GC-MS分析海南白沙产裸花紫珠叶挥发油的化学成分

目的:研究海南白沙产裸花紫珠叶挥发油中的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法从裸花紫珠叶中提取挥发油,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其化学成分进行测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离的化合物进行鉴定,同时采用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量。结果:从海南白沙产裸花紫珠挥发油中共分离出76个组分,鉴定了其中的70种成分,所鉴定的成分占总挥发油成分的98.69%,其中相对百分含量较高的成分有β-蒎烯(20.70%),α-蒎烯(9.41%),石竹烯氧化物(6.90%),石竹烯(6.65%),邻伞花烃(6.62%),反式-4-侧柏醇(5.85%)和桃金娘烯醇(5.61%)等。结论:海南白沙产裸花紫珠挥发油的化学成分主要为单萜及其含氧衍生物。     

南药化橘红花果叶中挥发油成分比较分析

目的:采用在线凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱-质谱联用(GPC-GC/MS)技术分析鉴定化橘红花、果和叶的挥发油成分。方法:通过无水乙醇超声辅助提取化橘红花、果和叶中的化学成分,运用GPC-GC/MS技术对其成分进行分离鉴定,用峰面积归一化法进行定量分析。结果:花中共分离出75种成分,鉴定出其中的38种,主要成分是:β-蒎烯(6.27%)、β-月桂烯(14.46%)、γ-萜品烯(7.52%)、橙花叔醇(19.57%)和法尼醇(13.99%);果中共分离出71种成分,鉴定出其中的36种,主要成分是:β-月桂烯(24.35%)、γ-萜品烯(20.70%)和大根香叶烯D(18.46%);叶中共分离出70种成分,鉴定出其中的40种,主要有β-蒎烯(8.27%)、β-月桂烯(10.31%)、γ-萜品烯(8.76%)、补骨脂素(6.75%)和角鲨烯(8.14%)。结论:花、果和叶中有26种相同的挥发油成分,花中橙花叔醇和法尼醇相对含量较大,而果和叶中含量少或检测不到;果中大根香叶烯D的含量较大,而花中含量很少;在叶中首次鉴定了补骨脂素和角鲨烯。     

舞花姜根、茎、叶的挥发油GC-MS分析

目的:分析舞花姜根、茎、叶的挥发油化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取舞花姜根、茎、叶的挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对这3个部位挥发油成分对比研究,按峰面积归一化法测定各化学成分的百分含量。结果:舞花姜根、茎、叶中共鉴定出59种挥发油成分。其中,根中鉴定出了32个化合物,占挥发油总量的96.73%,主要成分是β-蒎烯(14.26%)、芳樟醇(14.06%)、γ-松油烯(12.64%)、莰烯(11.67%);茎中鉴定出了26个化合物,占挥发油总量的69.26%,主要成分为植醇(14.96%)、6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮(12.93%)、龙涎酮(12.00%)、橙花叔醇(7.67%);叶中鉴定出了27个化合物,占挥发油总量的74.15%,主要成分是(-)-β-榄香烯(25.83%)、α-法尼烯(13.37%)、橙花叔醇(10.89%);根、茎、叶共有成分6个。结论:舞花姜根、茎、叶挥发油的种类和含量存在较大差异。     

气质联用法分析麸炒对枳实生、鲜品挥发油成分的影响

目的:比较研究枳实生、鲜品及其麸炒品挥发油化学成分及含量的变化.方法:采用GC-MS联用技术分析样品的挥发油化学成分,归一法分析挥发油各成分的相对含量.结果:枳实生、鲜品经麸炒后,挥发油含量及主要组分含量均有一定变化,其中柠檬烯的含量较生品增加了10.4%.共鉴定出26个化合物,各样品主要成分均为柠檬烯,β-芳樟醇,β-蒎烯,1R-α-蒎烯,左旋-β-蒎烯.结论:枳实生、鲜品麸炒前后挥发油化学成分大部分相似,由于加热及辅料影响,挥发油部分组分消失.     

GC-MS技术分析尤力克柠檬花挥发油的化学成分

目的:对尤力克柠檬花的挥发油成分进行分析鉴定,为柠檬花开发利用提供科学依据,从而有效利用柠檬资源,促进柠檬产业链的发展。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取柠檬花中的挥发油并计算收率,以GC-MS结合NIST14.0质谱库、保留指数和文献资料共同分析鉴定挥发油化学成分及种类,用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果:尤力克柠檬花中挥发油的提取率为0.36%,共分离出76个峰,鉴定出64个成分,占挥发油总量的98.94%。柠檬花中挥发油化学成分主要有烯烃类(28种)占81.90%,醇类(14种)占12.28%,醛类(6种)占3.34%,酯类(5种)占0.45%,烷烃类(6种)占0.79%;其中,含量由高到低的有d-柠檬烯(59.88%),β-蒎烯(5.52%),顺-β-罗勒烯(5.33%),反-橙花叔醇(4.84%),3,7,11-三甲基-6,10-十二烯-1-醇(4.49%)和γ-萜品烯(4.11%)等。结论:柠檬花挥发油化学成分绝大部分与柠檬果皮中的相似,均含有d-柠檬烯,β-蒎烯等活性成分,且d-柠檬烯含量(59.88%)远高于文献报道柠檬叶中d-柠檬烯含量(17.22%),这意味着尤力克柠檬花具有潜在开发利用价值。     

