玳玳黄酮提取物特征活性成分不同生理状态的药动学特性比较

为探索玳玳黄酮提取物临床降血脂药效特性,该文研究比较了玳玳黄酮提取物特征活性成分在正常大鼠及高脂血症模型大鼠体内药动学特性。实验采用UPLC-MS建立血浆中玳玳黄酮提取物特征活性成分柚皮苷和新橙皮苷定量测定法,通过建立高脂血症大鼠模型,比较正常大鼠和高脂血症模型大鼠灌胃玳玳黄酮提取物后血浆中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的药动学差异。实验结果表明,玳玳黄酮提取物中特征活性成分柚皮苷和新橙皮苷在不同生理状态下的药动学特性存在显著性差异,高脂血症模型大鼠口服玳玳黄酮提取物后柚皮苷和新橙皮苷最大血药浓度C_max与正常大鼠相比均明显增大,半衰期t_1/2和体内滞留时间MRT缩短,但AUC_{0-24 h}变小,达峰时间t_max无差异;进一步证实玳玳黄酮提取物在高脂血症病理状态下能更好的发挥降血脂活性,其中特征活性成分柚皮苷和新橙皮苷是玳玳黄酮提取物发挥生物活性的物质基础。     

冠心Ⅱ号方不同制备方法对丹参素、 阿魏酸在犬体内药代动力学的影响

目的: 研究冠心Ⅱ号方不同制备方法对主要有效成分丹参素、阿魏酸在犬体内药代动力学过程的影响。方法: 比格犬分别灌服冠心Ⅱ号全方汤剂(全方混煎制备)和全方有效组分重组复方(全方中各药材有效组分提取物的混合),应用液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用的方法(LC-MS/MS),检测药前及药后不同时间点时血浆中丹参素和阿魏酸的含量。利用药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行组间比较。结果: 对于丹参素,全方汤剂组达峰浓度(C_max)和药时曲线下面积(AUC)均显著高于全方有效组分重组复方组(均P<0.05),达峰时间(T_max)和清除半衰期(t_1/2)与全方有效组分重组复方组无显著性差异;而对于阿魏酸,则全方汤剂组的C_max显著低于全方有效组分重组复方组(P<0.05),T_max较全方有效组分重组复方组显著延长(均P<0.05),AUC和t_1/2与全方有效组分重组复方组比无统计学差异。结论: 冠心Ⅱ号全方汤剂的丹参素入血浓度高、生物利用度高,但阿魏酸入血浓度低、达峰时间长,生物利用度低。即冠心Ⅱ号不同制备方法对方中不同有效成分药代动力学过程的影响不同,应结合药效学指标确定最佳制备方法。     

天钩降压胶囊中丹皮酚在大鼠体内药代动力学

目的: 研究不同剂量天钩降压胶囊对大鼠体内丹皮酚药动学的影响。方法: 大鼠分别灌胃给予低、中、高剂量天钩降压胶囊(相当于丹皮酚6.884,13.77,27.53 mg ·kg^-1),于给药后不同时间采集大鼠血浆。血浆样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白,HPLC测定丹皮酚含量,各给药组平均血药浓度-时间数据采用DAS2.0软件分析。组间药动学参数用 SPSS 16.0 软件进行统计分析。结果: 低剂量组大鼠丹皮酚血药浓度在消除相超出最低检测限,未能测出药时曲线;中、高剂量组丹皮酚均在5 min达最大吸收;t1/2ka,Cmax,AUC_0-∞,AUC_0-360,CLz/F随给药剂量增加而显著性增加;t1/2z, MRT_0-360,Vz/F随给药剂量增加而显著性减小。结论: 大鼠灌胃不同剂量天钩降压胶囊后丹皮酚的药动学参数存在一定差异。     

