马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂脂质体的药剂学性质研究

目的:制备了以氢化大豆磷脂(HSPC)和普通大豆磷脂(SPC)为膜材的马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂脂质体,并与相应的单一磷脂脂质体比较药剂学性质。方法:采用浸渍法提取马钱子总生物碱并进行了纯化。采用硫酸铵梯度法和隐形脂质体技术制备了马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂脂质体和相应的2种单一磷脂(HSPC,SPC)脂质体,比较了3者的包封率、粒径、电位、释放度等性质。结果:HSPC-SPC(1∶3)为载药效果最好的复合磷脂比例。当药脂质量比为1∶6时,马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂、SPC和HSPC脂质体的包封率分别为(73.6±2.9)%,(62.9±1.8)%和(54.7±1.0)%(n=3)。与2种单一磷脂脂质体相比,马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂脂质体粒径明显减小但电位没有差别。释放度显著提高,但加入大鼠血浆后,复合磷脂脂质体的释放度显著低于SPC脂质体。结论:考虑到包封率提高、血液中稳定以及磷脂的价格,作为中药抗肿瘤药物载体,复合磷脂脂质体比相应的单一磷脂脂质体更具有开发价值。     

马钱子优化总生物碱复合磷脂传递体的制备与性质研究

目的应用复合磷脂传递体技术以改善马钱子优化总生物碱的药剂学性质和透皮吸收效果。方法通过除去总生物碱中的大部分士的宁得到马钱子优化总生物碱。采用硫酸铵梯度法制备了马钱子优化总生物碱复合磷脂传递体,以包封率为指标确定了其最优磷脂组成。以相应的单一磷脂传递体为对照,比较了马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂传递体药剂学性质以及体外透皮吸收性质。采用DSC和分子模拟研究考察了复合磷脂的相互作用规律。结果优化后,马钱子总生物碱中马钱子碱与士的宁的比值从1:1.8改变为2.7:1,LD50比优化前提高了4.8倍。通过包封率考察确定SPC:DPPC=4:6为最佳复合磷脂组成。与单一磷脂传递体相比,马钱子优化总生物碱复合磷脂传递体的药剂学性质和体外透皮吸收效果显著提高。结论马钱子优化总生物碱复合磷脂传递体的药剂学性质与透皮吸收性能优于单一磷脂传递体。     

马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的制备及急性毒性研究

目的:制备马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体并与普通脂质体比较急性毒性.方法:采用酸性染料法测定马钱子总生物碱的含量.采用氨性氯仿法从制马钱子中提取了马钱子总生物碱并测定了纯度.以士的宁为模型药物,考察马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的制备工艺.采用硫酸铵梯度法制备了马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体及普通脂质体,比较了两者的包封率、粒径等药剂学性质以及急性毒性.结果:采用优化后的处方与工艺,士的宁隐形脂质体的包封率为90.64%,产率为98.82%,并应用于马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的制备.马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体和普通脂质体的包封率分别为80.97%和73.01%,粒径分别为106.5 nm和163.4nm.马钱子总生物碱溶液、普通脂质体及隐形脂质体的LD50分别为1.85、2.56和3.42 mg/kg.结论:士的宁隐形脂质体的制备工艺可用于马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体制备.与普通脂质体相比,隐形脂质体作为马钱子总生物碱的载体性质更加理想.     

马钱子总生物碱脂质体静脉注射给药后马钱子碱在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的:比较不同磷脂组成马钱子总生物碱脂质体静脉注射给药于大鼠后马钱子碱的体内药物动力学性质.方法:采用硫酸铵梯度法和隐形脂质体技术制备了马钱子总生物碱脂质体,除去游离药物后,测定了其中总生物碱、马钱子碱的含量.测定了马钱子总生物碱溶液和不同磷脂组成马钱子总生物碱脂质体静脉注射给药后不同时间点马钱子碱的血药浓度,药动学参数采用3P97程序进行拟合.结果:马钱子总生物碱溶液与不同磷脂组成脂质体中马钱子碱占总生物碱的比例相同.与大豆磷脂(SPC)脂质体相比,氢化大豆磷脂(HSPC)脂质体给药后的马钱子碱的药动学性质发生了极显著的改变,AUC显著提高了13.3倍,而表观分布容积下降到3.6%,复合磷脂脂质体仅AUC有所提高,其他参数不变.结论:磷脂组成对马钱子总生物碱脂质体静脉注射给药后的体内药动学过程有显著影响.     

