中药退黄外洗液皮肤给药刺激性试验

目的:观察婴幼儿使用的院内制剂中药退黄外洗液对豚鼠的皮肤刺激性.方法:中药退黄外洗液以29.6 g和7.4 g生药/kg(为临床剂量的40倍和10倍)给豚鼠分别作单次和多次完整皮肤和损伤皮肤刺激性试验,用药后测量豚鼠体重,观察外观体征、行为活动、进食、排泄等一般情况,并作受药部位皮肤组织病理学检查.结果:中药退黄外洗液高、低剂量组单次或多次接触豚鼠,其外观体征、行为活动、体重和皮肤组织病理学检查与空白对照组无显著差异.结论:本品短期内对豚鼠无刺激性,表明临床拟用剂量用于局部或全身皮肤是安全的.     

中药退黄外洗液皮肤安全性试验研究

目的 通过动物皮肤给药特殊安全性试验,观察中药退黄外洗液的应用安全性,为临床用药提供安全性参考依据.方法 按照国家颁发的皮肤安全性试验研究,将中药退黄外洗液以29.6g/ml和7.4g/ml(为临床剂量的1倍和4倍)分别通过对白家兔进行急性毒性试验,对豚鼠进行皮肤刺激性试验、过敏性试验等,用药后分别观察受试动物外观特征、呼吸和中枢神经系统等情况,并做受药部位皮肤组织病理学检查.结果 中药退黄外洗液高、低剂量无论是对家兔的急性毒性试验,还是对豚鼠的刺激性、过敏性试验,动物的外观体征、行为活动,体重和皮肤组织病理学检查与空白对照组无显著性差异.结论 中药退黄外洗液对白家兔无明显毒性,对豚鼠皮肤无过敏性和刺激性,表明临床局部或全身皮肤外洗应用是安全的.     

疗筋涂膜剂的皮肤给药安全性评价

目的考察疗筋涂膜剂对动物皮肤的刺激性和变态反应。方法采用单次给药皮肤刺激性实验、多次给药皮肤刺激性实验、皮肤变态反应实验,均依据常规方法进行。结果疗筋涂膜剂对豚鼠皮肤单次给药无刺激性、多次给药对完整皮肤无刺激性,对破损皮肤为轻度刺激性。在多次给药皮肤刺激性中,豚鼠皮肤无明显红斑、水肿、色素沉着、出血点、皮肤粗糙或皮肤菲薄,但有诸如活动频繁、屈身等现象;病理检查结果显示药物不会引起豚鼠皮肤结构改变及皮下组织炎症性病变。疗筋涂膜剂无致敏性。结论疗筋涂膜剂对豚鼠皮肤无急性刺激性,多次给药对完整皮肤无刺激性,对破损皮肤为轻度刺激性,多次给药后不会引起豚鼠皮肤结构的改变,对豚鼠皮肤无致敏性。     

布地奈德鼻喷雾剂的局部安全性评价

目的：通过家兔鼻刺激性和豚鼠皮肤过敏性试验考察布地奈德鼻喷雾剂对皮肤用药的安全性。方法：参照《化学药物刺激性、过敏性和溶血性研究技术指导原则》,采用最大给药量试验观察鼻腔给药后动物短期内出现的毒性反应及其程度,并结合组织病理学检查综合判断呼吸道黏膜发生的局部刺激性反应;对豚鼠皮肤多次局部涂抹致敏,观察其过敏反应。结果：家兔鼻腔在最大给药量为102μg/Kg·d后,短期内未见毒性反应及死亡情况,给药局部鼻黏膜未见充血、水肿等刺激反应。组织病理学检查未见明显鼻、喉、气管、支气管等呼吸道黏膜损伤性变化及大量炎性细胞浸润;对豚鼠皮肤的多次刺激致敏试验未显示明显红斑及水肿等过敏反应。结论：布地奈德鼻喷雾剂局部用药无明显毒性及刺激性,符合外用制剂的安全性要求,临床使用安全可靠。     

十一方药酒急性毒性、皮肤刺激性和过敏性试验

目的:考察十一方药酒的急性毒性、皮肤刺激性和过敏性。方法:采用健康家兔进行急性毒性和皮肤刺激性试验,采用健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏性试验。结果:家兔完整皮肤及破损皮肤单次用药(临床等效剂量的53,27,13倍),14 d内无中毒表现,呼吸、进食等活动正常,体重分别增长6.97%和6.67%;家兔完整皮肤和破损皮肤单次给药,连续7 d,均未见刺激性;十一方药酒对豚鼠皮肤无致敏性。结论:十一方药酒对家兔皮肤无急性毒性和刺激作用,对豚鼠皮肤无致敏作用。     