栀子大黄汤配伍变化对枳实中总柚皮素和总橙皮素药动学的影响

采用HPLC-UV测定枳实和栀子大黄汤灌胃后大鼠血浆中总柚皮素和总橙皮素浓度,血浆样品通过液液萃取法进行提取,通过酸水解的方式将柚皮素、橙皮素缀合物转化为游离柚皮素、橙皮素。Phecda C₁₈色谱柱 （4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相0.1%磷酸-甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。采用DAS 2.0 数据处理软件及SPSS 16.0 统计软件分别进行药动学参数计算及比较。枳实组（ZS）和栀子大黄汤组（ZZDHD）中总柚皮素、总橙皮素的药动学参数存在显著性差异,ZS组中总柚皮素的C_max,AUC_0-t分别比ZZDHD组的高出73.5%,65.9%,ZS组中总橙皮素的C_max,AUC_0-t分别比ZZDHD组的高出63.5%,119.1%。说明栀子大黄汤中其余成分对枳实中总柚皮素、总橙皮素的药动学特征具有显著影响,经配伍后其C_max,AUC_0-t显著降低。该方法简便准确、灵敏度高、特异性好,可以应用于血浆中总柚皮素和总橙皮素含量测定。     

小鼠经鼻腔给药醒脑静微乳和mPEG2000-PLA修饰醒脑静微乳后体内栀子苷的动力学比较研究

该实验建立了小鼠体内醒脑静微乳和mPEG2000-PLA修饰醒脑静微乳鼻腔给药后测定血浆栀子苷浓度的高效液相色谱法,探讨2种制剂经鼻腔给药后栀子苷在小鼠体内的药动学过程。将80只小鼠分为2组,分别鼻腔给药醒脑静微乳和mPEG2000-PLA修饰醒脑静微乳后,于不同时间点摘眼球取血,HPLC测定血浆中栀子苷的量,以Kinetica软件非房室模型拟合药动学参数。结果显示小鼠鼻腔给药醒脑静微乳后,血药主要药动学参数为C_max（4.36±2.69）mg·L^-1,t_max1 min,MRT（29.73±4.54）min,AUC（53.63±14.03）mg·L^-1·min;小鼠鼻腔给药共聚物修饰醒脑静微乳后,血药主要药动学参数为C_max（9.75±4.14）mg·L^-1,t_max 1 min,MRT（22.34±2.90）min,AUC（131.87±40.13）mg·L^-1·min。与醒脑静微乳相比,共聚物修饰醒脑静微乳经小鼠鼻腔给药后,栀子苷入血程度更高,可能与其刺激性较小而吸收较多有关。     

黄芩与五味子配伍对黄芩苷、五味子酯甲代谢动力学的影响

目的: 研究黄芩与五味子配伍对黄芩苷和五味子酯甲的大鼠药代动力学规律的影响。方法: 大鼠灌胃黄芩提取物2.5 g ·kg^-1﹑五味子提取物2.5 g ·kg^-1和黄芩提取物加五味子提取物各2.5 g ·kg^-1,分别于0.25,1,2,4,8,12,24 h取血分离血浆,采用HPLC测定其黄芩苷﹑五味子酯甲的含量,结果运用DAS 3.0计算其药动学参数。结果: 测定黄芩组黄芩苷的药动学参数分别为t1/2=(6.203±3.324)h,AUC=(41.868±28.254)μg ·L^-1 ·h^-1,C_max=(2.883±0.684) μg ·L^-1,MRT=(11.697±4.108) h,V_d=(568 112.69±81 364.658)L ·kg^-1,CL=(98 526.569±93 774.892)L ·h^-1 ·kg^-1;黄芩+五味子组黄芩苷的药动学参数分别为t1/2=(10.686±1.533)h,AUC=(53.064±30.047) μg ·L^-1 ·h^-1,C_max=(3.168±1.312) μg ·L^-1,MRT=(16.147±1.79) h,V_d=(2 240 724.1±1 824 718.9)L ·kg^-1,CL=(139 855.27±107 995.59)L ·h^-1 ·kg^-1;黄芩+五味子组五味子酯甲的药动学参数分别为t_1/2=(21.544±14.611)h,AUC=(11.554±5.516) μg ·L^-1 ·h^-1,Cmax=(0.311±0.074) μg ·L^-1,MRT=(34.139±18.532) h,V_d=(12 153 917±5 806 489.8)L ·kg^-1,CL=(564 758.71±384 128.86)L ·h^-1 ·kg^-1;五味子组五味子酯甲的药动学参数分别为t1/2=(4.926±5.371)h,AUC=(4.988±3.029) μg ·L^-1 ·h^-1,C_max=(0.287±0.071) μg ·L^-1,MRT=(12.002±6.854) h,V_d=(3 091.656±1 585.602)L ·kg^-1,CL=(615.571±250.643)L ·h^-1 ·kg^-1。结论: 黄芩与五味子配伍,可以促进黄芩苷和五味子酯甲在血液中的吸收,并可延长这两种成分的半衰期,使其血药浓度维持在较高水平,达到协同增效的目的。     