磷脂组成对马钱子碱隐形脂质体药剂学性质与抗肿瘤作用的影响

目的:比较3种不同磷脂组成的马钱子碱隐形脂质体的药剂学性质以及抗肿瘤作用.方法:采用硫酸铵梯度法和隐形脂质体技术制备马钱子碱氢化大豆磷脂(hydrogenated soybean phoaphatidylcholine,HSPC)、大豆磷脂(soybean phosphati-dylcholine,SPC)、复合磷脂(SPC-HSPC 3:1)隐形脂质体,考察其形态学、粒径、包封率等药剂学性质.建立小鼠移植性肝癌H22模型,测定3种不同磷脂组成马钱子碱隐形脂质体的抑瘤率,并比较各组荷瘤小鼠的体重、免疫器官(脾和胸腺)指数.结果:马钱子碱复合磷脂隐形脂质体、HSPC隐形脂质体、SPC隐形脂质体的包封率分别为77.7%,64.8%,74.8%,粒径均小于100nm.同剂量的马钱子碱复合磷脂,HSPC,SPC隐形脂质体的抑瘤率分别为57.88%,49.15%,23.37%.与阴性对照组相比,3组马钱子碱隐形脂质体对荷瘤小鼠体重、胸腺指数的影响均无统计学差异,此外,SPC组和HSPC组荷瘤小鼠脾指数有所提高,而复合磷脂组无统计学差异.结论:磷脂组成是影响马钱子碱隐形脂质体抗肿瘤效果的重要因素.     

不同磷脂组成的莪术油包合物脂质体的药剂学性质与急性毒性研究

目的 比较不同磷脂组成对莪术油包合物脂质体药剂学性质以及急性毒性的影响.方法 采用饱和水溶液法制备莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物并且冷冻干燥得到固体,乙醇注入法制备莪术油包合物脂质体.比较了使用大豆磷脂(SPC)或使用复合磷脂组成[氢化大豆磷脂(HSPC)+大豆磷脂(SPC)]对制得的莪术油包合物脂质体的药剂学性质(包封率、粒径、电位、释放度、泄漏率等)的影响.并且进一步比较了莪术油溶液、莪术油包合物以及两种不同磷脂组成莪术油包合物脂质体的急性毒性.结果 添加10％ HSPC对莪术油包合物脂质体的包封率、粒径、电位等没有影响,但释放度和泄漏率实验结果表明莪术油HSPC+ SPC包合物脂质体的稳定性显著高于莪术油包合物SPC脂质体.莪术油溶液、莪术油环包合物,莪术油包合物SPC脂质体和莪术油包合物HSPC+ SPC脂质体静脉注射后的LD50分别为207.87、153.31、269.13和327.30 mg/kg.结论 应用复合磷脂组成(HSPC+ SPC)可以显著提高莪术油包合物脂质体的稳定性和安全性.     

磷脂组成对马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体体外抗肿瘤作用的影响

目的比较3种不同磷脂,其组成为大豆磷脂(SPC)、氢化大豆磷脂(HSPC)、复合磷脂(SPC∶HSPC为3∶1,摩尔比)马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的体外肝癌细胞SMM7721的摄取特性与抗肿瘤作用。方法硫酸铵梯度法制备马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体并考察其基本药剂学性质,MTT法比较马钱子总生物碱溶液和3种不同磷脂组成隐形脂质体的抗肿瘤效果,流式细胞仪技术测定肝癌细胞对香豆素-6标记的3种不同磷脂组成隐形脂质体的摄取率。结果不同磷脂组成马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的体外抗肿瘤效果与SMMC-7721细胞摄取量均具有显著差异,马钱子总生物碱溶液、复合磷脂隐形脂质体、SPC隐形脂质体、HSPC隐形脂质体的IC50分为64.4、17.8、29.6、40.9μg/mL,肝癌细胞对香豆素-6标记的复合磷脂隐形脂质体、SPC隐形脂质体、HSPC隐形脂质体的转染率分别为92.1%、86.2%、18.6%。结论复合磷脂脂质体作为马钱子总生物碱的载体,能显著提高药物进入肝癌细胞的摄取量,增强体外抗肿瘤效果,为临床用药提供了理论依据。     

