食品卫生安全与监督

食品卫生是在食品生长、培育、生产或加工等过程中,为保证其安全符合卫生和良好感官性状所采取的一切必要的措施.食品本身含有有毒有害成分;生物性污染,如细菌、霉菌、毒素、病毒、寄生虫、昆虫;化学农药、添加剂;物理因素,如放射性污染;人为因素,如投毒、掺假、伪造.对于食品,首要的条件是食品的无毒无害要求,其次是食品的营养价值和感官性状.     

中药中农药、重金属残留的分析方法概述

目前，随着中药事业的不断发展，中药产品在世界范围内防病、治病的作用被重新认识，提高中药产品的内在质量、制定合理的质控标准愈来愈受到人们的关注。在提高中药产品内在质量方面不仅要对其有效成分（活性成分）的质和量进行有效的控制，而且应对中药产品中有毒、有害成分进行限量控制。中药中的农药、重金属残留和污染严重影响了中药产品的内在质量。本文就中药中农药、重金属残留的分析方法进行综述。     

中药炮制"制毒"原理研究进展

中药的有毒、无毒是中药的基本性能之一。古人在长期的应用实践中对中药毒性的认识及采用相应方法处理 ,降低或消除药物的毒性 ,保证用药安全有效的经验是非常宝贵的。近些年来 ,广大中药工作者对中药炮制制毒作用机理的研究作了大量的工作 ,并取得了很大的成绩 ,笔者归纳起来 ,主要有如下几个方面。1　加热炮制降低毒性有的药物虽有较好的疗效 ,但因毒性太大 ,临床应用不安全 ,通过加热炮制除去或挥散部分有毒成分 ,使有毒成分的含量降低而降低其毒性 ;有的破坏或改变结构 ,使有毒成分消除或含量降低 ,从而扩大临床安全用药范围。其制毒机…     

有毒中药的炮制解毒技术及共性解毒机制

中药炮制是一门传统的中药制药技术,通过炮制技术,药物在临床应用时可以降低毒性、增强疗效、改变药性、便于调剂制剂等。中药的炮制解毒技术是对有毒中药可以安全应用于临床的一大创举,它降低了药物的毒副作用、保证药物临床应用安全有效,并扩展药物临床应用的范围。通过对有毒中药在中医药古籍文献的记载和炮制技术整理,并对它们现代国内外前沿研究文献的归纳和分析,在毒性中药的毒性分级、毒性作用部位及毒性成分、炮制解毒技术及临床应用方面进行总结,同时提出采用相同炮制技术进行解毒的有毒中药具有共性的炮制解毒规律的理论,以期为有毒中药的炮制解毒技术及炮制解毒机制研究提供借鉴。      

常用有毒中药的炮制及临床安全用药

<正>有毒中药是一类既有药理治疗疾病作用,又存在毒副作用以及强烈毒性的药物。如果不能合理应用十分容易引发中毒症状,对患者生命健康造成严重威胁。存在比较接近的有效成分、极量、有效量以及致死量。有的毒性成分是无效的,大部分有毒的属于有效成分,存在双重作用性,治疗效果比较显著。临床用药存在极大不安全性,不能对剂量进行有效控制。想要确保有毒中药的用药安全,需要提升认识有毒中药的程度,对有毒中药的毒性成     

基于中药特点的肝毒性研究与思考

中药的安全性是临床应用的关键因素。肝脏作为药物代谢的重要场所,也是药物毒性反应的主要靶器官之一。中药毒性与药性、体质、配伍等密切相关。中药肝毒性的作用机制涉及氧化应激、线粒体损伤、炎症反应、胆汁淤积、能量及糖脂代谢紊乱、肝药酶影响等,且因中药成分复杂,具有多途径、多靶点作用,加之药物成分间相互作用等影响因素,导致中药毒性研究和安全性评价存在诸多问题。中药安全性评价应结合中药的特点,排除农药残留、重金属、真菌等外源性污染因素,并重视同名异物、产地与种植条件、炮制、配伍等源于中药自身因素的影响。近年来,中药肝毒性研究采用结构预警预测肝毒性成分,加强离体与整体实验、药代与毒代综合分析,并结合运用系统毒理学等新理论、新技术与新方法进行精准评价,为临床用药安全提供更全面的参考。     

毒性中药在中医临床中的应用

使用毒性中药治病，是中医临床用药的一大特点。我国中药材品种繁多，各具有一定性能。其中对人体作用强烈或有害的中药分为大毒、小毒、峻烈性、燥性等。充分认识各种药物的有毒、无毒、大毒、小毒及用法，可以帮助我们根据病情适当地选用毒性中药和确定用量，并通过适宜的方法减轻或消除其毒副作用，使临床应用安全有效。1＄性中药在临床中的应用在常用毒性中药中，大多疗效高、毒性大，有效成分即毒性成分，有效剂量与中毒剂量相近，极易出现毒副反应。故须针对其性质，用相应之方法，把其对立作用统一到疗效方面上来。主要通过制毒在临…     

浅析有毒中药的炮制

目的:通过对有毒中药的适当炮制,使其减毒增效,以保证有毒中药在临床上得到安全有效的应用。方法:分析探讨去除毒性部位或减少毒性成分的含量,降低毒性;改变有毒成分的化学结构降低毒性;改变有毒成分的化学结构降低毒性;利用高温破坏或分解药物的毒性成分降低毒性;利用辅料解毒作用降低毒性;利用制霜降低药物的毒性;水飞法降低毒性六种不同的降低药物毒性的炮制方法所适用的有毒中药。结果:有毒中药经过适当的炮制后,能降低或消除毒性,增强疗效。结论:炮制有毒中药时一定要根据药物的性质和毒性表现,选用恰当的炮制方法,要注意去毒和存效并重,有毒中药通过正确的炮制后,既能发挥其重要的作用,还可以克服毒副反应,提高用药安全性。     

简述有毒中药的毒性成分及毒理作用

本文对植物类有毒中药，就其毒性成分及毒理作用等方面进行了综述。     

基于药、毒效成分辨证关系探讨有毒中药研究思路

有毒中药一直被认为是药效成分与毒效成分的组合体,根据中医传统理论,结合临床及实验研究,发现有毒中药包含的两类不同成分存在着辨证关系,它们在不同病理状态下呈现典型的"双面"或"多面"特征,展现药效成分与毒效成分的角色转换。基于上述认识提出有毒中药未来研究的新思路,包括坚持在生、病理状态下进行有毒中药毒性评价;运用不同病理模型确立有毒中药药、毒性;着眼不同病理状态下药、毒效物质最佳组合;探索药、毒效物质角色转换机制。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Analysis of CK-19,PDX-1,Nestin,Ngn3 in different donor islet purity in rats

Objective: To investigate if there are the CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells in the donor islets of different purity in rats. Methods: Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase. Group Ⅰ (n=10): Separating cell preparations were not purified, Group Ⅱ(n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% Ficoll400 ,Group Ⅲ (n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% and 11% Ficoll-400. The levels of protein of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin and Ngn3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 was amplified by RT-PCR. Results: After two different purification methods applied, three islet preparations of different purities were obtained. The difference of islet purity was significant among various groups (P＜0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,the protein and mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin,Ngn3 were both higher in group Ⅰ; group Ⅲ was poorly expressed. Conclusions: The three different islet purity donor islet have different CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells within them, indicating that there are some islet stem cells in the purified donor islet.     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.