黄芩素与黄芩苷大鼠体内药动学比较研究

 目的对黄芩素与黄芩苷的大鼠体内药动学行为进行比较研究。方法采用高效液相-电化学色谱法,对等摩尔剂量灌胃给药黄芩素和黄芩苷后,大鼠体内黄芩苷的血药浓度进行测定。结果灌胃给药黄芩素740μmol·kg^-1时,原型药完全被代谢,血浆中主要检测到代谢产物黄芩苷;分别灌胃给药等摩尔剂量的黄芩素和黄芩苷740μmol·kg^-1后,大鼠血浆中黄芩苷的药-时曲线均呈现双峰现象,ρ_max分别为14.63,10.92mg·L^-1和8.51,4.87mg·L^-1,AUC_0～24h分别为149.63和63.68mg·h·L^-1;黄芩素的相对生物利用度为235.9%。结论等摩尔剂量下黄芩素与黄芩苷的药动学行为具有显著差异,口服黄芩素比黄芩苷的达峰浓度高、生物利用度高。     

急性肝损伤对黄芩苷镁在大鼠体内药代动力学和组织分布的影响

目的 建立一种可同时测定大鼠血浆和组织中黄芩苷镁和黄芩素的高效液相色谱法（HPLC）；考察急性肝损伤对黄芩苷镁在大鼠体内药动学和组织分布特征的影响。方法 采用四氯化碳（CCl₄）诱导大鼠急性肝损伤模型；正常大鼠和急性肝损伤模型大鼠灌胃给予等剂量（287.31 mg·kg^-1）黄芩苷镁水溶液后，在不同时间点眼眶取血，采用HPLC同时测定各时间点大鼠血浆中黄芩苷镁和黄芩素的药物浓度，绘制药-时曲线，利用DAS 3.0软件计算药动学参数，应用SPSS 23.0进行统计学分析；灌胃给予黄芩苷镁水溶液后，运用HPLC同时测定黄芩苷镁和黄芩素在不同时间点收集的大鼠肝、肺、肾、胃、脑、小肠中的含量，流动相0.1%磷酸水溶液-甲醇，检测波长278 nm。结果 黄芩苷镁在急性肝损伤模型组大鼠的药峰浓度（C_max）是正常组的0.58倍，药时曲线下面积（AUC_0-t）是正常组的0.5倍（P<0.05），表观分布容积（V_d）是正常组的2.3倍（P<0.05），血浆中几乎检测不到黄芩素。黄芩苷镁在急性肝损伤模型组大鼠的肝、胃、脑中各时间点的质量分数均高于正常组，而在肺8 h，肾8，12 h，小肠0.333 h样品中黄芩苷镁的质量分数低于正常组；黄芩素在模型组大鼠的肺、胃、小肠中各时间点的质量分数均高于正常组，而在肝6，8 h，肾0.333，4，6 h组织样品中黄芩素的质量分数低于正常组，在脑中几乎检测不到黄芩素。结论 大鼠灌胃等剂量的黄芩苷镁水溶液后，CCl₄诱导的急性肝损伤可以影响黄芩苷镁在大鼠体内的药动学行为和组织分布特征，而且黄芩苷镁和黄芩素在肝、肺、肾、胃、小肠组织中存在生物转化。     

刺五加注射液中3个主要活性成分与相应单体在大鼠体内的药动学比较

研究刺五加注射液中3个活性成分,紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E及异嗪皮啶在大鼠体内的药动学行为,并与相应单体分别经静脉注射给药后大鼠体内药动学行为比较。将24只雄性大鼠随机分为4组,分别经静脉注射给予紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E、异嗪皮啶及相当剂量的刺五加注射液。采用液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱（liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）法测定不同时间点血浆中紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E及异嗪皮啶的浓度并采用DAS 2.0 数据处理软件及SPSS 17.0 统计软件分别进行药动学参数计算及比较。静脉给药后,3种单体成分与刺五加注射液主要药动学参数如血药浓度-时间曲线下面积（AUC）、血浆清除率（CL）、消除半衰期（t_1/2）等存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷AUC较单体给药组明显增大,CL较单体给药组明显减小;刺五加苷E的AUC较单体给药组明显减小,CL较单体给药组明显增大;注射液中异嗪皮啶较单体给药组t_1/2延长。可见与单体给药相比,刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E及异嗪皮啶大鼠体内的代谢动力学过程存在差异。刺五加注射液中的其他共存成分可能对单个有效成分的主要药动学参数产生影响。     

