基于受试者工作特征曲线和逐步判别分析法探索实验室指标对慢性乙型肝炎中医证候诊断的价值

目的：探索75个常用临床实验室指标对慢性乙型肝炎中医肝胆湿热、肝郁脾虚证的诊断价值。方法：选取慢性乙型肝炎病人422例,其中肝胆湿热证300例,肝郁脾虚证122例。检测常用实验室指标,包括肝肾功能、凝血功能、乙型肝炎标志物、乙型肝炎病毒DNA定量检测、血常规、激素指标、细胞免疫指标、体液免疫指标、血脂、甲胎蛋白、肝纤维化指标等共75项。采用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC）查看单一指标对慢性乙型肝炎肝胆湿热证、肝郁脾虚证的诊断效率,采用逐步判别分析模型检测差异指标组合对慢性乙型肝炎证候的判别效率。结果：白蛋白、凝血酶原时间、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白M、尿素氮、血尿酸、嗜碱粒细胞、嗜碱粒细胞百分数、血小板平均体积在慢性乙型肝炎肝胆湿热证与肝郁脾虚证之间存在组间分布差异。上述差异指标的ROC曲线下面积范围为0．42～0．62。对差异指标采用逐步判别分析法建立证候判定模型,其模型自身验证总误判率35．3％,刀切法总误判率为35．3％。结论：无论单一差异指标还是差异指标组合判定模型均未达到较好的判定慢性乙型肝炎中医证候的目的,提示单一采用临床指标判定中医证候具有一定的局限性。     

慢性乙型肝炎中医证型与临床检验指标相关性研究

[目的]探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)中医证型与临床检验指标之间的关系。[方法]将符合纳入标准的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行中医辨证分为5种证型,因其中3种证型病例数极少或缺乏故予以剔除,留下肝胆湿热证和肝郁脾虚证,检测血清生化指标、血清病毒标志物指标及HBV-DNA,对资料进行检验分析。[结果]AST、ALT、GGT、TBIL、DBIL在肝胆湿热证中较肝郁脾虚证显著升高(P0.01或P0.05)。[结论]部分临床检验指标与中医辨证分型中肝胆湿热证和肝郁脾虚证存在相关性,ALT、AST、GGT、TBIL、DBIL可为CHB中医辨证的客观化、标准化提供依据。     

慢性乙型肝炎中医辨证分型与TNF—α和IL-6水平的相关性研究

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎中医辨证分型与TNF—α和IL-6水平的相关性研究。方法：放射免疫法。结果：IL-6水平在各证型组间比较P〉0．05，差异无显著性，但其总体变化趋势为肝胆湿热型〈肝郁气滞型〈肝郁脾虚型〈肝肾阴虚型〈肝郁血瘀型〈湿邪困脾型。其中湿邪困脾组明显高于其它5组，本文的6个证型组与正常对照组比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。血清TNF—α水平湿邪困脾组明显高于其它5组，与肝胆湿热组、肝郁气滞组、肝郁脾虚组、肝郁血瘀组比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：血清TNF—α浓度可作为慢性乙型肝炎辨证分型的参考指标。     

慢性乙型肝炎中医证型分布规律探析

目的探析慢性乙型肝炎中医证型分布规律。方法检索近5年国内外慢性乙型肝炎证型的相关文献,将符合纳入标准的36篇文献进行证型分布情况统计和评价。结果在文献中出现频次前5位的证型依次为肝郁脾虚、肝肾阴虚、瘀血阻络、脾肾阳虚、湿热中阻;在病例总数统计中,分布前5位的证型分别为肝郁脾虚、湿热中阻、肝肾阴虚、瘀血阻络、脾肾阳虚;将湿热中阻、肝胆湿热、湿热内蕴以"湿热蕴结证"统括,则其病例数比例最大,肝郁脾虚证居次,此2组与其余各组比较有显著性差异。结论湿热蕴结和肝郁脾虚是慢性乙型肝炎最主要的证型。     

