原子吸收仪（石墨炉法）检测血清镍含量,并与健康大鼠相比较.结果 250 mg/m3剂量组30 min、2h、4h、8 h、12 h、24h、48 h、72 h、7d血清镍含量平均值分别为（33.69±2.59） μg/L、（24.61 ±3.03） μg/L、（27.83±5.69）μg/L、（21.36±4.14）μg/L、（20.39 ±4.14） μg/L、（18.80±7.02）μg/L、（14.51±8.21） μg/L、（13.58±5.78）μg/L、（12.83±4.41）μg/L,30 min为峰值,为对照组的5.30倍,各时间段与健康大鼠差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为5.959、5.958、5.990、5.998、5.997、5.994、5.990、4.317、4.347,均P＜0.01）.500 mg/m3剂量组30 min、2h、4h、8h、12 h、24h、48 h、72 h、7d血清镍含量平均值分别为（72.22±1.62） μg/L、（57.78±12.99） μg/L、（42.25±7.25）μg/L、（103.77±11.ll）μg/L、（79.04±12.26） μg/L、（26.35±6.56）μg/L、（18.58±4.92）μg/L、（17.22±9.73） μg/L、（14.59±5.27） μg/L,8h为峰值,为健康大鼠的16.33倍,各时间段与健康大鼠差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为5.960、5.947、5.978、5.927、5.948、5.959、3.143、2.447、2.440,均P＜0.05）.两组30 min、2h、4h、8h、12h等时间段差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为5.208、2.447、2.449、5.959、5.959,P值分别为0.001、0.049、0.042、0.000、0.000）.结论 急性羰基镍染毒大鼠血清镍含量与染毒剂量呈明显的剂量-效应关系;羰基镍或其代谢产物的排出主要在24h内.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.