三七总皂苷对杠柳毒苷代谢产物杠柳次苷药代动力学的影响

[目的]研究三七总皂苷对杠柳毒苷代谢产物杠柳次苷药代动力学的影响。[方法]将18只SD大鼠随机分为杠柳毒苷单独给药组、杠柳毒苷与低剂量三七总皂苷配伍组、杠柳毒苷与高剂量三七总皂苷配伍组3组,每组6只。各组大鼠连续灌胃给药7 d后,采集不同时间点的血浆样品,测定血浆中杠柳次苷的含量,并计算其药代动力学参数。[结果]三七总皂苷配伍杠柳毒苷后,杠柳毒苷代谢产物杠柳次苷在大鼠血浆中的主要药动学参数C_max、T_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞与杠柳毒苷单独给药相比具有统计学差异。[结论]三七总皂苷与杠柳毒苷配伍使用可使杠柳毒苷代谢产物杠柳次苷的药代动力学行为发生改变。     

Pharmacokinetic changes of unbound theophylline are due to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP1A2 activity inhibition by baicalin in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Baicalin is one of the major bioactive constituents of Scutellariae Radix, the root of Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi and possesses a wide variety of pharmacological properties.

Aim of the study

To elucidate the effect of baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats, focusing on plasma protein binding displacement and inhibition effect on CYP1A2 in vivo and in vitro.

Materials and methods

The study was a randomized, three-period crossover design. Nine rats were given saline (control) or 450 mg/kg baicalin (dosage regimen A or B). Dosage regimen A was administered once at 0 h. Dosage regimen B was divided into three dosages (225,112.5, 112.5 mg/kg) and was given at 0, 2 and 4 h, respectively. Then theophylline (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered immediately. The effect of baicalin on CYP1A2 activity was determined by metabolism of phenacetin in vitro and plasma protein binding of theophylline was determined by ultrafiltration.

Results

C_max decreased from (12.4±1.6) to (8.7±0.9) and (8.6±2.0) mg/L, T_1/2 increased by 116 and 96%, V_d increased by 51 and 49% for total theophylline in rats treated with dosage regimen A and B of baicalin, respectively. C_max was significantly increased, V_d decreased by 43 and 29% for unbound theophylline in rats treated with dosage regimen A and B of baicalin, respectively (P<0.01). T_1/2 of unbound theophylline increased by 104% only in rats treated with dosage regimen B. No significant effects on the CL and AUC of both total and unbound theophylline were observed in the rats treated with dosage regimen A, but the CL decreased and AUC increased for total theophylline and CL decreased for unbound theophylline in the group treated with dosage regimen B (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the mean unbound theophylline (%) and mean baicalin concentration was in good correlation (P<0.01). Baicalin decreased metabolism of phenacetin and exhibited a mixed-type inhibition in rat liver microsomes, with a K_i value of 88.1 μM in vitro. Moreover baicalin was a competitive displacer of theophylline from plasma protein in vitro.

Conclusions

The changes in C_max, T_1/2, CL and AUC of theophylline due to baicalin may be attributed to two mechanisms, plasma protein binding displacement and CYP1A2 activity inhibition.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin and geniposide in juvenile and adult rats after oral administration of Qingkailing Granules

Objective: To explore the effect of age on Qingkailing Granules disposition by comparing the pharmacokinetics of geniposide and baicalin in juvenile and adult rats. Methods: A simple and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine geniposide and baicalin in rat plasma after a simple protein precipitation. The analytes were separated on an Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% (volume percent) formic acid at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The ionization was conducted using an ESI source in negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantification at transitions of m/z 445.0 → m/z 268.9 for baicalin, m/z 433.2 → m/z 225.0 for geniposide, m/z 431.0 → m/z 341.0 for vitexin (IS). Juvenile and adult rats were administrated Qingkailing Granules (3 g/kg) orally. Plasma concentrations of baicalin and geniposide were determined by LC-MS/MS. Results: The linear ranges of the analytes were 1–1000 ng/mL for baicalin and 2–2000 ng/mL for geniposide. The method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetics of the analytes between juvenile and adult rats after oral administration of Qingkailing Granules. AUC was bigger in adult rats, while t1/2 was longer in juvenile rats. Conclusion: These results suggested that the absorption and elimination of baicalin and geniposide in juvenile rats was lower than that in adult rats. Additional attention should be paid to the pharmacokinetic difference when Qingkailing Granules were used in children.     