慢性乙型肝炎常见中医证候及证候要素的分析

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎的证候分布规律和证候内部特征,从而为证候的规范化研究提供依据.方法遵循循证医学原则,对符合选择标准的文献中证候及证候要素进行分析.结果认为慢性乙型肝炎最常见证候依次为肝郁脾虚、肝肾阴虚、湿热(蕴结)、脾肾阳虚、瘀血阻络、肝胆湿热、气滞血瘀、肝气郁结、肝郁血瘀、血瘀证、脾肾两虚.证候要素有:病位方面为肝、胆、脾、肾、胃、中焦、络;病性方面为阴虚、阳虚、气虚、血虚、湿、热、气郁、血瘀、毒、寒、水、痰.结论通过总结本病的常见证候分布规律及证候要素,为慢性乙型肝炎证候的标准化研究提供依据.     

141例脂肪肝患者的中医体质类型分布特点及其与证候的关系

目的调查脂肪肝患者中医体质及中医证候,研究体质与证候的关联性,为脂肪肝的中医防治提供依据。方法采用《中医体质分类与判定》标准调查体质,中医师专人制定问卷,调查中医辨证分型,并进行体质及中医证候的相关分析。结果 141名脂肪肝患者中,痰湿质占43.3%,气虚质占17%,湿热质占8.5%;肝郁脾虚型占39.7%,痰湿蕴结型占24.1%,肝气郁结型占22.7%,肝胆湿热型占12.1%,肝阴不足型占1.4%。痰湿质与痰湿蕴结证显著性正相关(P0.01),湿热质与肝胆湿热证显著性正相关(P0.01),阴虚质与肝阴不足证正相关(P0.05),气郁质与肝气郁结证显著性正相关(P0.01)。结论脂肪肝中医体质分型中痰湿质、气虚质居多,中医证候分型中痰湿蕴结和肝郁脾虚型居多,气郁质与肝气郁结证、湿热质与肝胆湿热证、阴虚质与肝阴不足证、痰湿质与痰湿蕴结证正相关。     

1868例慢性乙型肝炎患者中医证候分布特征及与血清病毒学指标的相关性分析

目的运用临床流行病学方法分析慢性乙型肝炎（ChronichepatitisB,CHB）患者中医证候分布特征,并探讨其主要中医证型与血清病毒学指标的相关性。方法基于多中心、大样本的横断面调查方法回顾性分析1868例CHB患者的中医证候分布特征,并运用二元logistic逐步回归分析以探讨其常见证型与病毒学指标的相关性。结果CHB的常见中医证型为肝郁脾虚证（42.3％）、湿热蕴结证（23．1％）、肝郁气滞证（11．9％）、肝肾阴虚证（5．7％）、瘀血阻络证（5．3％）、脾肾阳虚证（3．4％）;HBeAg与湿热蕴结证呈正相关（OR=9．010,P〈0.01）,与肝郁气滞证（OR=0．335,P〈0．01）、肝肾阴虚证（OR=0．215,P〈0．01）、瘀血阻络证（OR=0．506,P〈0．05）、脾肾阳虚证（OR=0．111,P〈0．01）均呈负相关;HBeAb与湿热蕴结证呈正相关（OR=3．489,P〈0．01）,与肝肾阴虚证（OR=0．356,P〈0．01）、脾肾阳虚证（OR=0．108,P〈0．01）呈负相关。结论CHB中医证型以肝郁脾虚证最多见;CHB主要中医证型与病毒学指标之间存在相关性。     

慢性乙肝中医证型与病毒复制关系的回顾性研究

[目的]探讨慢性乙肝中医证型与病毒复制之间的关系。[方法]采用临床流行病学—回顾性研究的方法。[结果]396例慢性乙型肝炎患者:肝胆湿热>肝郁脾虚>脾肾阳虚>肝肾阴虚>瘀血阻络,临床中以肝胆湿热、肝郁脾虚和脾肾阳虚型为主,分别占40.91%、31.31%和13.89%。肝胆湿热型和肝郁脾虚型病毒处于高复制状态,而脾肾阳虚患者病毒处于低复制状态。[结论]肝胆湿热型和肝郁脾虚型与乙肝病毒高复制状态有显著相关性,湿浊之邪与乙肝病毒密切相关。     