马钱子碱传递体的体外透皮与促渗性质研究

制备马钱子碱脂质体和传递体,对其药剂学性质进行表征,并比较其体外透皮性质。采用硫酸铵梯度法制备马钱子碱脂质体和传递体,考察其粒径、包封率和变形性等药剂学性质;采用改良Franz扩散池,以大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,比较不同处方的脂质体和传递体的体外透皮性质。结果显示,马钱子碱脂质载体的粒径在100~150 nm,粒径分布比较均一;马钱子碱复合磷脂传递体较大豆磷脂传递体的包封率有显著提高;复合磷脂传递体的变形性分别是大豆磷脂(SPC)脂质体和传递体的2.09,1.76倍,马钱子碱复合磷脂传递体的稳态透皮速率分别是SPC脂质体和传递体的3.43,1.41倍;马钱子碱与复合磷脂空白传递体的物理混合物组的稳态透皮速率是溶液组的2.20倍,复合磷脂浓度对空白传递体的促渗效果有影响。与脂质体相比,传递体可以提高马钱子碱的透皮速率,而复合磷脂技术可以改善传递体膜结构的相形为,进一步提高传递体的变形性和透皮速率;空白传递体对马钱子碱的透皮吸收有很好的促进作用。     

星点设计-效应面法优化人参皂苷Rg1脂质体的制备工艺

目的：考察人参皂苷Rg1（Rg1）脂质体的制备工艺,以包封率为指标优化制备工艺。方法：以二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（DPPC）、胆固醇（CH）、豆固醇（ST）为膜材,采用薄膜分散法制备Rg1/DPPC/CH脂质体和Rg1/DPPC/ST脂质体。通过星点设计-效应面法优化处方工艺,HPLC法测定脂质体中Rg1的包封率。结果：确定Rg1/DPPC/CH脂质体的制备工艺参数为：X17.4~8.1%,X250.0~85.0min,X360.0~63.0℃;Rg1/DPPC/ST脂质体的制备工艺参数为：X17.6~8.1%,X295.0~100.0min,X340.0~63.0℃。结论：采用星点设计-效应面法优化Rg1脂质体制备工艺,所建立的数学模型预测性良好,Rg1/DPPC/CH脂质体与Rg1/DPPC/ST脂质体包封率相近,提示可用ST替代CH用于Rg1脂质体的制备。     

磷脂组成对马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体抗肿瘤作用的影响

目的 比较3种不同磷脂组成大豆磷脂、氢化大豆磷脂、复合磷脂氢化(氢化大豆磷脂∶大豆磷脂=1∶3,w/w)的隐形脂质体载药后对马钱子总生物碱抗肿瘤作用的影响.方法 采用硫酸铵梯度法制备了马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体.ICR小鼠接种S180瘤株造成移植性荷瘤小鼠模型,比较马钱子总生物碱溶液和3种不同磷脂组成隐形脂质体给药后荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效果,比较给药后各组荷瘤小鼠的体质量、免疫器官(脾和胸腺)指数和肝、肾功能指数.结果 磷脂组成对马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体的抗肿瘤效果具有显著影响.1 mg/kg剂量下的马钱子总生物碱溶液、大豆磷脂隐形脂质体、氢化大豆磷脂隐形脂质体和复合磷脂隐形脂质体的抑瘤率分别为17.84％、28.00％、32.84％和47.09％.马钱子总生物碱复合磷脂与氢化大豆磷脂隐形脂质体给药后未发现对免疫器官存在明显的抑制作用;不同磷脂组成的马钱子总生物碱隐形脂质体对肝肾功能的影响以大豆磷脂隐形脂质体最大,其次为复合磷脂隐形脂质体,而氢化大豆磷脂隐形脂质体的影响最低.结论 基于药效与安全性考虑,复合磷脂脂质体是抗肿瘤中药有效部位马钱子总生物碱具有开发前景的新型载体.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。