微针辅助条件下葛根素微乳的经皮吸收研究

目的采用微针辅助促进难溶药物葛根素微乳经皮吸收。方法以葛根素微乳作为对照,通过体内、外实验方法评价微针辅助促进葛根素微乳经皮吸收的作用。结果大鼠体外透皮实验中,微针辅助条件下葛根素微乳组和葛根素微乳组的24h累积体外透过量分别为137.36、10.25μg/cm~2。与微乳相比,微针辅助条件下微乳组可将葛根素在24h内透过离体大鼠皮肤的累积体外透过量提高12.4倍。大鼠在体微透析实验中,微针辅助条件下葛根素微乳组和葛根素微乳组的葛根素峰浓度(C_(max))分别为(713.51±72.23)ng/mL和(108.56±5.72)ng/mL;大鼠在体微透析接收液中葛根素浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)分别为(5021.45±547.09)ng·h/L和(622.36±41.21)ng·h/L。与微乳相比,微针辅助条件下微乳组可将葛根素在大鼠在体微透析实验中C_(max)和AUC分别提高5.57倍和7.07倍。大鼠体内药动学实验中,微针辅助条件下葛根素微乳组在大鼠血浆中的C_(max)为(234.35±25.02)ng/mL,AUC为(3047.13±486.51)ng·h/L;葛根素微乳组在大鼠血浆中的药物浓度未检出。结论微针辅助条件下微乳可明显促进葛根素经皮吸收。本研究为葛根素新型经皮给药系统的研究奠定了初步的基础。     

Abelmoschi Corolla non-flavonoid components altered the pharmacokinetic profile of its flavonoids in rat

Aim

Abelmoschi Corolla is a well-known herbal medicine used for the treatment of chronic renal disease. Flavonoids are the major bioactive ingredients of Abelmoschi Corolla, but some non-flavonoid components also exist in this herb. In order to clarify the influences of non-flavonoid components on the pharmacokinetics profile of the flavonoid fraction from Abelmoschi Corolla (FFA), an investigation was carried out to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of seven flavonoid components after administration of FFA and after administration of FFA combined with different non-flavonoid fractions.

Materials and methods

A selective and sensitive UPLC–MS/MS method was established to determine the plasma concentrations of the seven compounds. Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to four groups which orally administered FFA, FFA combined with macromolecular fraction (FFA–MF), FFA combined with small molecule fraction (FFA–SF) and FFA combined with MF–SF (FFA–MF–SF) with approximately the same dose of FFA. At different time points, the concentration of rutin (1), hyperoside (2), isoquercitrin (3), hibifolin (4), myricetin (5), quercetin-3′-O-glucose (6), quercetin (7) in rat plasma were determined and main pharmacokinetic parameters including T_1/2, T_max, AUC and C_max were calculated using the DAS 2.0 software package. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test with P<0.05 as the level of significance.

Results

Flavonoids almost had similar pharmacokinetics profile that were rapidly absorbed, reached the peak concentration at 30–60 min in group A, but the pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters of these flavonoids changed when co-administered with non-flavonoid components. It was found that AUC of five flavonoids but not hibifolin and quercetin in group FFA–SF and group FFA–MF–SF increased (P<0.05) in comparison with group FFA while the tendency was not observed in group FFA–MF. Moreover, seven flavonoids had varying degrees of differences in the pharmacokinetics parameters such as C_max, T_max and T_1/2 (P<0.05) in group FFA–MF, FFA–SF and FFA–MF–SF by comparison with group FFA.

Conclusion

These results indicate that non-flavonoid components could improve the bioavailability and delay the elimination of some flavonoids in rat.     