慢性乙型肝炎中医证型与临床生化指标的关联性分析

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎中医证型与临床单一生化指标的关联性.方法 选择慢性乙型肝炎肝胆湿热证和肝郁脾虚证患者各200例,观察两组患者血清TBIL、DBIL、TBA含量,血清ALT、AST、GGT、ALP活性,血清总蛋白、白蛋白含量及血清蛋白电泳等指标的变化.结果 不同证型的慢性乙型肝炎患者,血清TBIL、DBIL、TBA含量,血清ALT、AST、GGT、ALP活性,血清总蛋白、白蛋白含量组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),血清蛋白电泳组间比较差异亦无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 慢性乙型肝炎肝功能、血清蛋白电泳等单一疾病指标与中医证型无关联性;本研究提示作为整体功能变化表现的中医“证候”,其生物学基础研究应从“指标群组合”入手的研究思路.     

乙型肝炎中医分型与医学实验室检查的关系分析

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎的不同中医证候之间的差异和最常见的中医证型。方法:将480例慢性乙型肝炎患者按中医辨证分成湿热中阻、脾虚肝郁、肝肾阴虚、脾肾阳虚和瘀血阻络型,观察其与部分实验室检查指标的关联性。结果:脾脏肿大者在瘀血阻络证以外的证型中占60%以上;HBeAg阳性率在虚证中多于实证。结论:中医证型与医学实验室检查指标存在着密切的关系,有非常重要的临床与理论意义。     

极泌尿系统先天发育畸形CT尿路成像影像特征分析

目的探讨CT尿路成像对泌尿系统先天性发育畸形的价值。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月-2016年1月期间接收并经手术病理确诊的30例泌尿系统先天畸形患者,行CT平扫、增强扫描、容积(VR)重建,并对泌尿系统先天异常病种特征进行综合分析。结果泌尿系统肾脏畸形病种中,肾脏异位12例,孤立肾6例,肾异常旋转3例(盘状肾2例、马蹄肾1例),囊性不良发育肾6例,融合肾畸形3例。重肾重输尿管畸形17例(单侧重复肾重输尿管畸形13例、双侧重复肾畸4例)。结论 CT平扫、增强扫描、容积(VR)重建在对30例泌尿系统先天发育畸形病种诊断过程中,全方位可靠的呈现了病变之间的关系和解剖结构,发挥了CT的优势,弥补其他影像学检查方法的缺点,大程度的降低了临床上的漏诊率和误诊率,对临床上的诊断和治疗提供了指导意义。     

Neonatal outcome of fetuses with urinary tract abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography.

Between 1979 and 1986 an abnormality of the urinary tract was diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound examination in 93 fetuses. Postnatal investigation at a large teaching hospital showed a definite abnormality in 85 infants, 66 of whom were boys. An obstructed urinary tract, usually requiring surgery, was present in 46 infants. Other abnormalities included a multicystic kidney (in 15 infants), vesicoureteric reflux (in 9), prune-belly syndrome (in 5) and polycystic kidneys (in 5). Early recognition and treatment of urinary tract disorders in infants should be accompanied by informed prenatal counselling to minimize parents' anxiety.     

试论《内经》关于小便异常的辨治

《内经》对于小便异常的记载达60余处，涉及36个篇章。从疾病分类、病因病机、治疗原则和方法多个方面系统论述《内经》对小便异常的认识，为中医临床治疗提供了思路。     

Cholestasis and biliary dilatation associated with chronic ketamine abuse: a case series

Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic agent that is still widely used in veterinary and human medicine. It is increasingly being used as a recreational hallucinogenic drug. Chronic ketamine abuse is known to account for lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary bladder dysfunction. There is now emerging evidence that ketamine misuse is also associated with abnormal liver function tests and biliary tract abnormality. We report three cases of chronic ketamine misuse in three young men who all presented with obstructive jaundice and biliary tract abnormality. We also describe the clinical features, radiological findings and potential underlying mechanisms for this new entity.     