东北刺人参根挥发油的GC-MS分析

目的:通过GC-MS法研究东北刺人参根挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏装置提取东北刺人参根的挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对挥发油化学成分进行分离鉴定,用色谱峰面积归一化法确定各组分的相对百分含量。结果:东北刺人参根挥发油提取率为0.83%,从挥发油中分离出了105种组分,鉴定出了78个组分,占分离物质的94.0%。主要成分包括α-蒎烯(8.78%)、β-蒎烯(8.94%)、反式-β-罗勒烯(2.82%)、乙酸龙脑酯(1.04%)、γ-衣兰油烯(5.11%)、反式橙花叔醇(17.85%)、毕澄茄油烯醇(3.60%)、愈创木醇(3.32%)、桉油烯醇(4.58%)、τ-杜松醇(13.10%)、布黎醇(4.37%)等。结论:采用极性色谱柱分离挥发油可以获得更多的组分信息。     

草果果仁及果壳挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析草果果仁、果壳挥发油的化学成分的差异,为其开发及应用提供基础.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取草果果仁及果壳的挥发油,并计算其含量;用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法分析鉴定各挥发油的化学成分组成及结构.结果:从3个不同批次的草果中共鉴定出75个成分.其中从草果仁挥发油样品中分别鉴定出35,48,42个组分,分别占挥发油总量的94.8％,95.6％,93.7％;从果壳挥发油中分别鉴定出55,70,68个组分,分别占其挥发油总量的94.5％,91.5％,91.4％.其中果仁挥发油共有成分有33个,果壳挥发油共有成分有54个;果壳与果仁挥发油成分大部分相同,其共有成分主要有1,8-桉油素、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-松油醇、橙花叔醇等29个成分,分别占果壳和果仁挥发油总成分的69.27％～77.29％,91.56％ ～93.88％.草果果壳挥发油的特有成分有β-桉叶醇、葑醇、反式-松香芹醇、δ-杜松烯、(-)-桃金娘烯醇等18个化合物,果仁挥发油中无此类成分.结论:草果果壳挥发油含量约为果仁的1/4,果壳及果仁的挥发油成分大部分相同,均含有较高含量的1,8-桉油素和α-松油醇,但两者成分仍存在一定差异.     

向日葵花盘挥发油的GC-MS定性分析

目的:通过GC-MS来定性分析向日葵花盘的挥发油成分,为进一步对其研究开发提供科学依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,运用GC-MS联用并结合计算机相似度检索鉴定向日葵花盘挥发油的化学成分,应用色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。结果:从向日葵花盘的挥发油中鉴定出了29种化学成分,其中萜类化合物较多,其中含量较高的成分为α-蒎烯(21.95%)、桧烯(15.66%)、β-蒎烯(4.03%)、白菖油萜(3.29%)、大根香叶烯D(3.62%)、4-松油醇(2.68%)、柠檬烯(2.2%)等。结论:向日葵花盘的挥发油成分多为萜类化合物,有较高的药用价值,具有很大研究价值和广阔市场前景。     

水蒸气蒸馏法与超临界CO_2萃取法提取青翘挥发油的化学成分比较

目的:分析比较青翘挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)及CO2超临界萃取法(SFE)提取青翘挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析鉴定其化学成分。结果:SD法提取的挥发油分离出87个色谱峰,共鉴定58个化合物,占挥发油总量的96.99%,SFE提取的挥发油法分离出100个色谱峰,鉴定39个化合物,占挥发油总量的60.50%。结论:SD法提取的挥发油主要化学成分是β-蒎烯,α-蒎烯,(-)-4-松油醇,对伞花烃;SFE法提取的挥发油主要化学成分是努特卡酮,β-蒎烯,对甲氧基桂皮酸乙酯。2种提取方法的化学成分及其含量有较大差异。     

枳实挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:用GC-MS分析枳实挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取枳实挥发油,再采用GC-MS对所提取的挥发油成分进行分离鉴定,并用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果:鉴定出枳实挥发油成分中的19个化合物,占所提取挥发油总量的95.791%。主要成分为:柠檬烯(68.25%)、γ-松油烯(13.02%)、α-松油醇(3.28%)、对异丙基甲苯(3.09%)、β-月桂烯(2.34%)、α-蒎烯(1.53%)、β-蒎烯(1.05%)。结论:枳实挥发油主要成分为柠檬烯。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.