风湿痛喷雾剂急性毒性局部刺激及过敏性研究

目的 观察风湿痛喷雾剂的急性毒性、局部刺激性以及皮肤变态反应. 方法 参照《中药新药研究指导原则》, 采用最大给药量实验观察皮肤给药后动物短期内出现的急性毒性反应及其程度; 结合一般情况观察与组织病理学检查综合判断用药部位所发生的局部刺激反应; 对豚鼠皮肤多次局部涂抹致敏, 观察其变态反应. 结果 药物完整皮肤给药后对大鼠的最大给药量为8.0 g•kg^-1,短期内均未见毒性反应及死亡情况, 破损皮肤给药对动物具有一定刺激性; 局部刺激性实验中动物一般状况良好, 未发生全身反应甚至死亡情况, 给药局部皮肤未见红斑、水肿等刺激反应, 组织病理学检查发现皮肤结构完整, 皮肤及皮下未见损伤性变化及大量炎细胞浸润; 对豚鼠皮肤的多次用药致敏实验显示药物无致敏性. 结论 风湿痛喷雾剂皮肤局部用药无明显毒性及刺激性, 其临床使用预期安全可靠.     

鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂急性毒性、局部刺激性及过敏性的实验研究

目的观察鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂的急性毒性、黏膜刺激性以及皮肤过敏反应。方法参照中药新药研究指导原则,采用最大给药量试验观察鼻腔给药后动物短期内出现的急性毒性反应及其程度;结合一般情况观察与组织病理学检查综合判断呼吸道黏膜发生的局部刺激性反应;对豚鼠皮肤多次局部涂抹致敏,观察其过敏反应。结果药物鼻腔给药后对大鼠的最大给药量为8.0 g.kg-1,腹腔给药对小鼠的最大给药量为50.0 g.kg-1,短期内均未见毒性反应及死亡情况;局部刺激性实验中动物一般状况良好,未发生全身反应甚至死亡情况,给药局部鼻黏膜未见红斑、水肿等刺激反应,组织病理学检查发现鼻、喉、气管、支气管等呼吸道黏膜未见损伤性变化及大量炎细胞浸润;对豚鼠皮肤的多次刺激致敏试验显示药物具有轻度致敏性。结论鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂鼻腔局部用药无明显毒性及刺激性,其临床使用安全可靠。     

中药退黄外洗液对新生儿胆红素的影响

目的：评价中药退黄外洗液治疗新生儿黄疸的效果,观察新生儿脐血胆红素及生后3d血胆红素的变化以及退黄外洗液对其影响。方法：对120例出生时脐血胆红素值≥30umol·L^-1的足月新生儿分为治疗组、对照组,运用中药退黄外洗液对治疗组进行干预治疗,用药后观察两组的胎粪转黄时间、日均黄疸增值、经皮测胆红素的变化和临床疗效。结果：两组新生儿早期治疗后两组胆红素值有显著性差异,胎粪转黄时间亦有差异,且以治疗组的效果为优（P〈0．05）。结论：对脐血胆红素高值的新生儿使用中药退黄外洗液进行早期干预治疗,可降低胆红素水平,达到预防高胆红素血症的目的,且方法简单易行,疗效明显。     

糖足洗液皮肤安全性的动物实验

目的：观察糖足洗液对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法皮肤急性毒性试验采用最大给药量法,观察大鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤接触糖足洗液后所产生的急性毒性反应和死亡情况;皮肤刺激性试验观察实验兔完整皮肤皮肤和破损皮肤多次接触糖足洗液后所产生的刺激反应情况和恢复情况;皮肤过敏性试验观察豚鼠经皮肤重复接触糖足洗液后所产生的皮肤过敏反应及过敏强度。结果糖足洗液对大鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤未见急性毒性反应、对实验兔完整皮肤皮肤和破损皮肤无刺激性、对豚鼠皮肤无致敏作用。结论糖足洗液皮肤急性毒性、皮肤刺激以及皮肤过敏试验结果未见明显毒性反应,用于糖尿病足的治疗是较安全的。     

鸦胆子油乳皮肤刺激和皮肤过敏实验研究

目的对鸦胆子油乳皮肤的刺激性和致敏性进行了动物实验观察。方法以家兔为模型进行一次给药皮肤刺激和多次给药皮肤刺激实验,以豚鼠为模型观察邪胆子油乳的皮肤致敏作用。结果鸦胆子油乳单次和多次给药刺激性研究结果表明,鸦胆子油乳对家兔正常皮肤无刺激性,对损伤皮肤有轻度刺激性。不引起豚鼠出现过敏反应。结论鸦胆子油乳外用治疗时安全可靠。但对损伤皮肤应慎用。多次给药时尤其应该注意。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.