胎儿畸形的产前超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿畸形的产前超声诊断的临床价值：方法回顾性分析10年来我院超声产前检查发现胎儿畸形的临床资料、结果超声诊断54例畸形胎儿中，神经管畸形30例，消化系统畸形15例，泌尿系统畸形2例，其它畸形7例，结论超声胎儿畸形的产前检查，可明确临床诊断，降低出生缺陷发生率，对提高人口素质有重要临床意义。     

Deformity of Ears and Kidneys

Ten children with gross deformity of the external ear were observed. In six the facial bones were underdeveloped on the same side as the deformed ear. In all six there was a congenital abnormality of the kidney or upper urinary tract, usually on the same side as the deformed ear. In addition there were usually other associated congenital defects in each case.

In the remaining four children the facial bones appeared normal, and pyelography showed no abnormality of the urinary tract. In these four children there were no other associated defects.

These observations emphasize the importance of investigating the urinary tract in children with gross deformity of the external ear, especially where there is an associated underdevelopment of the facial bones.

     

Vesicoureteric reflux and urinary tract infection in children

An association between vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and renal damage was found in 1960. In 1973, the term reflux nephropathy (RN) was first used to describe the renal damage caused by VUR. Follow up studies show that about 10%-20% of children with RN develop hypertension or end stage renal disease. It is now evident that there is a sex difference in the development of RN. In most males with RN, the kidneys are congenitally abnormal. In females it is an acquired condition, the most severe damage being sustained by recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of current UTI guidelines is to identify VUR or any other abnormality of the urinary tract. Since the advent of routine antenatal ultrasonography, there is no longer a need to identify an abnormality of the urinary tract after the first reported UTI. Routine investigations are not required. Recurrent UTIs and a family history of VUR need further evaluation. There is also an urgent need to establish the long term value of prophylactic antibiotics in children with VUR.     

Bacteraemia after manipulation of the urinary tract. The importance of pre-existing urinary tract disease and compromised host defences.

The factors related to the occurrence of bacteraemia following urinary tract manipulation were studied in a large community hospital. During a 3-year period, forty-six of 326 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteraemia were associated with urinary tract manipulation. All thirty of forty-six cases felt to be definitely related to urinary tract manipulation (other obvious sources of bacteraemia being absent) had pre-existing urinary tract disease, especially of an obstructive type; only one in this group died from sepsis. The remaining sixteen patients had other possible sources of bacteraemia besides urinary tract manipulation and had disorders associated with defects in host defences; twelve (75%) in this group died from overwhelming sepsis. Thus, if bacteraemia occurs in a patient having had urinary tract manipulation but without any underlying urinary tract abnormality or impairment in host defences, its source should be searched for in other areas of the body.     

磁共振成像在胎儿异常中的临床应用研究

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)在产前诊断胎儿异常中的临床应用价值。方法对2006年3月至2007年10月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院就诊、发现胎儿异常的144例孕妇的超声及磁共振结果进行对比。结果超声诊断的胎儿异常144例,其中侧脑室扩张91例,颅后窝异常24例,消化系统异常7例,泌尿系统异常14例,其他异常8例。结果磁共振检查相对于超声,补充诊断率为56.94%(82例),符合诊断率为43.06%(62例)。其中磁共振诊断脑室扩张(脑积水)中合并其他异常占14.29%(13例),颅后窝扩大中合并其他异常占87.50%(21例)。结论MRI是超声发现胎儿异常的重要验证和补充诊断手段,在产前诊断胎儿缺陷中具有重大的临床价值。     

影像学检查在泌尿系感染患儿解剖异常诊断中的应用

泌尿系感染是小儿时期常见的感染性疾病,其复发和再感染多伴有泌尿系统结构异常。超声检查诊断急性肾盂肾炎有重要价值。腹部X线平片是检查结石的首选方法。排泄性泌尿系超声检查是诊断膀胱输尿管反流的前沿方法。排泄性膀胱尿道造影可确诊膀胱结石。计算机体层成像和磁共振成像能准确检测儿童泌尿系感染肾损害,但因其昂贵及需使用造影剂,目前不列为常规应用。二巯基琥珀酸扫描是评估肾瘢痕的标准检查方法。直接法放射性核素膀胱显像检测膀胱输尿管反流敏感度高。