阿莫西林对大鼠体内黄芩苷血药浓度的影响

 目的研究口服阿莫西林对中药有效成分黄芩苷血药浓度的影响。方法用HPLC-ECD方法测定阿莫西林和黄芩苷合并给药组与黄芩苷单独给药组大鼠的血药浓度,比较两者的药动学参数。结果阿莫西林和黄芩苷合并给药组大鼠ρ_max(964.94±301.18)μg·L^-1,AUC_0～24h(8989.35±2610.28)μg·h·L^-1;黄芩苷单独给药组大鼠ρ_max(2645.62±601.42)μg·L^-1,AUC_0～24h(28952.90±5731.42)μg·h·L^-1。结论两组药动学参数存在显著性差异(P<0.05),口服阿莫西林严重影响黄芩苷的血药浓度,应提醒临床医生和患者注意。     

Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity by 18β‐Glycyrrhetic Acid and its Consequence on Buspirone Pharmacokinetics in Rats

The aim of this study was to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of 18β‐glycyrrhetic acid (GLY) on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and in vivo pharmacokinetic consequences of single GLY dose in rats. An in vitro CYP inhibition study in rat liver microsomes (RLM) was conducted using probe substrates for CYPs. Then, an in vivo pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral buspirone (BUS), a probe substrate for CYP3A, was studied with the concurrent administration of oral GLY in rats. In the in vitro CYP inhibition study, CYP3A was involved in the metabolism of GLY. Moreover, GLY inhibited CYP3A activity with an IC₅₀ of 20.1 ± 10.7 μM via a mixed inhibition mechanism. In the in vivo rat pharmacokinetic study, single oral GLY dose enhanced the area under plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of intravenous and oral BUS, but the extent of increase in AUC was only minimal (1.12–1.45 fold). These results indicate that GLY can inhibit the in vitro CYP3A‐mediated drug metabolism in RLM via a mixed inhibition mechanism. However, the impact of single oral GLY dose on the pharmacokinetics of BUS in rats was limited, showing that GLY could function as merely a weak inhibitor for CYP3A‐mediated drug metabolism in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大鼠静注葡萄内酯的药代动力学研究

目的:建立大鼠血浆中葡萄内酯的检测方法,研究葡萄内酯在大鼠体内的药代动力学特性。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间大鼠血浆中葡萄内酯的浓度,采用DAS 2.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果:大鼠静脉注射葡萄内酯后AUC与给药剂量呈正比,Cmax与给药剂量基本成线性关系,MRT不随剂量增加而延长,但半衰期随剂量发生变化。结论:葡萄内酯经大鼠尾静脉注射后的体内过程符合二室模型,体内过程不完全符合线性动力学过程。     

《药对》药物君臣佐使考略

《证类本草》"诸病通用药"转引《药对》中药物,明确君、臣、使地位者242种,即君药64种、臣药117种、使药61种,执行《本草经》三品定君臣佐使之法者178种。《药对》药物君臣地位均预先明确,比较稳定;《药对》论列君、臣和使药,未及佐药,可能沿袭了《素问》和《本草经》对佐使药相提并论的认识;《药对》未能全面信守《素问》"主病之谓君"的说法,诸药皆从主病确定君、臣、使地位,此间由主证确定药物地位的思维方法尚未形成。《药对》君臣使内容和义蕴与《方剂学》君臣佐使法则迥然不同。     

黄芩苷镁盐和黄芩苷的肠吸收动力学和药代动力学比较

目的:比较黄芩苷镁盐和黄芩苷的肠吸收动力学和药代动力学的异同。方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定样品中黄芩苷镁盐和黄芩苷的含量,计算黄芩苷镁盐的吸收速率常数(K_a),每小时单位体积的肠吸收量(Abs),表观渗透系数(P_(app))等肠吸收动力学参数和药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0-t))等药动学参数,明确黄芩苷镁盐的肠吸收动力学和药动学特征。通过SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析,探讨黄芩苷镁盐与黄芩苷在体和体内的吸收差异。结果:肠吸收动力学结果表明黄芩苷镁盐的K_a为黄芩苷的16.33倍,Abs为黄芩苷的1.78倍,P_(app)为黄芩苷的15.75倍,统计学差异明显(P0.05)。但药动学数据显示黄芩苷镁盐的药峰浓度(C_(max)),AUC0-t,达峰时间(T_(max))和血浆清除率(CL_z)与黄芩苷比较均无统计学差异。结论:与黄芩苷比较,黄芩苷镁盐在大鼠肠道的吸收更好,且吸收迅速。黄芩苷镁盐灌胃给药后药动学特征与黄芩苷无显著性差异,原因是黄芩苷镁盐经体内胃酸的作用被还原成为了黄芩苷。